Cerium oxide nanocluster based nanobiosensor for ROS detection

Combinatorial Effect of Doxorubicin Entrapped in Alginate-Chitosan Hybrid Polymer and Cerium Oxide Nanocomposites on Skin Cancer Management in Mice

Conventional chemotherapeutic drugs are used for cancer management, but recently nanoparticles have also been shown to contribute towards controlling cancer cell proliferation. In the present study, we focussed on analyzing the combinatorial effect of Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles and Doxorubicin (Dox) on melanoma cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. We entrapped CeO2, Dox, and CeO2+Dox in a hybrid polymer matrix of alginate and chitosan (Alg-Cs) and used them in both in vitro and in vivo studies to compare their anticancer effect. Scratch assay using A549 lung cancer cells showed delayed wound healing when exposed to a low and high dose of CeO2 +Dox, compared to individual components. In order to determine a safe dose of the nanoformulations, zebrafish embryos were used. Further, in vivo, testing was done on Swiss albino female mice where the melanoma was induced by applying Benzopyrene followed by UV irradiation. The animals were treated with CeO2, Dox, and CeO2+ Dox that were entrapped in Alg-Cs for further 21 days. From both in vivo and in vitro results, we concluded that CeO2 and Dox in combination had superior therapeutic efficiency in cancer cells and animals than the nude drugs.

Atomically dispersed Au anchored on CeO2to enhancing the antioxidant activity

The modification of Au nanoparticles can improve the antioxidant activity of CeO₂, however, nano Au/CeO₂has also met some problems such as low atomic utilization, the limit of reaction conditions, and high cost. Au single atom catalysts can well solve the above-mentioned problems, but there are some contradictory results about the activity of single atom Au₁/CeO₂and nano Au/CeO₂. Here, we synthesized rod-like Au single atom Au/CeO₂(0.4% Au₁/CeO₂) and nano Au/CeO₂(1% Au/CeO₂, 2% Au/CeO₂and 4% Au/CeO₂), and their antioxidant activity from strong to weak is 0.4% Au₁/CeO₂, 1% Au/CeO₂, 2% Au/CeO₂and 4% Au/CeO₂, respectively. The higher antioxidant activity of 0.4% Au₁/CeO₂is mainly due to the high Au atomic utilization ratio and the stronger charge transfer between Au single atoms and CeO₂, resulting in the higher content of Ce³⁺. Due to the coexistence of Au single atoms and Au NPs in 2% Au/CeO₂, the antioxidant activity 2% Au/CeO₂is higher than that of 4% Au/CeO₂. And the enhancement effect of Au single atoms was not affected by the concentration of ·OH and material concentration. These results can promote the understanding of the antioxidant activity of 0.4% Au₁/CeO₂and promote its application.

Role of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles and Doxorubicin in Improving Cancer Management: A Mini Review

Cancer is one of the significant issues with public health and the second leading cause of death worldwide. The three most lethal cancers in the general population are stomach, lung, and liver cancers, in which lung and breast cancers cause the majority of cancer-associated deaths among men and women, respectively. CeO2 nanoparticles have a cytoprotectant effect in normal cells and a cytotoxic effect in cancer cells that enables them to induce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production within cancer cells, which in turn develops reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that interfere with intracellular activities, and this property makes them an excellent anticancer agent. Because of its biofilm suppression, free radical scavenging ability, redox activity, and other unique properties, attention has been bestowed on cerium oxide nanoparticles as a potential alternative to solve many biomedical issues in the future. This review mainly focuses on the combinatorial effect of cerium dioxide nanoparticles and Doxorubicin in cancer management.

Alginate-Derivative Encapsulated Carbon Coated Manganese-Ferrite Nanodots for Multimodal Medical Imaging

Carbon-decorated ferrite nanodots (MNF@Cs) have been enhanced with superparamagnetism and higher fluorescence quantum yield by encapsulation with an alginate derivative to create a cost-effective and less toxic multimodal contrast agent for replacing the conventional heavy metal Gd-containing contrast agent used in MR imaging. The novel surface-engineered particles (MNF@C-OSAs), devoid of labels, can simultaneously provide both longitudinal and transverse relaxation-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence emission. According to the findings of in vitro studies, the calculated molar relaxivities and the molar radiant efficiencies are indicative of the multimodal efficacy of MNF@C-OSA as compared with MNF@C particles and conventional contrast agents used in medical imaging. MNF@C-OSAs were shown to be significantly biocompatible and negligibly toxic when assessed against A549 cells and zebrafish embryos, indicating their potential for use as theranostic agents.

Antimicrobial, Pesticidal and Food Preservative Applications of Lemongrass Oil Nanoemulsion: A Mini-Review

BACKGROUND

Essential oils that are extracted from plants have shown beneficial effects on humans and animals, evidenced by traditional medicine. They possess many essential phytocomponents that act as antimicrobial agents, and most of them are safe for external usage.

INTRODUCTION

Lemongrass essential oil is extracted from the grass, such as Cymbopogon flexuosus, and is used for antimicrobial activity for a long time. The efficacy of this oil is limited due to the poor solubility and microbial penetration, easy vaporization, and lower stability. Nanoformulations and nanoencapsulations are nanotechnology fields that aim to improve the bioavailability of many natural compounds and enhance their stability. Lemongrass oil has also been nanoformulated as nanoemulsion, and various antimicrobial activities against various pathogens have been demonstrated, which are superior to free lemongrass oil.

METHODOLOGY

We have used the search engines PubMed and Google Scholar for the mentioned keywords and selected the recent references related to this topic.

CONCLUSION

In this review, we have discussed various antimicrobial properties of lemongrass essential oil nanoemulsion and its application, such as antibacterial, antifungal, pesticidal, food preservative, and antibiofilm activity.

