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Luo P, Ji Y, Liu X, Zhang W, Cheng R, Zhang S, Qian X, Huang C. Affected inflammation-related signaling pathways in snake envenomation: A recent insight. Toxicon 2023; 234:107288. [PMID: 37703930 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Snake envenomation is well known to cause grievous pathological signs, including haemorrhagic discharge, necrosis, and respiratory distress. However, inflammatory reactions are also common envenoming manifestations that lead to successive damage, such as oedema, ulceration, lymphadenectasis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and even multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Interference with the inflammatory burst is hence important in the clinical treatment of snake envenomation. Here, we summarize the typical snake toxins (or venoms) that cause inflammatory reactions and the underlying signaling pathways. In brief, inflammatory reactions are usually triggered by snake venom phospholipase A2 (svPLA2), snake venom metalloprotease (SVMP), snake venom serine protease (SVSP) and C-type lectin/snaclec (CTL) as well as disintegrin (DIS) via multiple signaling pathways. They are nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) and phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/PKB also called PI3K-AKT) signaling pathways. Activation of these pathways promotes the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules such as cytokines, especially interleukin-1β (IL-1β) which causes further inflammatory cascades and manifestations, such as swelling, fever, pain, and severe complications. Remarkably, almost half of introduced snake toxins (or venoms) have anti-inflammatory effects through blocking these pathways and suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. Investigation of affected inflammation-related signaling pathways is meaningful to achieve better clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Luo
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, PR China.
| | - Yuxin Ji
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, PR China.
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China.
| | - Weiyun Zhang
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, PR China.
| | - Ruoxi Cheng
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, PR China.
| | - Shuxian Zhang
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, PR China.
| | - Xiao Qian
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, PR China.
| | - Chunhong Huang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, PR China.
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Abdullah NAH, Rusmili MRA, Zainal Abidin SA, Shaikh MF, Hodgson WC, Othman I. Isolation and Characterization of A2-EPTX-Nsm1a, a Secretory Phospholipase A 2 from Malaysian Spitting Cobra ( Naja sumatrana) Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120859. [PMID: 34941697 PMCID: PMC8709200 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toxins are one of the main toxin families found in snake venom. PLA2 toxins are associated with various detrimental effects, including neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, hemostatic disturbances, nephrotoxicity, edema, and inflammation. Although Naja sumatrana venom contains substantial quantities of PLA2 components, there is limited information on the function and activities of PLA2 toxins from the venom. In this study, a secretory PLA2 from the venom of Malaysian N. sumatrana, subsequently named A2-EPTX-Nsm1a, was isolated, purified, and characterized. A2-EPTX-Nsm1a was purified using a mass spectrometry-guided approach and multiple chromatography steps. Based on LC-MSMS, A2-EPTX-Nsm1a was found to show high sequence similarity with PLA2 from venoms of other Naja species. The PLA2 activity of A2-EPTX-Nsm1 was inhibited by 4-BPB and EDTA. A2-EPTX-Nsm1a was significantly less cytotoxic in a neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) compared to crude venom and did not show a concentration-dependent cytotoxic activity. To our knowledge, this is the first study that characterizes and investigates the cytotoxicity of an Asp49 PLA2 isolated from Malaysian N. sumatrana venom in a human neuroblastoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Atiqah Haizum Abdullah
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.A.Z.A.); (M.F.S.)
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or (N.A.H.A.); (I.O.)
| | - Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad Rusmili
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, Kuantan Campus, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia;
| | - Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.A.Z.A.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.A.Z.A.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Wayne C. Hodgson
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.A.Z.A.); (M.F.S.)
- Correspondence: or (N.A.H.A.); (I.O.)
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Proteomic Investigations of Two Pakistani Naja Snake Venoms Species Unravel the Venom Complexity, Posttranslational Modifications, and Presence of Extracellular Vesicles. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110669. [PMID: 33105837 PMCID: PMC7690644 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Latest advancement of omics technologies allows in-depth characterization of venom compositions. In the present work we present a proteomic study of two snake venoms of the genus Naja i.e., Naja naja (black cobra) and Naja oxiana (brown cobra) of Pakistani origin. The present study has shown that these snake venoms consist of a highly diversified proteome. Furthermore, the data also revealed variation among closely related species. High throughput mass spectrometric analysis of the venom proteome allowed to identify for the N. naja venom 34 protein families and for the N. oxiana 24 protein families. The comparative evaluation of the two venoms showed that N. naja consists of a more complex venom proteome than N. oxiana venom. Analysis also showed N-terminal acetylation (N-ace) of a few proteins in both venoms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study revealing this posttranslational modification in snake venom. N-ace can shed light on the mechanism of regulation of venom proteins inside the venom gland. Furthermore, our data showed the presence of other body proteins, e.g., ankyrin repeats, leucine repeats, zinc finger, cobra serum albumin, transferrin, insulin, deoxyribonuclease-2-alpha, and other regulatory proteins in these venoms. Interestingly, our data identified Ras-GTpase type of proteins, which indicate the presence of extracellular vesicles in the venom. The data can support the production of distinct and specific anti-venoms and also allow a better understanding of the envenomation and mechanism of distribution of toxins. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD018726.
