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Magnaghi LR, Zanoni C, Alberti G, Biesuz R. The colorful world of sulfonephthaleins: Current applications in analytical chemistry for "old but gold" molecules. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1281:341807. [PMID: 38783746 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Sulfonephthaleins represent one of the most common and widely employed reactive dyes in analytical chemistry, thanks to their stability, low-cost, well-visible colors, reactivity and possibilities of chemical modification. Despite being first proposed in 1916, nowadays, these molecules play a fundamental role in biological and medical applications, environmental analyses, food quality monitoring and other fields, with a particular focus on low-cost and disposable devices or methods for practical applications. Since up to our knowledge, no reviews or book chapters focused explicitly on sulfonephthaleins have ever been published, in this review, we will briefly describe sulfonephthaleins history, their acid-base properties will be discussed, and the most recent applications in different fields will be presented, focusing on the last ten years literature (2014-2023). Finally, safety and environmental issues will be briefly discussed, despite being quite controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rita Magnaghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy; Unità di Ricerca di Pavia, INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Camilla Zanoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giancarla Alberti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raffaela Biesuz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy; Unità di Ricerca di Pavia, INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, 50121, Firenze, Italy
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Lee HG, Jeong S, Yoo S. Development of a calcium hydroxide–dye kimchi ripening indicator and its application in kimchi packaging. Food Chem 2023; 400:134039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ran R, Chen S, Su Y, Wang L, He S, He B, Li C, Wang C, Liu Y. Preparation of pH-colorimetric films based on soy protein isolate/ZnO nanoparticles and grape-skin red for monitoring pork freshness. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ran R, Wang L, Su Y, He S, He B, Li C, Wang C, Liu Y, Chen S. Preparation of pH-indicator films based on soy protein isolate/bromothymol blue and methyl red for monitoring fresh-cut apple freshness. J Food Sci 2021; 86:4594-4610. [PMID: 34392537 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent pH-indicator films based on soy protein isolate (SPI) were prepared using pH-sensitive dyes (bromothymol blue and methyl red). The addition of mixed indicators imparts pH-indicator films with an appreciable microstructure, acceptable water resistance, and favorable optical properties. The incorporation of the mixed indicators did not lead to significant improvement in the mechanical properties of films due to weak ionic cross-linking by hydrogen bonding between the SPI macromolecules and low-molecular-weight indicators. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated hydrogen bond-mediated intermolecular interactions, and scanning electron microscopy showed that BB/MR were well dispersed in the SPI film. The indicator addition hindered the sorption and passage of water molecules. The water vapor permeability, moisture sorption, moisture content, and total soluble matter were 4.32 to 6.12 ×10-12 g·cm/cm2 ·s·Pa, 36.70% to 73.33%, 25.28% to 44.11%, and 8.21% to 25.56%, respectively. Also, the addition of indicators reduced UV light transmittance with minimal effect on the transparency of the film. The presence of indicators enhanced the pH sensitivity, seen as a visible color reaction at different pHs (total color difference, ΔE > 5). When the pH-indicator film containing 8 ml/100 ml final film emulsions was used to monitor the fresh-cut apple freshness, a green color for fresh status was observed, which turned blue after 60 h. Collectively, our findings suggested that indicator-containing SPI films have the potential for monitoring the freshness of fruits. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: pH-indicator films can help consumers to identify the freshness of packaged food by a change in the color of the packaging material, which is easily visible to the unaided eye without the need for opening the packaging. This protects consumers' interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Ran
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuhang Su
- School of Ocean Science and Biochemistry Engineering, Fujian Normal University Fuqing Branch, Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shujian He
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Binbin He
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Cheng Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuntao Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Saiyan Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan Province, China
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Synthesis, structural characterization, DFT, kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of bromothymol blue: application to textile industrial wastewater treatment. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Song K, Li Y, He H, Liu L, Zhao P, Xia Q, Wang Y. A Novel Adenosine Kinase from Bombyx mori: Enzymatic Activity, Structure, and Biological Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153732. [PMID: 31370143 PMCID: PMC6695918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine kinase (ADK) is the first enzyme in the adenosine remediation pathway that catalyzes adenosine phosphorylation into adenosine monophosphate, thus regulating adenosine homeostasis in cells. To obtain new insights into ADK from Bombyx mori (BmADK), we obtained recombinant BmADK, and analyzed its activity, structure, and function. Gel-filtration showed BmADK was a monomer with molecular weight of approximately 38 kDa. Circular dichroism spectra indicated BmADK had 36.8% α-helix and 29.9% β-strand structures, respectively. The structure of BmADK was stable in pH 5.0–11.0, and not affected under 30 °C. The melting temperature and the enthalpy and entropy changes in the thermal transition of BmADK were 46.51 ± 0.50 °C, 253.43 ± 0.20 KJ/mol, and 0.79 ± 0.01 KJ/(mol·K), respectively. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated G68, S201, E229, and D303 were key amino acids for BmADK structure and activity. In particular, S201A mutation significantly increased the α-helix content of BmADK and its activity. BmADK was located in the cytoplasm and highly expressed in the silk gland during the pre-pupal stage. RNA interference revealed the downregulation of BmADK decreased ATG-8, Caspase-9, Ec-R, E74A, and Br-C expression, indicating it was likely involved in 20E signaling, apoptosis, and autophagy to regulate silk gland degeneration and silkworm metamorphosis. Our study greatly expanded the knowledge on the activity, structure, and role of ADK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huawei He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Lina Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yejing Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
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