1
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Choi JH, Jeong J, Kim J, You E, Keum S, Song S, Hwang YE, Ji M, Park KS, Rhee S. Genetic disruption of ATAT1 causes RhoA downregulation through abnormal truncation of C/EBPβ. BMB Rep 2024; 57:293-298. [PMID: 38835115 PMCID: PMC11214891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Microtubule acetylation has been shown to regulate actin filament dynamics by modulating signaling pathways that control actin organization, although the precise mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we found that the downregulation of microtubule acetylation via the disruption ATAT1 (which encodes α-tubulin N-acetyltransferase 1) inhibited the expression of RhoA, a small GTPase involved in regulating the organization of actin filaments and the formation of stress fibers. Analysis of RHOA promoter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that C/EBPβ is a major regulator of RHOA expression. Interestingly, the majority of C/EBPβ in ATAT1 knockout (KO) cells was found in the nucleus as a 27-kDa fragment (referred to as C/EBPβp27) lacking the N-terminus of C/EBPβ. Overexpression of a gene encoding a C/EBPβp27-mimicking protein via an N-terminal deletion in C/EBPβ led to competitive binding with wild-type C/EBPβ at the C/EBPβ binding site in the RHOA promoter, resulting in a significant decrease of RHOA expression. We also found that cathepsin L (CTSL), which is overexpressed in ATAT1 KO cells, is responsible for C/EBPβp27 formation in the nucleus. Treatment with a CTSL inhibitor led to the restoration of RHOA expression by downregulation of C/EBPβp27 and the invasive ability of ATAT1 KO MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that the downregulation of microtubule acetylation associated with ATAT1 deficiency suppresses RHOA expression by forming C/EBPβp27 in the nucleus through CTSL. We propose that CTSL and C/EBPβp27 may represent a novel therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(6): 293-298].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Hye Choi
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea, VA 22903, USA
| | - Jangho Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea, VA 22903, USA
| | - Jaegu Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea, VA 22903, USA
| | - Eunae You
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea, VA 22903, USA
| | - Seula Keum
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea, VA 22903, USA
| | - Seongeun Song
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea, VA 22903, USA
| | - Ye Eun Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea, VA 22903, USA
| | - Minjoo Ji
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea, VA 22903, USA
| | - Kwon-Sik Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Sangmyung Rhee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea, VA 22903, USA
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2
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RhoA Signaling in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091520. [PMID: 35563826 PMCID: PMC9103838 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) is a small GTPase of the Rho family involved in regulating multiple signal transduction pathways that influence a diverse range of cellular functions. RhoA and many of its downstream effector proteins are highly expressed in the nervous system, implying an important role for RhoA signaling in neurons and glial cells. Indeed, emerging evidence points toward a role of aberrant RhoA signaling in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of RhoA regulation and downstream cellular functions with an emphasis on the role of RhoA signaling in neurodegenerative diseases and the therapeutic potential of RhoA inhibition in neurodegeneration.
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3
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Zhang Z, Liu M, Zheng Y. Role of Rho GTPases in stem cell regulation. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2941-2955. [PMID: 34854916 PMCID: PMC9008577 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The future of regenerative medicine relies on our understanding of stem cells which are essential for tissue/organ generation and regeneration to maintain and/or restore tissue homeostasis. Rho family GTPases are known regulators of a wide variety of cellular processes related to cytoskeletal dynamics, polarity and gene transcription. In the last decade, major new advances have been made in understanding the regulatory role and mechanism of Rho GTPases in self-renewal, differentiation, migration, and lineage specification in tissue-specific signaling mechanisms in various stem cell types to regulate embryonic development, adult tissue homeostasis, and tissue regeneration upon stress or damage. Importantly, implication of Rho GTPases and their upstream regulators or downstream effectors in the transformation, migration, invasion and tumorigenesis of diverse cancer stem cells highlights the potential of Rho GTPase targeting in cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss recent evidence of Rho GTPase signaling in the regulation of embryonic stem cells, multiple somatic stem cells, and cancer stem cells. We propose promising areas where Rho GTPase pathways may serve as useful targets for stem cell manipulation and related future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, U.S.A
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, U.S.A
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Tan D, Wen J, Li L, Wang X, Qian C, Pan M, Lai M, Deng J, Hu X, Zhang H, Guo J. Inhibition of RhoA-Subfamily GTPases Suppresses Schwann Cell Proliferation Through Regulating AKT Pathway Rather Than ROCK Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:437. [PMID: 30515082 PMCID: PMC6255816 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting RhoA-subfamily GTPases by C3 transferase is widely recognized as a prospective strategy to enhance axonal regeneration. When C3 transferase is administered for treating the injured peripheral nerves, Schwann cells (SCs, important glial cells in peripheral nerve) are inevitably impacted and therefore SC bioeffects on nerve regeneration might be influenced. However, the potential role of C3 transferase on SCs remains elusive. Assessed by cell counting, EdU and water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 (WST-1) assays as well as western blotting with PCNA antibody, herein we first found that CT04 (a cell permeable C3 transferase) treatment could significantly suppress SC proliferation. Unexpectedly, using Y27632 to inhibit ROCK (the well-accepted downstream signal molecule of RhoA subfamily) did not impact SC proliferation. Further studies indicated that CT04 could inactivate AKT pathway by altering the expression levels of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), PI3K and PTEN, while activating AKT pathway by IGF-1 or SC79 could reverse the inhibitory effect of CT04 on SC proliferation. Based on present data, we concluded that inhibition of RhoA-subfamily GTPases could suppress SC proliferation, and this effect is independent of conventional ROCK pathway but involves inactivation of AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinkun Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianghai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changhui Qian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengjie Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhua Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyao Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haowen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiasong Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Ma TJ, Zhang ZW, Lu YL, Zhang YY, Tao DC, Liu YQ, Ma YX. CLOCK and BMAL1 stabilize and activate RHOA to promote F-actin formation in cancer cells. