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Sousa JPM, Deus IA, Monteiro CF, Custódio CA, Gil J, Papadimitriou L, Ranella A, Stratakis E, Mano JF, Marques PAAP. Amniotic Membrane-Derived Multichannel Hydrogels for Neural Tissue Repair. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400522. [PMID: 38989725 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
In the pursuit of advancing neural tissue regeneration, biomaterial scaffolds have emerged as promising candidates, offering potential solutions for nerve disruptions. Among these scaffolds, multichannel hydrogels, characterized by meticulously designed micrometer-scale channels, stand out as instrumental tools for guiding axonal growth and facilitating cellular interactions. This study explores the innovative application of human amniotic membranes modified with methacryloyl domains (AMMA) in neural stem cell (NSC) culture. AMMA hydrogels, possessing a tailored softness resembling the physiological environment, are prepared in the format of multichannel scaffolds to simulate native-like microarchitecture of nerve tracts. Preliminary experiments on AMMA hydrogel films showcase their potential for neural applications, demonstrating robust adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of NSCs without the need for additional coatings. Transitioning into the 3D realm, the multichannel architecture fosters intricate neuronal networks guiding neurite extension longitudinally. Furthermore, the presence of synaptic vesicles within the cellular arrays suggests the establishment of functional synaptic connections, underscoring the physiological relevance of the developed neuronal networks. This work contributes to the ongoing efforts to find ethical, clinically translatable, and functionally relevant approaches for regenerative neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P M Sousa
- TEMA - Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- CICECO - Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Inês A Deus
- CICECO - Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Cátia F Monteiro
- CICECO - Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Catarina A Custódio
- CICECO - Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- Metatissue, PCI · Creative Science Park Aveiro Region, Via do Conhecimento, Ílhavo, 3830-352, Portugal
| | - João Gil
- TEMA - Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- CDRSP - Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028, Portugal
- INESC-MN - INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologia, Rua Alves Redol 9, Lisbon, 1000-029, Portugal
| | - Lina Papadimitriou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH-IESL), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Anthi Ranella
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH-IESL), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH-IESL), Heraklion, Greece
| | - João F Mano
- CDRSP - Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028, Portugal
| | - Paula A A P Marques
- TEMA - Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- LASI - Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, Portugal
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2
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Ji R, Hao Z, Wang H, Li X, Duan L, Guan F, Ma S. Application of Injectable Hydrogels as Delivery Systems in Spinal Cord Injury. Gels 2023; 9:907. [PMID: 37998998 PMCID: PMC10670785 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological injury caused by traffic accidents, trauma, or falls, which leads to significant loss of sensory, motor, and autonomous functions and seriously affects the patient's life quality. Although considerable progress has been made in mitigating secondary injury and promoting the regeneration/repair of SCI, the therapeutic effects need to be improved due to drug availability. Given their good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity, injectable hydrogels can be used as delivery systems to achieve controlled release of drugs and other substances (cells and proteins, etc.), offering new hope for SCI repair. In this article, we summarized the types of injectable hydrogels, analyzed their application as delivery systems in SCI, and further discussed the mechanisms of hydrogels in the treatment of SCI, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, and pro-neurogenesis. Moreover, we highlighted the potential benefits of hydrogels in the treatment of SCI in combination with therapies, including the recent advances and achievements of these promising tools. Our review may offer new strategies for the development of SCI treatments based on injectable hydrogels as delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.J.); (Z.H.); (H.W.); (X.L.); (L.D.)
| | - Shanshan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.J.); (Z.H.); (H.W.); (X.L.); (L.D.)