Application of Zinc Oxide nanoflowers in Environmental and Biomedical Science

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures can be synthesized in nanoforms of spheres, rods, flowers, disks, walls, etc., among which nanoflowers have gained special attention due to their versatile biomedical and pollutant remedial applications in waste water and air. ZnO nanoflowers have an ultrasmall size with a huge surface area to volume ratio due to their hexagonal petal structures which render them superior compared to the nanoparticles of other shapes. The ZnO nanoflowers have bandgap energy equivalent to a semiconductor that makes them have unique photophysical properties. We have used the appropriate keywords in Google Scholar and PubMed to obtain the recent publications related to our topic. We have selected the relevant papers and utilized them to write this review. The different methods of synthesis of ZnO nanoflowers are chemical vapor deposition, facile hydrothermal, thermal evaporation, chemical reduction, bio route of synthesis, and solvothermal method, etc. which are mentioned in this review. ZnO nanoparticles are used in paints, cosmetics, and other products due to their high photocatalytic activity. The different applications of ZnO nanoflowers in the diagnosis of disease biomarkers, biosensors, catalysts, and the therapeutic process along with wastewater remediation and gas sensing applications will be discussed in this review.

A Methodical Review on the Applications and Potentialities of Using Nanobiosensors for Disease Diagnosis

Presently, with the introduction of nanotechnology, the evolutions and applications of biosensors and/or nanobiosensors are becoming prevalent in various scientific domains such as environmental and agricultural sciences as well as biomedical, clinical, and healthcare sciences. Trends in these aspects have led to the discovery of various biosensors/nanobiosensors with their tremendous benefits to mankind. The characteristics of the various biosensors/nanobiosensors are primarily based on the nature of nanomaterials/nanoparticles employed in the sensing mechanisms. In the last few years, the identification, as well as the detection of biological markers linked with any form of diseases (communicable or noncommunicable), has been accomplished by several sensing procedures using nanotechnology vis-à-vis biosensors/nanobiosensors. Hence, this study employs a systematic approach in reviewing some contemporary developed exceedingly sensitive nanobiosensors alongside their biomedical, clinical, or/and healthcare applications as well as their potentialities, specifically for the detection of some deadly diseases drawn from some of the recent publications. Ways forward in the form of future trends that will advance creative innovations of the potentialities of nanobiosensors for biomedical, clinical, or/and healthcare applications particularly for disease diagnosis are also highlighted.

GNP-CeO2- polyaniline hybrid hydrogel for electrochemical detection of peroxynitrite anion and its integration in a microfluidic platform

Peroxynitrite anion (ONOO^-) is an important in vivo oxidative stress biomarker whose aberrant levels have pathophysiological implications. In this study, an electrochemical sensor for ONOO^- detection was developed based on graphene nanoplatelets-cerium oxide nanocomposite (GNP-CeO₂) incorporated polyaniline (PANI) conducting hydrogels. The nanocomposite-hydrogel platform exhibited distinct synergistic advantages in terms of large electroactive surface coverage and providing a conductive pathway for electron transfer. Besides, the 3D porous structure of hydrogel integrated the GNP-CeO₂ nanocomposite to provide hybrid materials for the evolution of catalytic activity towards electrochemical oxidation of ONOO^-. Various microscopic and spectroscopic characterization techniques endorsed the successful formation of GNP-CeO₂-PANI hydrogel. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements of GNP-CeO₂-PANI hydrogel modified screen-printed electrodes (SPE) were carried out to record the current changes influenced by ONOO^-. The prepared sensor demonstrated a significant dose-dependent increase in CV peak current within a linear range of 5-100 µM (at a potential of 1.12 V), and a detection limit of 0.14 with a sensitivity of 29.35 ± 1.4 μA μM^-1. Further, a customized microfluidic flow system was integrated with the GNP-CeO₂-PANI hydrogel modified SPE to enable continuous electrochemical detection of ONOO^- at low sample volumes. The developed microfluidic electrochemical device demonstrated an excellent sensitivity towards ONOO^- under optimal experimental conditions. Overall, the fabricated microfluidic device with hybrid hydrogels as electrochemical interfaces provides a reliable assessment of ONOO^- levels. This work offers considerable potential for understanding the oxidative stress-related disease mechanisms through determination of ONOO^- in biological samples.

A Review on the Role of Nanosensors in Detecting Cellular miRNA Expression in Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of death across the globe. Early diagnosis with high sensitivity can prevent CRC progression, thereby reducing the condition of metastasis.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this review is (i) to discuss miRNA based biomarkers responsible for CRC, (ii) to brief on the different methods used for the detection of miRNA in CRC, (iii) to discuss different nanobiosensors so far found for the accurate detection of miRNAs in CRC using spectrophotometric detection, piezoelectric detection.

METHODS

The keywords for the review like micro RNA detection in inflammation, colorectal cancer, nanotechnology, were searched in PubMed and the relevant papers on the topics of miRNA related to CRC, nanotechnology-based biosensors for miRNA detection were then sorted and used appropriately for writing the review.

RESULTS

The review comprises a general introduction explaining the current scenario of CRC, the biomarkers used for the detection of different cancers, especially CRC and the importance of nanotechnology and a general scheme of a biosensor. The further subsections discuss the mechanism of CRC progression, the role of miRNA in CRC progression and different nanotechnology-based biosensors so far investigated for miRNA detection in other diseases, cancer and CRC. A scheme depicting miRNA detection using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is also illustrated.

CONCLUSION

This review may give insight into the different nanostructures, like AuNPs, quantum dots, silver nanoparticles, MoS2derived nanoparticles, etc., based approaches for miRNA detection using biosensors.