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El-Sayed GM, Agwa MM, Emam MTH, Kandil H, Abdelhamid AE, Nour SA. Utilizing immobilized recombinant serine alkaline protease from Bacillus safensis lab418 in wound healing: Gene cloning, heterologous expression, optimization, and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132286. [PMID: 38735612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Microbial proteases have proven their efficiency in various industrial applications; however, their application in accelerating the wound healing process has been inconsistent in previous studies. In this study, heterologous expression was used to obtain an over-yielding of the serine alkaline protease. The serine protease-encoding gene aprE was isolated from Bacillus safensis lab 418 and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) using the pET28a (+) expression vector. The gene sequence was assigned the accession number OP610065 in the NCBI GenBank. The open reading frame of the recombinant protease (aprEsaf) was 383 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 35 kDa. The yield of aprEsaf increased to 300 U/mL compared with the native serine protease (SAFWD), with a maximum yield of 77.43 U/mL after optimization conditions. aprEsaf was immobilized on modified amine-functionalized films (MAFs). By comparing the biochemical characteristics of immobilized and free recombinant enzymes, the former exhibited distinctive biochemical characteristics: improved thermostability, alkaline stability over a wider pH range, and efficient reusability. The immobilized serine protease was effectively utilized to expedite wound healing. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the suitability of the immobilized recombinant serine protease for wound healing, suggesting that it is a viable alternative therapeutic agent for wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada M El-Sayed
- Microbial Genetics Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Mona M Agwa
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Maha T H Emam
- Genetics and Cytology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Egypt.
| | - Heba Kandil
- Polymers and Pigments Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | | | - Shaimaa A Nour
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Egypt
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2
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Wu Q, Peng Z, Pan Y, Liu L, Li L, Zhang J, Wang J. Interaction analysis of tobacco leaf microbial community structure and volatiles flavor compounds during cigar stacking fermentation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1168122. [PMID: 37637131 PMCID: PMC10457113 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1168122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cigar stacking fermentation is a key step in tobacco aroma enhancement and miscellaneous gas reduction, which both have a great influence on increasing cigar flavor and improving industrial availability. Methods To analyze the effect of cigar tobacco leaf (CTLs) microbial community on volatiles flavor compounds (VFCs), this study used multi-omics technology to reveal the changes in microbial community structure and VFCs of different cigar varieties during stacking fermentation, in addition to exploring the interaction mechanism of microbiome and VFCs. Results The results showed that the dominant microbial compositions of different CTL varieties during stacking fermentation were similar, which included Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium 1, Aerococcus, and Aspergillus. These dominant microbes mainly affected the microbial community structure and characteristic microorganisms of CTLs through microbial interactions, thereby influencing the transformation of VFCs. Characteristic microorganisms of different CTLs varieties such as Trichothecium, Trichosporon, Thioalkalicoccus and Jeotgalicoccus, were found to positively correlate with characteristic VFCs like megastigmatrienone 4, pyrazine, tetramethyl-, geranyl acetone, and 2-undecanone, 6,10-dimethyl-, respectively. This in turn affected the aroma and sensory quality of the CTLs. Discussion This study provides theoretical support for the analysis of the mechanism of microorganisms on VFCs and aroma, and development of microbial agents during cigar stacking fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong Pan
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Liu
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Linlin Li
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Wang
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
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Harirchi S, Sar T, Ramezani M, Aliyu H, Etemadifar Z, Nojoumi SA, Yazdian F, Awasthi MK, Taherzadeh MJ. Bacillales: From Taxonomy to Biotechnological and Industrial Perspectives. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122355. [PMID: 36557608 PMCID: PMC9781867 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, the genus Bacillus has been known and considered among the most applicable genera in several fields. Recent taxonomical developments resulted in the identification of more species in Bacillus-related genera, particularly in the order Bacillales (earlier heterotypic synonym: Caryophanales), with potential application for biotechnological and industrial purposes such as biofuels, bioactive agents, biopolymers, and enzymes. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the taxonomy, growth requirements and physiology, genomics, and metabolic pathways in the highly diverse bacterial order, Bacillales, will facilitate a more robust designing and sustainable production of strain lines relevant to a circular economy. This paper is focused principally on less-known genera and their potential in the order Bacillales for promising applications in the industry and addresses the taxonomical complexities of this order. Moreover, it emphasizes the biotechnological usage of some engineered strains of the order Bacillales. The elucidation of novel taxa, their metabolic pathways, and growth conditions would make it possible to drive industrial processes toward an upgraded functionality based on the microbial nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharareh Harirchi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Taner Sar