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Jia Z, Zeng H, Ye X, Dai M, Tang C, Liu L. Hydrogel-based treatments for spinal cord injuries. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19933. [PMID: 37809859 PMCID: PMC10559361 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by damage resulting in dysfunction of the spinal cord. Hydrogels are common biomaterials that play an important role in the treatment of SCI. Hydrogels are biocompatible, and some have electrical conductivity that are compatible with spinal cord tissues. Hydrogels have a high drug-carrying capacity, allowing them to be used for SCI treatment through the loading of various types of active substances, drugs, or cells. We first discuss the basic anatomy and physiology of the human spinal cord and briefly discuss SCI and its treatment. Then, we describe different treatment strategies for SCI. We further discuss the crosslinking methods and classification of hydrogels and detail hydrogel biomaterials prepared using different processing methods for the treatment of SCI. Finally, we analyze the future applications and limitations of hydrogels for SCI. The development of biomaterials opens up new possibilities and options for the treatment of SCI. Thus, our findings will inspire scholars in related fields and promote the development of hydrogel therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Jia
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Huanxuan Zeng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Xiuzhi Ye
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Minghai Dai
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Chengxuan Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Liangle Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
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Sousa JPM, Stratakis E, Mano J, Marques PAAP. Anisotropic 3D scaffolds for spinal cord guided repair: Current concepts. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 148:213353. [PMID: 36848743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
A spinal cord injury (SCI) can be caused by unforeseen events such as a fall, a vehicle accident, a gunshot, or a malignant illness, which has a significant impact on the quality of life of the patient. Due to the limited regenerative potential of the central nervous system (CNS), SCI is one of the most daunting medical challenges of modern medicine. Great advances have been made in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, which include the transition from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials. Combinatory treatments that use 3D scaffolds may significantly enhance the repair and regeneration of functional neural tissue. In an effort to mimic the chemical and physical properties of neural tissue, scientists are researching the development of the ideal scaffold made of synthetic and/or natural polymers. Moreover, in order to restore the architecture and function of neural networks, 3D scaffolds with anisotropic properties that replicate the native longitudinal orientation of spinal cord nerve fibres are being designed. In an effort to determine if scaffold anisotropy is a crucial property for neural tissue regeneration, this review focuses on the most current technological developments relevant to anisotropic scaffolds for SCI. Special consideration is given to the architectural characteristics of scaffolds containing axially oriented fibres, channels, and pores. By analysing neural cell behaviour in vitro and tissue integration and functional recovery in animal models of SCI, the therapeutic efficacy is evaluated for its successes and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P M Sousa
- TEMA - Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; LASI - Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, Portugal; Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH-IESL), Heraklion, Greece; CICECO - Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Emmanuel Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH-IESL), Heraklion, Greece
| | - João Mano
- CICECO - Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Paula A A P Marques
- TEMA - Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; LASI - Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, Portugal.
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Suzuki H, Imajo Y, Funaba M, Ikeda H, Nishida N, Sakai T. Current Concepts of Biomaterial Scaffolds and Regenerative Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032528. [PMID: 36768846 PMCID: PMC9917245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic condition associated with significant neurological deficit and social and financial burdens. It is currently being managed symptomatically, with no real therapeutic strategies available. In recent years, a number of innovative regenerative strategies have emerged and have been continuously investigated in preclinical research and clinical trials. In the near future, several more are expected to come down the translational pipeline. Among ongoing and completed trials are those reporting the use of biomaterial scaffolds. The advancements in biomaterial technology, combined with stem cell therapy or other regenerative therapy, can now accelerate the progress of promising novel therapeutic strategies from bench to bedside. Various types of approaches to regeneration therapy for SCI have been combined with the use of supportive biomaterial scaffolds as a drug and cell delivery system to facilitate favorable cell-material interactions and the supportive effect of neuroprotection. In this review, we summarize some of the most recent insights of preclinical and clinical studies using biomaterial scaffolds in regenerative therapy for SCI and summarized the biomaterial strategies for treatment with simplified results data. One hundred and sixty-eight articles were selected in the present review, in which we focused on biomaterial scaffolds. We conducted our search of articles using PubMed and Medline, a medical database. We used a combination of "Spinal cord injury" and ["Biomaterial", or "Scaffold"] as search terms and searched articles published up until 30 April 2022. Successful future therapies will require these biomaterial scaffolds and other synergistic approaches to address the persistent barriers to regeneration, including glial scarring, the loss of a structural framework, and biocompatibility. This database could serve as a benchmark to progress in future clinical trials for SCI using biomaterial scaffolds.
