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Thakur R, Paul K. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Sequential C-H/N-H Alkene Annulation Cascade of Phenanthroimidazoles: Synthesis and Photophysical Studies. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6016-6026. [PMID: 38625682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
We report ruthenium(II)-catalyzed sequential C-H/N-H alkenylation cascade of phenanthroimidazole and alkenes to form novel phenanthroimidazoisoindol acrylates via dual C-H activation and aza-Michael reaction. The two nitrogen atoms of the imidazole ring act as directing groups for regioselective dual sequential ortho C-H activation. These polycyclic N-heterocycles were evaluated for their photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
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Su W, Lv M, Wang D, He Y, Han H, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Lv S, Yao L. Tanshinone IIA Alleviates Traumatic Brain Injury by Reducing Ischemia‒Reperfusion via the miR-124-5p/FoxO1 Axis. Mediators Inflamm 2024; 2024:7459054. [PMID: 38549714 PMCID: PMC10978079 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7459054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is a common complication of ischemic stroke that affects the prognosis of patients with ischemic stroke. The lipid-soluble diterpene Tanshinone IIA, which was isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been indicated to reduce cerebral ischemic injury. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of Tanshinone IIA in alleviating reperfusion-induced brain injury. Methods Middle cerebral artery occlusion animal models were established, and neurological scores, tetrazolium chloride staining, brain volume quantification, wet and dry brain water content measurement, Nissl staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed. The viability of cells was measured by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assays, while cell damage was measured by lactate dehydrogenase release in the in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation model. In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Tanshinone IIA on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced brain injury, as well as its effects on the inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis, in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, this study validated the targeting relationship between miR-124-5p and FoxO1 using a dual luciferase assay. Finally, we examined the role of Tanshinone IIA in brain injury from a molecular perspective by inhibiting miR-124-5p or increasing FoxO1 levels. Results After treatment with Tanshinone IIA in middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO/R) rats, the volume of cerebral infarction was reduced, the water content of the brain was decreased, the nerve function of the rats was significantly improved, and the cell damage was significantly reduced. In addition, Tanshinone IIA effectively inhibited the I/R-induced inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis, that is, it inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, decreased the expression of apoptotic protein Bax and Cleaved-caspase-3, and promoted the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. In vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) cell model, Tanshinone IIA also inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors in neuronal cells and inhibited the occurrence of neuronal apoptosis. In addition, Tanshinone IIA promoted the expression of miR-124-5p. Transfection of miR-124-5p mimic has the same therapeutic effect as Tanshinone IIA and positive therapeutic effect on OGD cells, while transfection of miR-124-5p inhibitor has the opposite effect. The targeting of miR-124-5p negatively regulates FoxO1 expression. Inhibition of miR-124-5p or overexpression of FoxO1 can weaken the inhibitory effect of Tanshinone IIA on brain injury induced by I/R, while inhibition of miR-124-5p and overexpression of FoxO1 can further weaken the effect of Tanshinone IIA. Conclusion Tanshinone IIA alleviates ischemic-reperfusion brain injury by inhibiting neuroinflammation through the miR-124-5p/FoxO1 axis. This finding provides a theoretical basis for mechanistic research on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Su
- Rehabilitation Medicine of Qujing No. 1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, Yunnan, China
| | - Meifen Lv
- Rehabilitation Medicine of Qujing No. 1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, Yunnan, China
| | - Dayu Wang
- Rehabilitation Medicine of Qujing No. 1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, Yunnan, China
| | - Yinghong He
- Rehabilitation Medicine of Qujing No. 1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, Yunnan, China
| | - Hui Han
- Rehabilitation Medicine of Qujing No. 1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Rehabilitation Medicine of Qujing No. 1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- Rehabilitation Medicine of Qujing No. 1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, Yunnan, China
| | - Shaokun Lv
- Rehabilitation Medicine of Qujing No. 1 Hospital, Qujing 655000, Yunnan, China
| | - Liqing Yao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000, Yunnan, China
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Chi MH, Chao J, Ko CY, Huang SS. An Ethnopharmaceutical Study on the Hypolipidemic Formulae in Taiwan Issued by Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:900693. [PMID: 36188612 PMCID: PMC9520573 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.900693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, approximately one-third of ischemic heart diseases are due to hyperlipidemia, which has been shown to cause various metabolic disorders. This study was aimed to disassemble and analyze hypolipidemic formulae sold by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pharmacies. Using commonly used statistical parameters in ethnopharmacology, we identified the core drug combination of the hypolipidemic formulae, thereby exploring the strategy by which the Taiwanese people select hypolipidemic drugs. Most important of all, we preserved the inherited knowledge of TCM. We visited 116 TCM pharmacies in Taiwan and collected 91 TCM formulae. The formulae were mainly disassembled by macroscopical identification, and the medicinal materials with a relative frequency of citation (RFC) >0.2 were defined as commonly used medicinal materials. Subsequently, we sorted the information of medicinal materials recorded in the Pharmacopeia, searched for modern pharmacological research on commonly used medicinal materials using PubMed database, and visualized data based on the statistical results. Finally, the core hypolipidemic medicinal materials used in folk medicine were obtained. Of the 91 TCM formulae collected in this study, 80 traditional Chinese medicinal materials were used, belonging to 43 families, predominantly Lamiaceae. Roots were the most commonly used part as a medicinal material. There were 17 commonly used medicinal materials. Based on medicinal records in Pharmacopeia, most flavors and properties were warm and pungent, the majority traditional effects were “tonifying and replenishing” and “blood-regulating.” Besides, the targeted diseases searching from modern pharmacological studies were diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. The core medicinal materials consisted of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge and Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge, and the core formulae were Bu-Yang-Huan-Wu-Tang and Xie-Fu-Zhu-Yu-Tang. In addition, 7 groups of folk misused medicinal materials were found. Although these TCMs have been used for a long period of time, their hypolipidemic mechanisms remain unclear, and further studies are needed to validate their safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Han Chi