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Mohaddaseh Ramezani
- Microorganisms Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Centre (IBRC), Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Habibu Aliyu
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zahra Etemadifar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Nojoumi
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yazdian
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Mohammad J. Taherzadeh
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Raj TS, Athimoolam S, Vijayaraghavan P. Biosynthesis and Characterization of a Novel Fibrinolytic Alkaline Serine Protease from Newly Isolated Bacillus flexus BF12 for Biomedical Applications. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:706-717. [PMID: 33208066 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666201117094714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) such as stroke, high blood pressure, peripheral vascular disease, ischemic heart disease and acute myocardial infarction are some of the leading causes of death. To treat CVDs, commercially available thrombolytic agents are widely used. However, these thrombolytic agents have various side effects. Alternatively, fibrinolytic enzymes from bacterial sources are highly safe and have direct blood clot lytic activity. METHODS A fibrinolytic enzyme producing bacterial strain, Bacillus flexus BF12, was isolated from a solar saltpan in Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India. Enzyme production was improved by optimizing physical factors and nutritional factors. RESULTS A novel fibrinolytic enzyme was isolated from a strain of the studied B. flexus BF12. Enzyme production was enhanced significantly by optimizing process parameters. The critical physical factors (pH and salinity) and influencing nutritional factors (carbon, nitrogen and ions) were optimized by one variable at a time approach, followed by the statistical method. The strain BF12 was highly active at alkaline pH (>7.0) and between 4 and 6% NaCl concentration. The nutrients such as fructose (carbon source), beef extract (nitrogen source) and CaCl2 significantly influenced enzyme production. Central composite design and response surface methodology improved 3.2-fold enzyme yield than unoptimized culture medium. Fibrinolytic protease was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and gel filtration chromatography. DISCUSSION The molecular weight of an enzyme was found to be 23 kDa. It was active at a broad temperature (40-60 °C) and pH (7.0-9.0) ranges. Enzyme activity was enhanced by Ca2+ and Co2+ ions. The purified protease retained 100% enzyme activity in the presence of ethanol and acetone. Acetonitrile, butanol, DMSO, methanol and chloroform showed enzyme activity of 63%, 92.5%, 94.7%, 92.3% and 90.4%, respectively. The purified enzyme degraded 100% of human blood clot. CONCLUSION The Bacillus flexus BF12 fibrinolytic enzyme shows promising potentials in nutraceutical and food fortification applications. The application of fibrinolytic enzymes could prevent CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sterlin Raj
- Department of Physics, University College of Engineering, Anna University Constituent College, Nagercoil, Konnam 629 004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S Athimoolam
- Department of Physics, University College of Engineering, Anna University Constituent College, Nagercoil, Konnam 629 004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - P Vijayaraghavan
- Bioprocess Engineering Division, Smykon Biotech Pvt. LtD, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu 629 001, India
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Pathak AP, Rathod MG, Mahabole MP, Khairnar RS. Enhanced catalytic activity of Bacillus aryabhattai P1 protease by modulation with nanoactivator. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04053. [PMID: 32529068 PMCID: PMC7276444 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing area of modern nanobiotechnology, the research is being focused on enhancement of catalytic performance in terms of efficiency and stability of enzymes to fulfill the industrial demand. In the context of this interdisciplinary era, we isolated and identified alkaline protease producer Bacillus aryabhattai P1 by polyphasic approach and then followed one variable at a time approach to optimize protease production from P1. The modified components of fermentation medium (g/L) were wheat bran 10, soybean flour 10, yeast extract 5, NaCl 10, KH2PO4 1, K2HPO4 1 and MgSO4·7H2O 0.2 (pH 9). The optimum alkaline protease production from P1 was recorded 75 ± 3 U/mg at 35 °C and pH 9 after 96 h of fermentation period. Molecular weight of partially purified P1 alkaline protease was 26 KDa as revealed by SDS-PAGE. Calcium based nanoceramic material was prepared by wet chemical precipitation method and doped in native P1 protease for catalytic activity enhancement. Catalytic activity of modified P1 protease was attained by nanoactivator mediated modulation was more by 5.58 fold at pH 10 and 30 °C temperature. The nanoceramic material named as nanoactivator, with grain size of 40–60 nm was suitable to redesign the active site of P1 protease. Such types of modified proteases can be used in different nanobiotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama P Pathak