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6
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Feng C, Deng L, Yong YY, Wu JM, Qin DL, Yu L, Zhou XG, Wu AG. The Application of Biomaterials in Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:816. [PMID: 36614259 PMCID: PMC9821025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord and the brain form the central nervous system (CNS), which is the most important part of the body. However, spinal cord injury (SCI) caused by external forces is one of the most difficult types of neurological injury to treat, resulting in reduced or even absent motor, sensory and autonomic functions. It leads to the reduction or even disappearance of motor, sensory and self-organizing nerve functions. Currently, its incidence is increasing each year worldwide. Therefore, the development of treatments for SCI is urgently needed in the clinic. To date, surgery, drug therapy, stem cell transplantation, regenerative medicine, and rehabilitation therapy have been developed for the treatment of SCI. Among them, regenerative biomaterials that use tissue engineering and bioscaffolds to transport cells or drugs to the injured site are considered the most promising option. In this review, we briefly introduce SCI and its molecular mechanism and summarize the application of biomaterials in the repair and regeneration of tissue in various models of SCI. However, there is still limited evidence about the treatment of SCI with biomaterials in the clinic. Finally, this review will provide inspiration and direction for the future study and application of biomaterials in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - An-Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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7
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Lima R, Monteiro A, Salgado AJ, Monteiro S, Silva NA. Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approaches for Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213833. [PMID: 36430308 PMCID: PMC9698625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disabling condition that disrupts motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Despite extensive research in the last decades, SCI continues to be a global health priority affecting thousands of individuals every year. The lack of effective therapeutic strategies for patients with SCI reflects its complex pathophysiology that leads to the point of no return in its function repair and regeneration capacity. Recently, however, several studies started to uncover the intricate network of mechanisms involved in SCI leading to the development of new therapeutic approaches. In this work, we present a detailed description of the physiology and anatomy of the spinal cord and the pathophysiology of SCI. Additionally, we provide an overview of different molecular strategies that demonstrate promising potential in the modulation of the secondary injury events that promote neuroprotection or neuroregeneration. We also briefly discuss other emerging therapies, including cell-based therapies, biomaterials, and epidural electric stimulation. A successful therapy might target different pathologic events to control the progression of secondary damage of SCI and promote regeneration leading to functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lima
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Andreia Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J. Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno A. Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Liu X, Wang J, Xu X, Zhu H, Man K, Zhang J. SDF-1 Functionalized Hydrogel Microcarriers for Skin Flap Repair. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3576-3588. [PMID: 35899941 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Critically sized skin flaps used to treat skin defects often suffer from necrosis due to insufficient blood supply. Hence there is an urgent need to improve the survival rate of skin flaps by promoting local angiogenesis. The delivery of growth factor loaded microcarriers have shown promise in enhancing defect repair, however, their rapid clearance from the defect site limits their regenerative potential. Thus, it is critical to develop microcarriers which can promote the sustained release of bioactive factors to effectively stimulate tissue repair. This study aimed to develop a stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) loaded microcarrier coated with Matrigel (MC@SDF-1@Mat) to promote skin flap repair. SEM imaging showed that the surface of the microcarrier was coated by a porous Matrigel film. The drug release experiment showed that the Matrigel-coated microcarriers enhanced the sustained release of the model drug methylene blue when compared to uncoated group. MC@SDF-1@Mat significantly promoted the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of HUVECs via CCK-8, wound healing assay, and tube formation assay, respectively. Moreover, the murine random skin flap model was further established and treated. It was found that the flap necrosis area in the MC@SDF-1@Mat treated group was significantly reduced. H&E and Masson staining showed the histological structure and collagen organization exhibited a normal phenotype in the MC@SDF-1@Mat treated group. Additionally, CD31 immunohistochemical analysis showed that the MC@SDF-1@Mat treated group exhibited the greatest degree of neovascularization. In conclusion, our SDF-1 functionalized gelatin-based hydrogel microcarrier has potential clinical applications in promoting skin flap repair and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Technology in Stomatology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523710, P.R. China
| | - Jinsi Wang
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Technology in Stomatology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523710, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Xu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Technology in Stomatology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523710, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Technology in Stomatology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523710, P.R. China
| | - Kenny Man
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Technology in Stomatology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523710, P.R. China
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9
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Novel Strategies for Spinal Cord Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094552. [PMID: 35562941 PMCID: PMC9102050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most devastating lesions, as it can damage the continuity and conductivity of the central nervous system, resulting in complex pathophysiology. Encouraged by the advances in nanotechnology, stem cell biology, and materials science, researchers have proposed various interdisciplinary approaches for spinal cord regeneration. In this respect, the present review aims to explore the most recent developments in SCI treatment and spinal cord repair. Specifically, it briefly describes the characteristics of SCIs, followed by an extensive discussion on newly developed nanocarriers (e.g., metal-based, polymer-based, liposomes) for spinal cord delivery, relevant biomolecules (e.g., growth factors, exosomes) for SCI treatment, innovative cell therapies, and novel natural and synthetic biomaterial scaffolds for spinal cord regeneration.
