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Giudice V, Cardamone C, Triggiani M, Selleri C. Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes, Overlapping Diseases with a Common Cytokine Signature. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020705. [PMID: 33445786 PMCID: PMC7828244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow failure (BMF) syndromes are a heterogenous group of non-malignant hematologic diseases characterized by single- or multi-lineage cytopenia(s) with either inherited or acquired pathogenesis. Aberrant T or B cells or innate immune responses are variously involved in the pathophysiology of BMF, and hematological improvement after standard immunosuppressive or anti-complement therapies is the main indirect evidence of the central role of the immune system in BMF development. As part of this immune derangement, pro-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in shaping the immune responses and in sustaining inflammation during marrow failure. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of cytokine signatures in BMF syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giudice
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (V.G.); (C.C.); (C.S.)
- Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Chiara Cardamone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (V.G.); (C.C.); (C.S.)
- Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Massimo Triggiani
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (V.G.); (C.C.); (C.S.)
- Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-089-672810
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; (V.G.); (C.C.); (C.S.)
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
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Outcome of colorectal cancer in Diamond-Blackfan syndrome with a ribosomal protein S19 mutation. Clin J Gastroenterol 2020; 13:1173-1177. [PMID: 32643123 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-020-01176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Diamond-Blackfan anemia is an autosomal dominant syndrome, characterized by anemia and a predisposition for malignancies. Ribosomal proteins are responsible for this syndrome, and the incidence of colorectal cancer in patients with this syndrome is higher than the general population. This patient's Diamond-Blackfan anemia was caused by a novel ribosomal protein S19 gene mutation, and he received chemotherapy for colorectal cancer caused by it. In his cancer, ribosomal proteins S19 and TP53 were overexpressed. He received 5FU and cetuximab; however, his anemia made chemotherapy difficult, and he did not survive long. Patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia should be screened earlier and more often for colorectal cancer than usual.
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Chua BA, Van Der Werf I, Jamieson C, Signer RAJ. Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Homeostatic, Stressed, and Malignant Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:138-159. [PMID: 32032524 PMCID: PMC7158223 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular identity is not driven by differences in genomic content but rather by epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic heterogeneity. Although regulation of the epigenome plays a key role in shaping stem cell hierarchies, differential expression of transcripts only partially explains protein abundance. The epitranscriptome, translational control, and protein degradation have emerged as fundamental regulators of proteome complexity that regulate stem cell identity and function. Here, we discuss how post-transcriptional mechanisms enable stem cell homeostasis and responsiveness to developmental cues and environmental stressors by rapidly shaping the content of their proteome and how these processes are disrupted in pre-malignant and malignant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette A Chua
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093 USA
| | - Inge Van Der Werf
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093 USA; Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Catriona Jamieson
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093 USA; Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Robert A J Signer
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093 USA.
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Rissone A, Burgess SM. Rare Genetic Blood Disease Modeling in Zebrafish. Front Genet 2018; 9:348. [PMID: 30233640 PMCID: PMC6127601 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis results in the correct formation of all the different blood cell types. In mammals, it starts from specific hematopoietic stem and precursor cells residing in the bone marrow. Mature blood cells are responsible for supplying oxygen to every cell of the organism and for the protection against pathogens. Therefore, inherited or de novo genetic mutations affecting blood cell formation or the regulation of their activity are responsible for numerous diseases including anemia, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, hyper- or hypo-inflammation, and cancer. By definition, an animal disease model is an analogous version of a specific clinical condition developed by researchers to gain information about its pathophysiology. Among all the model species used in comparative medicine, mice continue to be the most common and accepted model for biomedical research. However, because of the complexity of human diseases and the intrinsic differences between humans and other species, the use of several models (possibly in distinct species) can often be more helpful and informative than the use of a single model. In recent decades, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become increasingly popular among researchers, because it represents an inexpensive alternative compared to mammalian models, such as mice. Numerous advantages make it an excellent animal model