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Khan J, Kim ND, Bromhead C, Truman P, Kruger MC, Mallard BL. Hepatotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38740968 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The food additive E171 (titanium dioxide, TiO2), is widely used in foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. It is a fine white powder, with at least one third of its particles sized in the nanoparticulate (˂100 nm range, TiO2 NPs). The use of E171 is controversial as its relevant risk assessment has never been satisfactorily accomplished. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown dose-dependent toxicity in various organs including the liver. TiO2 NPs have been shown to induce inflammation, cell death and structural and functional changes within the liver. The toxicity of TiO2 NPs in experimental models varies between organs and according to their physiochemical characteristics and parameters such as dosage and route of administration. Among these factors, ingestion is the most significant exposure route, and the liver is a key target organ. The aim of this review is to highlight the reported adverse effects of orally administered TiO2 NPs on the liver and to discuss the controversial state of its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangrez Khan
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas D Kim
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Collette Bromhead
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Penelope Truman
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Marlena C Kruger
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Beth L Mallard
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
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2
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Guo X, Li J, Qi Y, Chen J, Jiang M, Zhu L, Liu Z, Wang H, Wang G, Wang X. Telomere length and micronuclei trajectories in APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: Correlating with cognitive impairment and brain amyloidosis in a sexually dimorphic manner. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14121. [PMID: 38450924 PMCID: PMC11113262 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Although studies have demonstrated that genome instability is accumulated in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the specific types of genome instability linked to AD pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we report the first characterization of the age- and sex-related trajectories of telomere length (TL) and micronuclei in APP/PS1 mice model and wild-type (WT) controls (C57BL/6). TL was measured in brain (prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, pituitary gland, and hippocampus), colon and skin, and MN was measured in bone marrow in 6- to 14-month-old mice. Variation in TL was attributable to tissue type, age, genotype and, to a lesser extent, sex. Compared to WT, APP/PS1 had a significantly shorter baseline TL across all examined tissues. TL was inversely associated with age in both genotypes and TL shortening was accelerated in brain of APP/PS1. Age-related increase of micronuclei was observed in both genotypes but was accelerated in APP/PS1. We integrated TL and micronuclei data with data on cognition performance and brain amyloidosis. TL and micronuclei were linearly correlated with cognition performance or Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels in both genotypes but to a greater extent in APP/PS1. These associations in APP/PS1 mice were dominantly driven by females. Together, our findings provide foundational knowledge to infer the TL and micronuclei trajectories in APP/PS1 mice during disease progression, and strongly support that TL attrition and micronucleation are tightly associated with AD pathogenesis in a female-biased manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Jianfei Li
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Yanmei Qi
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Juanlin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Minyan Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Lina Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Zetong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Han Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Gongwu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass EnergyYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
- Yeda Institute of Gene and Cell TherapyTaizhouZhejiangChina
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3
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Spano L, Marie-Claire C, Godin O, Lebras A, Courtin C, Laplanche JL, Leboyer M, Aouizerate B, Lefrere A, Belzeaux R, Courtet P, Olié E, Dubertret C, Schwan R, Aubin V, Roux P, Polosan M, Samalin L, Haffen E, Bellivier F, Etain B. Decreased telomere length in a subgroup of young individuals with bipolar disorders: replication in the FACE-BD cohort and association with the shelterin component POT1. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:131. [PMID: 38429270 PMCID: PMC10907586 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) has been associated with premature cellular aging with shortened telomere length (TL) as compared to the general population. We recently identified a subgroup of young individuals with prematurely shortened TL. The aims of the present study were to replicate this observation in a larger sample and analyze the expression levels of genes associated with age or TL in a subsample of these individuals. TL was measured on peripheral blood DNA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in a sample of 542 individuals with BD and clustering analyses were performed. Gene expression level of 29 genes, associated with aging or with telomere maintenance, was analyzed in RNA samples from a subsample of 129 individuals. Clustering analyses identified a group of young individuals (mean age 29.64 years), with shorter TL. None of the tested clinical variables were significantly associated with this subgroup. Gene expression level analyses showed significant downregulation of MYC, POT1, and CD27 in the prematurely aged young individuals compared to the young individuals with longer TL. After adjustment only POT1 remained significantly differentially expressed between the two groups of young individuals. This study confirms the existence of a subgroup of young individuals with BD with shortened TL. The observed decrease of POT1 expression level suggests a newly described cellular mechanism in individuals with BD, that may contribute to telomere shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Spano
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris, France
| | - Cynthia Marie-Claire
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris, France.