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Bang S, Lee S, Hwang KS, Kim J, Choi N, Kim HN. Three-Dimensional Axotomy and Regeneration on Open-Access Microfluidic Platform. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2021; 21:395-404. [PMID: 34941516 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2021.3136869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of patients are suffering from central nervous system (CNS) injury, including spinal cord injury. However, no suitable treatment is available for such patients as yet. Various platforms have been utilized to recapitulate CNS injuries. However, animal models and in vitro two-dimensional (2D)-based cell culture platforms have limitations, such as genetic heterogeneity and loss of the neural-circuit ultrastructure. To overcome these limitations, we developed a method for performing axotomy on an open-access three-dimensional (3D) neuron-culture platform. In this platform, the 3D alignment of axons in the brain tissue was recapitulated. For direct access to the cultured axons, the bottom of the 3D neuron-culture device was disassembled, enabling exposure of the neuron-laden Matrigel to the outside. The mechanical damage to the axons was recapitulated by puncturing the neuron-laden Matrigel using a pin. Thus, precise axotomy of three-dimensionally aligned axons could be performed. Furthermore, it was possible to fill the punctuated area by re-injecting Matrigel. Consequently, neurites regenerated into re-injected Matrigel. Moreover, it was confirmed that astrocytes can be co-cultured on this open-access platform without interfering with the axon alignment. The proposed open-access platform is expected to be useful for developing treatment techniques for CNS injuries.
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Collagen-based scaffolds: An auspicious tool to support repair, recovery, and regeneration post spinal cord injury. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120559. [PMID: 33831486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a perplexing traumatic disease that habitually gives ride to permanent disability, motor, and sensory impairment. Despite the existence of several therapeutic approaches for the injured motor or sensory neurons, they can't promote axonal regeneration. Whether prepared by conventional or rapid prototyping techniques, scaffolds can be applied to refurbish the continuity of the injured site, by creating a suitable environment for tissue repair, axonal regeneration, and vascularization. Collagen is a multi-sourced protein, found in animals skin, tendons, cartilage, bones, and human placenta, in addition to marine biomass. Collagen is highly abundant in the extracellular matrix and is known for its biocompatibility, biodegradability, porous structure, good permeability, low immunogenicity and thus is extensively applied in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries as well as the tissue engineering field. Collagen in scaffolds is usually functionalized with different ligands and factors such as, stem cells, embryonic or human cells to augment its binding specificity and activity. The review summarizes the significance of collagen-based scaffolds and their influence on regeneration, repair and recovery of spinal cord injuries.
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12
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Ma T, Wu J, Mu J, Gao J. Biomaterials reinforced MSCs transplantation for spinal cord injury repair. Asian J Pharm Sci 2021; 17:4-19. [PMID: 35261642 PMCID: PMC8888140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the complex pathophysiological mechanism, spinal cord injury (SCI) has become one of the most intractable central nervous system (CNS) diseases to therapy. Stem cell transplantation, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) particularly, appeals to more and more attention along with the encouraging therapeutic results for the functional regeneration of SCI. However, traditional cell transplantation strategies have some limitations, including the unsatisfying survival rate of MSCs and their random diffusion from the injection site to ambient tissues. The application of biomaterials in tissue engineering provides a new horizon. Biomaterials can not only confine MSCs in the injured lesions with higher cell viability, but also promote their therapeutic efficacy. This review summarizes the strategies and advantages of biomaterials reinforced MSCs transplantation to treat SCI in recent years, which are clarified in the light of various therapeutic effects in pathophysiological aspects of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiahe Wu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jiafu Mu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding author.