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Huancahuire-Vega S, Hollanda LM, Gomes-Heleno M, Newball-Noriega EE, Marangoni S. ACP-TX-I and ACP-TX-II, Two Novel Phospholipases A 2 Isolated from Trans-Pecos Copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster Venom: Biochemical and Functional Characterization. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110661. [PMID: 31739403 PMCID: PMC6891687 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports the purification and biochemical and functional characterization of ACP-TX-I and ACP-TX-II, two phospholipases A2 (PLA2) from Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster venom. Both PLA2s were highly purified by a single chromatographic step on a C18 reverse phase HPLC column. Various peptide sequences from these two toxins showed similarity to those of other PLA2 toxins from viperid snake venoms. ACP-TX-I belongs to the catalytically inactive K49 PLA2 class, while ACP-TX-II is a D49 PLA2, and is enzymatically active. ACP-TX-I PLA2 is monomeric, which results in markedly diminished myotoxic and inflammatory activities when compared with dimeric K49 PLA2s, confirming the hypothesis that dimeric structure contributes heavily to the profound myotoxicity of the most active viperid K49 PLA2s. ACP-TX-II exhibits the main pharmacological actions reported for this protein family, including in vivo local myotoxicity, edema-forming activity, and in vitro cytotoxicity. ACP-TX-I PLA2 is cytotoxic to A549 lung carcinoma cells, indicating that cytotoxicity to these tumor cells does not require enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomón Huancahuire-Vega
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Peruana Unión (UPeU), Lima 15, Peru;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +51-9-9757-4011
| | - Luciana M. Hollanda
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Universidade Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju 49032-490, SE, Brazil;
| | - Mauricio Gomes-Heleno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil; (M.G.-H.); (S.M.)
| | - Edda E. Newball-Noriega
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Peruana Unión (UPeU), Lima 15, Peru;
| | - Sergio Marangoni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil; (M.G.-H.); (S.M.)
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Pessoa WFB, Silva LCC, de Oliveira Dias L, Delabie JHC, Costa H, Romano CC. Analysis of Protein Composition and Bioactivity of Neoponera villosa Venom (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17040513. [PMID: 27110765 PMCID: PMC4848969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ants cause a series of accidents involving humans. Such accidents generate different reactions in the body, ranging from a mild irritation at the bite site to anaphylactic shock, and these reactions depend on the mechanism of action of the venom. The study of animal venom is a science known as venomics. Through venomics, the composition of the venom of several ant species has already been characterized and their biological activities described. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the protein composition and biological activities (hemolytic and immunostimulatory) of the venom of Neoponera villosa (N. villosa), an ant widely distributed in South America. The protein composition was evaluated by proteomic techniques, such as two-dimensional electrophoresis. To assess the biological activity, hemolysis assay was carried out and cytokines were quantified after exposure of macrophages to the venom. The venom of N. villosa has a profile composed of 145 proteins, including structural and metabolic components (e.g., tubulin and ATPase), allergenic and immunomodulatory proteins (arginine kinase and heat shock proteins (HSPs)), protective proteins of venom (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase) and tissue degradation proteins (hyaluronidase and phospholipase A2). The venom was able to induce hemolysis in human erythrocytes and also induced release of both pro-inflammatory cytokines, as the anti-inflammatory cytokine release by murine macrophages. These results allow better understanding of the composition and complexity of N. villosa venom in the human body, as well as the possible mechanisms of action after the bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace Felipe Blohem Pessoa
- State University of Santa Cruz (UESC)-Center of Biotechnology and Genetics (CBG), Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Leila de Oliveira Dias
- State University of Santa Cruz (UESC)-Center of Biotechnology and Genetics (CBG), Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Jacques Hubert Charles Delabie
- Myrmecology Laboratory of the Cocoa Research Center-CEPEC, Executive Committee of the Cocoa Crop (CEPLAC), Ilhéus, Bahia 45660-000, Brazil.
| | - Helena Costa
- State University of Santa Cruz (UESC)-Center of Biotechnology and Genetics (CBG), Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Carla Cristina Romano
- State University of Santa Cruz (UESC)-Center of Biotechnology and Genetics (CBG), Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil.
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