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-15. [PMID: 30287810 PMCID: PMC6172197 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian genes control most of the physiological functions in cancer cells, including cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The CLOCK and BMAL1 complex plays a central role in circadian rhythms. Previous studies have shown that circadian genes may act as oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes. In addition, F-actin, regulated by RHOA, has been shown to participate in tumor progression. However, the roles of the CLOCK and BMAL1 genes in the regulation of tumor progression via the RHOA-ROCK-CFL pathway remain largely unclear. Here we first indicate that the rearrangement of F-actin is regulated by CLOCK and BMAL1. We found that CLOCK and BMAL1 can upregulate RHOA expression by inhibiting CUL3-mediated ubiquitination and activate RHOA by reducing the interaction between RHOA and RhoGDI. Consequently, CLOCK and BMAL1 control the expression of the components of the RHOA-ROCK-CFL pathway, which alters the dynamics of F-actin/G-actin turnover and promotes cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In conclusion, our research proposes a novel insight into the role of CLOCK and BMAL1 in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Jiao Ma
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Lu Lu
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Da-Chang Tao
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun-Qiang Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong-Xin Ma
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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6
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Modulation of TGFβ/Smad signaling by the small GTPase RhoB. Cell Signal 2018; 48:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Nomikou E, Livitsanou M, Stournaras C, Kardassis D. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the genes encoding the small GTPases RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC: implications for the pathogenesis of human diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2111-2124. [PMID: 29500478 PMCID: PMC11105751 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are highly conserved proteins that play critical roles in many cellular processes including actin dynamics, vesicular trafficking, gene transcription, cell-cycle progression, and cell adhesion. The main mode of regulation of Rho GTPases is through guanine nucleotide binding (cycling between an active GTP-bound form and an inactive GDP-bound form), but transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modes of Rho regulation have also been described. In the present review, we summarize recent progress on the mechanisms that control the expression of the three members of the Rho-like subfamily (RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC) at the level of gene transcription as well as their post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs. We also discuss the progress made in deciphering the mechanisms of cross-talk between Rho proteins and the transforming growth factor β signaling pathway and their implications for the pathogenesis of human diseases such as cancer metastasis and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Nomikou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Melina Livitsanou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 71110, Heraklion, Greece.
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8
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Kim JG, Islam R, Cho JY, Jeong H, Cap KC, Park Y, Hossain AJ, Park JB. Regulation of RhoA GTPase and various transcription factors in the RhoA pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6381-6392. [PMID: 29377108 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RhoA GTPase plays a variety of functions in regulation of cytoskeletal proteins, cellular morphology, and migration along with various proliferation and transcriptional activity in cells. RhoA activity is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), and the guanine nucleotide dissociation factor (GDI). The RhoA-RhoGDI complex exists in the cytosol and the active GTP-bound form of RhoA is located to the membrane. GDI displacement factors (GDFs) including IκB kinase γ (IKKγ) dissociate the RhoA-GDI complex, allowing activation of RhoA through GEFs. In addition, modifications of Tyr42 phosphorylation and Cys16/20 oxidation in RhoA and Tyr156 phosphorylation and oxidation of RhoGDI promote the dissociation of the RhoA-RhoGDI complex. The expression of RhoA is regulated through transcriptional factors such as c-Myc, HIF-1α/2α, Stat 6, and NF-κB along with several reported microRNAs. As the role of RhoA in regulating actin-filament formation and myosin-actin interaction has been well described, in this review we focus on the transcriptional activity of RhoA and also the regulation of RhoA message itself. Of interest, in the cytosol, activated RhoA induces transcriptional changes through filamentous actin (F-actin)-dependent ("actin switch") or-independent means. RhoA regulates the activity of several transcription regulators such as serum response factor (SRF)/MAL, AP-1, NF-κB, YAP/TAZ, β-catenin, and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α. Interestingly, RhoA also itself is localized to the nucleus by an as-yet-undiscovered mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Rokibul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Y Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwalrim Jeong
- Department of Paediatrics, Chuncheon Sacred Hospital Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kim-Cuong Cap
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Abu J Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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