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Zimmermann R, Vieira Alves Y, Sperling LE, Pranke P. Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 27:353-365. [PMID: 33135599 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects the central nervous system (CNS) and there is currently no treatment with the potential for rehabilitation. Although several clinical treatments have been developed, they are still at an early stage and have not shown success in repairing the broken fiber, which prevents cellular regeneration and integral restoration of motor and sensory functions. Considering the importance of nanotechnology and tissue engineering for neural tissue injuries, this review focuses on the latest advances in nanotechnology for SCI treatment and tissue repair. The PubMed database was used for the bibliographic survey. Initial research using the following keywords "tissue engineering and spinal cord injury" revealed 970 articles published in the last 10 years. The articles were further analyzed, excluding those not related to SCI or with results that did not pertain to the field of interest, including the reviews. It was observed that a total of 811 original articles used the quoted keywords. When the word "treatment" was added, 662 articles were found and among them, 529 were original ones. Finally, when the keywords "Nanotechnology and spinal cord injury" were used, 102 articles were found, 65 being original articles. A search concerning the biomaterials used for SCI found 700 articles with 589 original articles. A total of 107 articles were included in the discussion of this review and some are used for the theoretical framework. Recent progress in nanotechnology and tissue engineering has shown promise for repairing CNS damage. A variety of in vivo animal testing for SCI has been used with or without cells and some of these in vivo studies have shown successful results. However, there is no translation to humans using nanotechnology for SCI treatment, although there is one ongoing trial that employs a tissue engineering approach, among other technologies. The first human surgical scaffold implantation will elucidate the possibility of this use for further clinical trials. This review concludes that even though tissue engineering and nanotechnology are being investigated as a possibility for SCI treatment, tests with humans are still in the theoretical stage. Impact statement Thousands of people are affected by spinal cord injury (SCI) per year in the world. This type of lesion is one of the most severe conditions that can affect humans and usually causes permanent loss of strength, sensitivity, and motor function below the injury site. This article reviews studies on the PubMed database, assessing the publications on SCI in the study field of tissue engineering, focusing on the use of nanotechnology for the treatment of SCI. The review makes an evaluation of the biomaterials used for the treatment of this condition and the techniques applied for the production of nanostructured biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Zimmermann
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Yuri Vieira Alves
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura E Sperling
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Health School, Faculty of Medicine, UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pranke
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Stem Cell Research Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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14
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Sánchez-Torres S, Díaz-Ruíz A, Ríos C, Olayo MG, Cruz GJ, Olayo R, Morales J, Mondragón-Lozano R, Fabela-Sánchez O, Orozco-Barrios C, Coyoy-Salgado A, Orozco-Suárez S, González-Ruiz C, Álvarez-Mejía L, Morales-Guadarrama A, Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Damián-Matsumura P, Salgado-Ceballos H. Recovery of motor function after traumatic spinal cord injury by using plasma-synthesized polypyrrole/iodine application in combination with a mixed rehabilitation scheme. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2020; 31:58. [PMID: 32607849 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) can cause paralysis and permanent disability. Rehabilitation (RB) is currently the only accepted treatment, although its beneficial effect is limited. The development of biomaterials has provided therapeutic possibilities for TSCI, where our research group previously showed that the plasma-synthesized polypyrrole/iodine (PPy/I), a biopolymer with different physicochemical characteristics than those of the PPy synthesized by conventional methods, promotes recovery of motor function after TSCI. The present study evaluated if the plasma-synthesized PPy/I applied in combination with RB could increase its beneficial effects and the mechanisms