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung Chao
- Master Program for Food and Drug Safety, Chinese Medicine Research Center, Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Ko
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Shyun Huang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Shyh-Shyun Huang,
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Zhao H, Han B, Li X, Sun C, Zhai Y, Li M, Jiang M, Zhang W, Liang Y, Kai G. Salvia miltiorrhiza in Breast Cancer Treatment: A Review of Its Phytochemistry, Derivatives, Nanoparticles, and Potential Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:872085. [PMID: 35600860 PMCID: PMC9117704 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.872085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most deadly malignancies in women worldwide. Salvia miltiorrhiza, a perennial plant that belongs to the genus Salvia, has long been used in the management of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The main anti-breast cancer constituents in S. miltiorrhiza are liposoluble tanshinones including dihydrotanshinone I, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, and cryptotanshinone, and water-soluble phenolic acids represented by salvianolic acid A, salvianolic acid B, salvianolic acid C, and rosmarinic acid. These active components have potent efficacy on breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. The mechanisms mainly include induction of apoptosis, autophagy and cell cycle arrest, anti-metastasis, formation of cancer stem cells, and potentiation of antitumor immunity. This review summarized the main bioactive constituents of S. miltiorrhiza and their derivatives or nanoparticles that possess anti-breast cancer activity. Besides, the synergistic combination with other drugs and the underlying molecular mechanisms were also summarized to provide a reference for future research on S. miltiorrhiza for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yi Liang
- *Correspondence: Yi Liang, ; Guoyin Kai,
| | - Guoyin Kai
- *Correspondence: Yi Liang, ; Guoyin Kai,
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Ma L, Zhao Z, Guo X, Li J, Xu L, Mei W, Dong G, Zhong Z, Yang Z. Tanshinone IIA and its derivative activate thermogenesis in adipocytes and induce "beiging" of white adipose tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 544:111557. [PMID: 35032625 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (TAN2A) is a major active ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza used in traditional Chinese medicine and tanshinone 20 (TAN20) is a derivative of TAN2A. In this study, we examined the effects of TAN2A and TAN20 on adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and thermogenesis. Our experiments showed that both TAN2A and TAN20 increased mitochondria content in adipose tissue, enhanced energy expenditure, reduced body weight, and improved insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis in obese and diabetic mouse models. We demonstrated that TAN20 can facilitate the transformation from white to beige adipose tissue, as well as activate brown adipose tissue. In uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) knockout mouse model, the effects of TAN2A and TAN20 on body weight and glucose tolerance were not observed, suggesting that such effects were UCP1 dependent. Furthermore, we found that TAN2A and TAN20 increased the expression of UCP1 and other thermogenic genes in adipocytes through AMPK-PGC-1α signaling pathway. Our findings indicate that TAN2A and its derivative TAN20 are potential interesting energy expenditure regulators and may be implicated in treatment of obesity and other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Zewei Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Xuemin Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translation Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, 514000, Guangdong Province, China; Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, 514000, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jin Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Wenjie Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Geng Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China; Medical Informatics Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - Zhixiong Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translation Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, 514000, Guangdong Province, China; Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, 514000, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Zhonghan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong Province, China.
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tanshinone IIA-based analogues: Potent inhibitors of microtubule formation and angiogenesis. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113708. [PMID: 34333396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the structural optimization of tanshinone IIA, a natural product which possesses anti-tumor properties but low water-solubility, weak antiproliferative activity and poor PK properties. A new series of ring A/C/D modified tanshinone analogues were synthesized and studied for their antiproliferative capacities against six human cancer cell lines. SAR study revealed that ring A cleavage of tanshinone IIA led to improved anti-cancer activity. Introduction of a methoxy group to the phenyl ring could enhance the anti-cancer activity even further. Compound 2f with methoxy group at C-8 position was selected as an early lead with IC50 values of 0.28-3.16 μM against six tested cell lines. 2f could bind to tubulin colchicine site, inhibit tubulin assembly and disrupt the normal formation of microtubule networks. Cellular mechanistic studies revealed that 2f induced apoptotic cell death of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro investigations showed that 2f impeded the tubule-formation of HUVECs and potently inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 cells as well as HUVECs. Furthermore, the in vivo anti-angiogenic effect of 2f was confirmed via a zebrafish model test. The satisfactory physicochemical property and metabolic stability of 2f, as well as improved water-solubility, further suggested that 2f could serve as a promising tubulin inhibitor and anti-angiogenic agent.
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Huang H, Song C, Chang J. Synthesis and Biological Activity Study of Tanshinone Derivatives: A Literature and Patent Review. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:2520-2534. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200922115109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinones are a class of bioactive compounds present in the Chinese herbal medicine Danshen
(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge), containing among others, abietane diterpene quinone scaffolds. Chemical synthesis
and biological activity studies of natural and unnatural tanshinone derivatives have been reviewed in
this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chuanjun Song
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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