| | - Ophélia Godin
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U955, IMRB, Translational NeuroPsychiatry Laboratory, Créteil, France
| | - Apolline Lebras
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris, France
| | - Cindie Courtin
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Laplanche
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris, France
- Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, DMU BioGeM, Hôpitaux Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, GHU APHP.Nord - Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U955, IMRB, Translational NeuroPsychiatry Laboratory, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMUIMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Créteil, France
| | - Bruno Aouizerate
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Laboratoire NutriNeuro (UMR INRA 1286), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Antoine Lefrere
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Pôle de Psychiatrie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Raoul Belzeaux
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- INT-UMR7289, CNRS Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Emilie Olié
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Dubertret
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire AP-HP Nord, DMU ESPRIT, Service de Psychiatrie et Addictologie, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
- Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1266, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Raymund Schwan
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Université de Lorraine, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Inserm U1254, Nancy, France
| | - Valérie Aubin
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Princesse Grace, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Paul Roux
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adulte et d'Addictologie, Le Chesnay, France
- Equipe DisAP-PsyDev, CESP, Université Versailles Saint- Quentin-en-Yvelines - Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Villejuif, France
| | - Mircea Polosan
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Ludovic Samalin
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, Département de Psychiatrie, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal (UMR 6602), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adultre, CIC-1431 INSERM, CHU de Besançon, Laboratoire de Neurosciences, UFC, UBFC, Besançon, France
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire AP-HP Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Etain
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie OTeN, Paris, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire AP-HP Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Paris, France
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4
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Yin F, Zhou Y, Xie D, Hu J, Luo X. Effects of nanomaterial exposure on telomere dysfunction, hallmarks of mammalian and zebrafish cell senescence, and zebrafish mortality. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102062. [PMID: 37673133 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposure to hazardous substances accelerates biological aging. However, the toxic effects of nanomaterials on telomere and cellular senescence (major hallmarks of the biological aging) remained controversial. This study was to synthesize all published evidence to explore the effects of nanomaterial exposure on the telomere change, cellular senescence and mortality of model animals. Thirty-five studies were included by searching electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and Web of Science). The pooled analysis by Stata 15.0 software showed that compared with the control, nanomaterial exposure could significantly shorten the telomere length [measured as kbp: standardized mean difference (SMD) = -1.88; 95% confidence interval (CI) = -3.13 - - 0.64; % of control: SMD = -1.26; 95%CI = -2.11- - 0.42; < 3 kbp %: SMD = 5.76; 95%CI = 2.92 - 8.60), increase the telomerase activity (SMD = -1.00; 95%CI = -1.74 to -0.26), senescence-associated β-galactosidase levels in cells (SMD = 8.20; 95%CI = 6.05 - 10.34) and zebrafish embryos (SMD = 7.32; 95%CI = 4.70 - 9.94) as well as the mortality of zebrafish (SMD = 3.83; 95%CI = 2.94 - 4.72)]. The expression levels of telomerase TERT, shelterin components (TRF1, TRF2 and POT1) and senescence biomarkers (p21, p16) were respectively identified to be decreased or increased in subgroup analyses. In conclusion, this meta-analysis demonstrates that nanomaterial exposure is associated with telomere attrition, cell senescence and organismal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Textile Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China.
| | - Dongli Xie
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jianchen Hu
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
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5
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A weight of evidence review of the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 136:105263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Shakirov EV, Chen JJL, Shippen DE. Plant telomere biology: The green solution to the end-replication problem. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2492-2504. [PMID: 35511166 PMCID: PMC9252485 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Telomere maintenance is a fundamental cellular process conserved across all eukaryotic lineages. Although plants and animals diverged over 1.5 billion years ago, lessons learned from plants continue to push the boundaries of science, revealing detailed molecular mechanisms in telomere biology with broad implications for human health, aging biology, and stress responses. Recent studies of plant telomeres have unveiled unexpected divergence in telomere sequence and architecture, and the proteins that engage telomeric DNA and telomerase. The discovery of telomerase RNA components in the plant kingdom and some algae groups revealed new insight into the divergent evolution and the universal core of telomerase across major eukaryotic kingdoms. In addition, resources cataloging the abundant natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana, maize (Zea mays), and other plants are providing unparalleled opportunities to understand the genetic networks that govern telomere length polymorphism and, as a result, are uncovering unanticipated crosstalk between telomeres, environmental factors, organismal fitness, and plant physiology. Here we recap current advances in plant telomere biology and put this field in perspective relative to telomere and telomerase research in other eukaryotic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V Shakirov
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25701, USA
| | - Julian J -L Chen
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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7