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST Phase-I & UGC-SAP DRS-II Sponsored School), Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded 431606, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mukundraj G Rathod
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics (U.G. & P.G.), Yeshwant College of Information Technology (BT & BI) Parbhani (affiliated to S.R.T.M. University, Nanded), Maharashtra, India
| | - Megha P Mahabole
- School of Physical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded 431606, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajendra S Khairnar
- School of Physical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded 431606, Maharashtra, India
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Agricultural waste materials enhance protease production by Bacillus subtilis B22 in submerged fermentation under blue light-emitting diodes. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:821-830. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Misra S, Dixit VK, Mishra SK, Chauhan PS. Demonstrating the potential of abiotic stress-tolerant Jeotgalicoccus huakuii NBRI 13E for plant growth promotion and salt stress amelioration. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Mokashe N, Chaudhari B, Patil U. Operative utility of salt-stable proteases of halophilic and halotolerant bacteria in the biotechnology sector. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:493-522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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Mokashe N, Chaudhari B, Patil U. Detergent-Compatible Robust Alkaline Protease from Newly Isolated Halotolerant Salinicoccus sp. UN-12. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-017-2024-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Zeng C, Zhao R, Wen X, Yu P, Zeng Z, Deng S, Gong D. Screening and identification of a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain for aqueous enzymatic extraction of medium-chain triglycerides. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Walid AL, Neveen MAEK, Ebaa EES, Ehab REH. Isolation and characterization of a haloalkaliphilic protease producer bacterium from Wadi Natrun in Egypt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5897/ajb2017.15984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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12
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Chuprom J, Bovornreungroj P, Ahmad M, Kantachote D, Enomoto T. Statistical optimization for the improved production of an extracellular alkaline nuclease by halotolerant Allobacillus halotolerans MSP69: Scale-up approach and its potential as flavor enhancer of fish sauce. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Rathod MG, Pathak AP. Optimized production, characterization and application of alkaline proteases from taxonomically assessed microbial isolates from Lonar soda lake, India. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Chittoor JT, Balaji L, Jayaraman G. Optimization of Parameters that Affect the Activity of the Alkaline Protease from Halotolerant Bacterium, Bacillus acquimaris VITP4, by the Application of Response Surface Methodology and Evaluation of the Storage Stability of the Enzyme. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 14:23-32. [PMID: 28959314 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was previously shown that the activity of a serine protease from a moderately halotolerant Bacillus aquimaris VITP4 strain is active in a wide range of pH and temperatures and could be modulated by the presence of the divalent metal ions. OBJECTIVES In the present study, a quantitative analysis was done in order to explore the parameters that are contributing to the protease activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Changes in the secondary structure of the enzyme was determined by circular dichroism analysis. The conditions for the optimal activity was investigated by Response Surface Methodology. Stability of the enzyme was determined by thermal inactivation experiments. RESULTS The initial one-factor-at-a-time experiments have indicated that the activity of the enzyme could be enhanced not only by the presence of low concentrations of NaCl but also by divalent metal ions, such as Ca2+, Mn2+ and Cu2+. A clear dependence of the activity to the secondary structure of the enzyme could be established using circular dichroism spectroscopy. In the next level of optimization, four factors; viz. pH, temperature, concentration of Ca2+, and Mn2+ were used to optimize the conditions required for the maximal activity of the enzyme by Response Surface Methodology, and the data could be explained using quadratic model. Under optimal condition of 43°C, pH 8.0, 8.2 mM Ca2+, and 4.3 mM Mn2+ a 1.5 times enhancement in the enzyme activity could be achieved. The storage stability of the enzyme under these selected conditions has indicated a non-linear relation between the conditions for the enzymatic activity as well as stability. However, the condition for the maximal stability (267±18 min) has corresponded to that of the optimal conditions for the maximal activity. CONCLUSIONS This study, for the first time, has explored the possibility of using statistical methods for identifying the optimal conditions for alkaline protease activity isolated from the halotolerant Bacillus aquimaris VITP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabeena Thaz Chittoor
- Department School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
| | - Lavanya Balaji
- Department School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
| | - Gurunathan Jayaraman
- Department School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