involved. Adult rats with TSCI were divided into no treatment (control); biopolymer (PPy/I); mixed RB by swimming and enriched environment (SW/EE); and combined treatment (PPy/I + SW/EE) groups. Eight weeks after TSCI, the general health of the animals that received any of the treatments was better than the control animals. Functional recovery evaluated by two scales was better and was achieved in less time with the PPy/I + SW/EE combination. All treatments significantly increased βIII-tubulin (nerve plasticity) expression, but only PPy/I increased GAP-43 (nerve regeneration) and MBP (myelination) expression when were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The expression of GFAP (glial scar) decreased in treated groups when determined by histochemistry, while morphometric analysis showed that tissue was better preserved when PPy/I and PPy/I + SW/EE were administered. The application of PPy/I + SW/EE, promotes the preservation of nervous tissue, and the expression of molecules related to plasticity as βIII-tubulin, reduces the glial scar, improves general health and allows the recovery of motor function after TSCI. The implant of the biomaterial polypyrrole/iodine (PPy/I) synthesized by plasma (an unconventional synthesis method), in combination with a mixed rehabilitation scheme with swimming and enriched environment applied after a traumatic spinal cord injury, promotes expression of GAP-43 and βIII-tubulin (molecules related to plasticity and nerve regeneration) and reduces the expression of GFAP (molecule related to the formation of the glial scar). Both effects together allow the formation of nerve fibers, the reconnection of the spinal cord in the area of injury and the recovery of lost motor function. The figure shows the colocalization (yellow) of βIII-tubilin (red) and GAP-43 (green) in fibers crossing the epicenter of the injury (arrowheads) that reconnect the rostral and caudal ends of the injured spinal cord and allowed recovery of motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sánchez-Torres
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México City, CP, 06720, México
- Doctorate in Biological and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Mexico City, CP, 09340, Mexico
- Proyecto Camina A.C. Research Center, Mexico City, CP, 14050, Mexico
| | - Araceli Díaz-Ruíz
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez S.S.A, Mexico city, CP, 14269, Mexico
| | - Camilo Ríos
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez S.S.A, Mexico city, CP, 14269, Mexico
| | - María G Olayo
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares. Carretera Mexico-Toluca, km 36.5, Ocoyoacac, State of Mexico, CP, 52750, Mexico
| | - Guillermo J Cruz
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares. Carretera Mexico-Toluca, km 36.5, Ocoyoacac, State of Mexico, CP, 52750, Mexico
| | - Roberto Olayo
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, CP, 09340, Mexico
| | - Juan Morales
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, CP, 09340, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Mondragón-Lozano
- Proyecto Camina A.C. Research Center, Mexico City, CP, 14050, Mexico
- CONACyT-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Omar Fabela-Sánchez
- Proyecto Camina A.C. Research Center, Mexico City, CP, 14050, Mexico
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, San Rafael Atlixco 186, 09340, Iztapalapa, CDMX, México
- Catedrático CONACyT-Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Enrique Reyna H. No. 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo, Coahuila, 25294, México
| | - Carlos Orozco-Barrios
- Proyecto Camina A.C. Research Center, Mexico City, CP, 14050, Mexico
- CONACyT-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angélica Coyoy-Salgado
- Proyecto Camina A.C. Research Center, Mexico City, CP, 14050, Mexico
- CONACyT-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México City, CP, 06720, México
| | - Cristian González-Ruiz
- Proyecto Camina A.C. Research Center, Mexico City, CP, 14050, Mexico
- Escuela Superior de Medicina-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Álvarez-Mejía
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México City, CP, 06720, México
- Proyecto Camina A.C. Research Center, Mexico City, CP, 14050, Mexico
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares. Carretera Mexico-Toluca, km 36.5, Ocoyoacac, State of Mexico, CP, 52750, Mexico
| | | | - Vinnitsa Buzoianu-Anguiano
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México City, CP, 06720, México
| | - Pablo Damián-Matsumura
- Doctorate in Biological and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Mexico City, CP, 09340, Mexico
| | - Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México City, CP, 06720, México.
- Proyecto Camina A.C. Research Center, Mexico City, CP, 14050, Mexico.