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Shi J, Han S, Zhang J, Liu Y, Chen Z, Jia G. Advances in genotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro. NANOIMPACT 2022; 25:100377. [PMID: 35559883 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are currently one of the most widely used nanomaterials. Due to an increasing scope of applications, the exposure of humans to TiO2 NP is inevitable, such as entering the body through the mouth with food additives or drugs, invading the damaged skin with cosmetics, and entering the body through the respiratory tract during the process of production and handling. Compared with TiO2 coarse particles, TiO2 NPs have stronger conductivity, reaction activity, photocatalysis, and permeability, which may lead to greater toxicity to organisms. Given that TiO2 was classified as a category 2B carcinogen (possibly carcinogenic to humans), the genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs has become the focus of attention. There have been a series of previous studies investigating the potential genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs, but the existing research results are still controversial and difficult to conclude. More than half of studies have shown that TiO2 NPs can cause genotoxicity, suggesting that TiO2 NPs are likely to be genotoxic to humans. And the genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs is closely related to the exposure concentration, mode and time, and experimental cells/animals as well as its physicochemical properties (crystal type, size, and shape). This review summarized the latest research progress of related genotoxic effects through in vivo studies and in vitro cell tests, hoping to provide ideas for the evaluation of TiO2 NPs genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Shuo Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jiahe Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhangjian Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
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Chuenwisad K, More-Krong P, Tubsaeng P, Chotechuang N, Srisa-Art M, Storer RJ, Boonla C. Premature Senescence and Telomere Shortening Induced by Oxidative Stress From Oxalate, Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate, and Urine From Patients With Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:696486. [PMID: 34745087 PMCID: PMC8566732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, a well-known cause of stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS), is increased in patients with calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones (KS). Oxalate and calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) induce oxidative stress in renal tubular cells, but to our knowledge, their effect on SIPS has not yet been examined. Here, we examined whether oxalate, COM, or urine from patients with CaOx KS could induce SIPS and telomere shortening in human kidney (HK)-2 cells, a proximal tubular renal cell line. Urine from age- and sex-matched individuals without stones was used as a control. In sublethal amounts, H2O2, oxalate, COM, and urine from those with KS evoked oxidative stress in HK-2 cells, indicated by increased protein carbonyl content and decreased total antioxidant capacity, but urine from those without stones did not. The proportion of senescent HK-2 cells, as indicated by SA-βgal staining, increased after treatment with H2O2, oxalate, COM, and urine from those with KS. Expression of p16 was higher in HK-2 cells treated with H2O2, oxalate, COM, and urine from those with KS than it was in cells treated with urine from those without stones and untreated controls. p16 was upregulated in the SA-βgal positive cells. Relative telomere length was shorter in HK-2 cells treated with H2O2, oxalate, COM, and urine from those with KS than that in cells treated with urine from those without stones and untreated controls. Transcript expression of shelterin components (TRF1, TRF2 and POT1) was decreased in HK-2 cells treated with H2O2, oxalate, COM, and urine from those with KS, in which case the expression was highest. Urine from those without KS did not significantly alter TRF1, TRF2, and POT1 mRNA expression in HK-2 cells relative to untreated controls. In conclusion, oxalate, COM, and urine from patients with CaOx KS induced SIPS and telomere shortening in renal tubular cells. SIPS induced by a lithogenic milieu may result from upregulation of p16 and downregulation of shelterin components, specifically POT1, and might contribute, at least in part, to the development of CaOx KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonchanok Chuenwisad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimkanya More-Krong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Praween Tubsaeng
- Division of Urology, Mahasarakham Hospital, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Nattida Chotechuang
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Monpichar Srisa-Art
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Robin James Storer
- Office of Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanchai Boonla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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9
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Darvishi FZ, Saadat M. Morphine treatment is associated with diminished telomere length together with down-regulated TERT and TERF2 mRNA levels. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 227:108982. [PMID: 34482039 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug dependence promotes accelerated aging and higher mortality compare with the general population. Telomere length is a biomarker of determination of cellular aging. Telomere attrition has been reported in heroin dependent patients. To investigate whether telomere length is affected by morphine or not, the expressions of hTERT and TERF2 in morphine treated human SH-SY5Y cells were determined and compared with untreated cells. METHODS The SH-SY5Y cells were treated with 1 and 5 μM concentrations of morphine for different exposure times (1d, 2d, 3d, 7d and 60 days). The mRNA levels of hTERT and TERF2 were determined using quantitative real-time RCR. The relative telomere length was measured as the ratio of telomere/36B4. RESULTS The hTERT and TERF2 mRNA levels were down regulated in morphine treated cells as a function of exposure duration. These alterations were reversible if morphine was removed from the culture medium. No reduction in the relative expression of hTERT and TERF2 in the cells exposed to N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) plus morphine was observed. In the SH-SY5Y cells treated by 5 μM morphine for 60 consecutive days, the hTERT and TERF2 mRNA levels and relative telomere lengths remarkably decreased. CONCLUSIONS Reversible alteration of mRNA levels by removing morphine from culture medium, and effect of NAC in co-treatment of morphine plus NAC, emphasize the role of reactive oxygen species in down-regulation of the expression of hTERT and TERF2 by morphine. Telomere attrition in morphine treated cells is a consequence of down-regulation of the expression of hTERT and TERF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zahra Darvishi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Saadat
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran.