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Ibrahim ASS, Al-Salamah AA, El-Toni AM, Almaary KS, El-Tayeb MA, Elbadawi YB, Antranikian G. Enhancement of Alkaline Protease Activity and Stability via Covalent Immobilization onto Hollow Core-Mesoporous Shell Silica Nanospheres. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17020184. [PMID: 26840303 PMCID: PMC4783918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability and reusability of soluble enzymes are of major concerns, which limit their industrial applications. Herein, alkaline protease from Bacillus sp. NPST-AK15 was immobilized onto hollow core-mesoporous shell silica (HCMSS) nanospheres. Subsequently, the properties of immobilized proteases were evaluated. Non-, ethane- and amino-functionalized HCMSS nanospheres were synthesized and characterized. NPST-AK15 was immobilized onto the synthesized nano-supports by physical and covalent immobilization approaches. However, protease immobilization by covalent attachment onto the activated HCMSS–NH2 nanospheres showed highest immobilization yield (75.6%) and loading capacity (88.1 μg protein/mg carrier) and was applied in the further studies. In comparison to free enzyme, the covalently immobilized protease exhibited a slight shift in the optimal pH from 10.5 to 11.0, respectively. The optimum temperature for catalytic activity of both free and immobilized enzyme was seen at 60 °C. However, while the free enzyme was completely inactivated when treated at 60 °C for 1 h the immobilized enzyme still retained 63.6% of its initial activity. The immobilized protease showed higher Vmax, kcat and kcat/Km, than soluble enzyme by 1.6-, 1.6- and 2.4-fold, respectively. In addition, the immobilized protease affinity to the substrate increased by about 1.5-fold. Furthermore, the enzyme stability in various organic solvents was significantly enhanced upon immobilization. Interestingly, the immobilized enzyme exhibited much higher stability in several commercial detergents including OMO, Tide, Ariel, Bonux and Xra by up to 5.2-fold. Finally, the immobilized protease maintained significant catalytic efficiency for twelve consecutive reaction cycles. These results suggest the effectiveness of the developed nanobiocatalyst as a candidate for detergent formulation and peptide synthesis in non-aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnasser Salah Shebl Ibrahim
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical Industries Research Division, National Research Center, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt.
| | - Ali A Al-Salamah
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed M El-Toni
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Helwan, Cairo 11421, Egypt.
| | - Khalid S Almaary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed A El-Tayeb
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yahya B Elbadawi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Garabed Antranikian
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg 21073, Germany.
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Anandharaj M, Sivasankari B, Siddharthan N, Rani RP, Sivakumar S. Production, Purification, and Biochemical Characterization of Thermostable Metallo-Protease from Novel Bacillus alkalitelluris TWI3 Isolated from Tannery Waste. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 178:1666-86. [PMID: 26749296 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protease enzymes in tannery industries have enormous applications. Seeking a potential candidate for efficient protease production has emerged in recent years. In our study, we sought to isolate proteolytic bacteria from tannery waste dumping site in Tamilnadu, India. Novel proteolytic Bacillus alkalitelluris TWI3 was isolated and tested for protease production. Maximum protease production was achieved using lactose and skim milk as a carbon and nitrogen source, respectively, and optimum growth temperature was found to be 40 °C at pH 8. Protease enzyme was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation method and anion exchange chromatography. Diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) column chromatography and Sephadex G-100 chromatography yielded an overall 4.92-fold and 7.19-fold purification, respectively. The 42.6-kDa TWI3 protease was characterized as alkaline metallo-protease and stable up to 60 °C and pH 10. Ca(2+), Mn(2+), and Mg(2+) ions activated the protease, while Hg(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), and Fe(2+) greatly inhibited it. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) inhibited TWI3 protease and was activated by Ca(2+), which confirmed that TWI3 protease is a metallo-protease. Moreover, this protease is capable of dehairing goat skin and also removed several cloth stains, which makes it more suitable for various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimuthu Anandharaj
- Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University, Gandhigram, 624302, Tamilnadu, India
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Balayogan Sivasankari
- Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University, Gandhigram, 624302, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Nagarajan Siddharthan
- Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University, Gandhigram, 624302, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rizwana Parveen Rani
- Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University, Gandhigram, 624302, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Subramaniyan Sivakumar
- Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University, Gandhigram, 624302, Tamilnadu, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, Tamilnadu, India
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