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Liu W, Xu B, Xue W, Yang B, Fan Y, Chen B, Xiao Z, Xue X, Sun Z, Shu M, Zhang Q, Shi Y, Zhao Y, Dai J. A functional scaffold to promote the migration and neuronal differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells for spinal cord injury repair. Biomaterials 2020; 243:119941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Domínguez-Bajo A, González-Mayorga A, López-Dolado E, Munuera C, García-Hernández M, Serrano MC. Graphene Oxide Microfibers Promote Regenerative Responses after Chronic Implantation in the Cervical Injured Spinal Cord. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2401-2414. [PMID: 33455347 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by the disruption of neuronal axons and the creation of an inhibitory environment for spinal tissue regeneration. For decades, researchers and clinicians have been devoting a great effort to develop novel therapeutic approaches which include the fabrication of biocompatible implants that could guide neural tissue repair in the lesion site in an attempt to recover the functionality of the nervous tissue. In this context, although fiberlike structures have been hypothesized to serve as a topographical guidance for axonal regrowth, work on the exploration of this type of materials is still limited for SCI. Aiming to develop such guidance platforms, we recently designed and explored in vitro reduced graphene oxide materials in the shape of microfibers (rGO-MFs). After preliminary studies to assess the feasibility of their implantation at the injured spinal cord in vivo, no evident signs of subacute local toxicity were noticed (10 days of implantation). In this work, we specifically examine for the first time the regenerative potential of these scaffolds, slightly modified in their fabrication for improved reproducibility, when chronically interfaced with a cervical spinal cord injury. After extensive characterization of their physicochemical properties and in vitro experiments with neural progenitor cells, their neural regenerative capacity in vivo is investigated in a rat experimental model of SCI after 4 months of implantation (chronic state). Behavioral tests involving the use of forelimbs are performed. Immunofluorescence studies evidence that rGO-MFs scaffolds foster the presence of neuronal structures along with blood vessels both within the epicenter and in the surroundings of the lesion area. Moreover, the inflammatory response does not worsen by the presence of this material. These findings outline the potential of rGO-MF-based scaffolds to promote regenerative features at the injured spinal cord such as axonal and vascular growth. Further studies including biological functionalization might improve their therapeutic potential by a synergistic effect of topographical and chemical cues, thus boosting neural repair after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Domínguez-Bajo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ankor González-Mayorga
- Laboratory of Interfaces for Neural Repair, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (HNP), Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Elisa López-Dolado
- Laboratory of Interfaces for Neural Repair, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (HNP), Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.,Research Unit of "Design and Development of Biomaterials for Neural Regeneration", HNP-SESCAM, Joint Research Unit with CSIC, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Carmen Munuera
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar García-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Concepción Serrano
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Liu S, Xie YY, Wang B. Role and prospects of regenerative biomaterials in the repair of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1352-1363. [PMID: 30964053 PMCID: PMC6524500 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.253512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal junction defects and an inhibitory environment after spinal cord injury seriously hinder the regeneration of damaged tissues and neuronal functions. At the site of spinal cord injury, regenerative biomaterials can fill cavities, deliver curative drugs, and provide adsorption sites for transplanted or host cells. Some regenerative biomaterials can also inhibit apoptosis, inflammation and glial scar formation, or further promote neurogenesis, axonal growth and angiogenesis. This review summarized a variety of biomaterial scaffolds made of natural, synthetic, and combined materials applied to spinal cord injury repair. Although these biomaterial scaffolds have shown a certain therapeutic effect in spinal cord injury repair, there are still many problems to be resolved, such as product standards and material safety and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Xie
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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18
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Brovold M, Almeida JI, Pla-Palacín I, Sainz-Arnal P, Sánchez-Romero N, Rivas JJ, Almeida H, Dachary PR, Serrano-Aulló T, Soker S, Baptista PM. Naturally-Derived Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1077:421-449. [PMID: 30357702 PMCID: PMC7526297 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0947-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Naturally-derived biomaterials have been used for decades in multiple regenerative medicine applications. From the simplest cell microcarriers made of collagen or alginate, to highly complex decellularized whole-organ scaffolds, these biomaterials represent a class of substances that is usually first in choice at the time of electing a functional and useful biomaterial. Hence, in this chapter we describe the several naturally-derived biomaterials used in tissue engineering applications and their classification, based on composition. We will also describe some of the present uses of the generated tissues like drug discovery, developmental biology, bioprinting and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Brovold
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Joana I Almeida
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iris Pla-Palacín
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Sainz-Arnal
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Health Sciences Institute (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Jesus J Rivas
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Helen Almeida
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pablo Royo Dachary
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitária de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Liver Transplant Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Trinidad Serrano-Aulló
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitária de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Liver Transplant Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Pedro M Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitária de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.
- Center for Biomedical Research Network Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, Spain.
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19
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Restoring electrical connection using a conductive biomaterial provides a new therapeutic strategy for rats with spinal cord injury. Neurosci Lett 2019; 692:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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