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10
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Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel K, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gundert‐Remy U, Gürtler R, Husøy T, Manco M, Mennes W, Moldeus P, Passamonti S, Shah R, Waalkens‐Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Corsini E, Cubadda F, De Groot D, FitzGerald R, Gunnare S, Gutleb AC, Mast J, Mortensen A, Oomen A, Piersma A, Plichta V, Ulbrich B, Van Loveren H, Benford D, Bignami M, Bolognesi C, Crebelli R, Dusinska M, Marcon F, Nielsen E, Schlatter J, Vleminckx C, Barmaz S, Carfí M, Civitella C, Giarola A, Rincon AM, Serafimova R, Smeraldi C, Tarazona J, Tard A, Wright M. Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06585. [PMID: 33976718 PMCID: PMC8101360 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present opinion deals with an updated safety assessment of the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171) based on new relevant scientific evidence considered by the Panel to be reliable, including data obtained with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and data from an extended one-generation reproductive toxicity (EOGRT) study. Less than 50% of constituent particles by number in E 171 have a minimum external dimension < 100 nm. In addition, the Panel noted that constituent particles < 30 nm amounted to less than 1% of particles by number. The Panel therefore considered that studies with TiO2 NPs < 30 nm were of limited relevance to the safety assessment of E 171. The Panel concluded that although gastrointestinal absorption of TiO2 particles is low, they may accumulate in the body. Studies on general and organ toxicity did not indicate adverse effects with either E 171 up to a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day or with TiO2 NPs (> 30 nm) up to the highest dose tested of 100 mg/kg bw per day. No effects on reproductive and developmental toxicity were observed up to a dose of 1,000 mg E 171/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested in the EOGRT study. However, observations of potential immunotoxicity and inflammation with E 171 and potential neurotoxicity with TiO2 NPs, together with the potential induction of aberrant crypt foci with E 171, may indicate adverse effects. With respect to genotoxicity, the Panel concluded that TiO2 particles have the potential to induce DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage, but not gene mutations. No clear correlation was observed between the physico-chemical properties of TiO2 particles and the outcome of either in vitro or in vivo genotoxicity assays. A concern for genotoxicity of TiO2 particles that may be present in E 171 could therefore not be ruled out. Several modes of action for the genotoxicity may operate in parallel and the relative contributions of different molecular mechanisms elicited by TiO2 particles are not known. There was uncertainty as to whether a threshold mode of action could be assumed. In addition, a cut-off value for TiO2 particle size with respect to genotoxicity could not be identified. No appropriately designed study was available to investigate the potential carcinogenic effects of TiO2 NPs. Based on all the evidence available, a concern for genotoxicity could not be ruled out, and given the many uncertainties, the Panel concluded that E 171 can no longer be considered as safe when used as a food additive.
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High homocysteine promotes telomere dysfunction and chromosomal instability in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 854-855:503197. [PMID: 32660821 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres, specialized structures at the ends of linear chromosomes, protect chromosome ends from degradation, recombination, and mis-repair. Critically short telomere length (TL) may result in chromosome instability (CIN), causing tumor promotion and, at higher levels, cell death and tumor suppression. Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing amino acid involved in one-carbon metabolism. Elevated plasma Hcy is a cancer risk factor. Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were treated with pathophysiological concentrations of Hcy (15-120 μM) for 14 and 28 days. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay was used to determine cytostasis (nuclear division index, NDI), cell death (apoptosis and necrosis), and CIN (micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds in binucleated cells). Quantitative PCR was used to measure TL and the expression of hTERT, the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of telomerase for TL elongation. The results showed that Hcy induced elongation of TL and fluctuating changes in expression of hTERT. TL elongation was associated with increased CIN. Hcy decreased the NDI and increased cell death. This study shows that there is cross-talk between Hcy and TL in tumor cells and supports the concept that high Hcy inhibits cell division and promotes the death of tumor cells by abnormal elongation of TL and elevation of CIN.
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