to be used in genetic studies and in particular in modeling human blood diseases. Comparing zebrafish hematopoiesis to mammals, it is highly conserved with few, significant differences. In addition, the zebrafish model has a high-quality, complete genomic sequence available that shows a high level of evolutionary conservation with the human genome, empowering genetic and genomic approaches. Moreover, the external fertilization, the high fecundity and the transparency of their embryos facilitate rapid, in vivo analysis of phenotypes. In addition, the ability to manipulate its genome using the last genome editing technologies, provides powerful tools for developing new disease models and understanding the pathophysiology of human disorders. This review provides an overview of the different approaches and techniques that can be used to model genetic diseases in zebrafish, discussing how this animal model has contributed to the understanding of genetic diseases, with a specific focus on the blood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rissone
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shawn M Burgess
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Abstract
Diamond–Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a rare congenital hypoplastic anemia characterized by a block in erythropoiesis at the progenitor stage, although the exact stage at which this occurs remains to be fully defined. DBA presents primarily during infancy with macrocytic anemia and reticulocytopenia with 50% of cases associated with a variety of congenital malformations. DBA is most frequently due to a sporadic mutation (55%) in genes encoding several different ribosomal proteins, although there are many cases where there is a family history of the disease with varying phenotypes. The erythroid tropism of the disease is still a matter of debate for a disease related to a defect in global ribosome biogenesis. Assessment of biological features in conjunction with genetic testing has increased the accuracy of the diagnosis of DBA. However, in certain cases, it continues to be difficult to firmly establish a diagnosis. This review will focus on the diagnosis of DBA along with a description of new advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment recommendations for DBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Da Costa
- Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot-Sorbonne, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hematology laboratory, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1134, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence for Red Cell, LABEX GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Anupama Narla
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
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Rps14 haploinsufficiency causes a block in erythroid differentiation mediated by S100A8 and S100A9. Nat Med 2016; 22:288-97. [PMID: 26878232 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Impaired erythropoiesis in the deletion 5q (del(5q)) subtype of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) has been linked to heterozygous deletion of RPS14, which encodes the ribosomal protein small subunit 14. We generated mice with conditional inactivation of Rps14 and demonstrated an erythroid differentiation defect that is dependent on the tumor suppressor protein p53 (encoded by Trp53 in mice) and is characterized by apoptosis at the transition from polychromatic to orthochromatic erythroblasts. This defect resulted in age-dependent progressive anemia, megakaryocyte dysplasia and loss of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence. As assessed by quantitative proteomics, mutant erythroblasts expressed higher levels of proteins involved in innate immune signaling, notably the heterodimeric S100 calcium-binding proteins S100a8 and S100a9. S100a8--whose expression was increased in mutant erythroblasts, monocytes and macrophages--is functionally involved in the erythroid defect caused by the Rps14 deletion, as addition of recombinant S100a8 was sufficient to induce a differentiation defect in wild-type erythroid cells, and genetic inactivation of S100a8 expression rescued the erythroid differentiation defect of Rps14-haploinsufficient HSCs. Our data link Rps14 haploinsufficiency in del(5q) MDS to activation of the innate immune system and induction of S100A8-S100A9 expression, leading to a p53-dependent erythroid differentiation defect.
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Mutation of the diamond-blackfan anemia gene Rps7 in mouse results in morphological and neuroanatomical phenotypes. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003094. [PMID: 23382688 PMCID: PMC3561062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ribosome is an evolutionarily conserved organelle essential for cellular function. Ribosome construction requires assembly of approximately 80 different ribosomal proteins (RPs) and four different species of rRNA. As RPs co-assemble into one multi-subunit complex, mutation of the genes that encode RPs might be expected to give rise to phenocopies, in which the same phenotype is associated with loss-of-function of each individual gene. However, a more complex picture is emerging in which, in addition to a group of shared phenotypes, diverse RP gene-specific phenotypes are observed. Here we report the first two mouse mutations (Rps7Mtu and Rps7Zma) of ribosomal protein S7 (Rps7), a gene that has been implicated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Rps7 disruption results in decreased body size, abnormal skeletal morphology, mid-ventral white spotting, and eye malformations. These phenotypes are reported in other murine RP mutants and, as demonstrated for some other RP mutations, are ameliorated by Trp53 deficiency. Interestingly, Rps7 mutants have additional overt malformations of the developing central nervous system and deficits in working memory, phenotypes that are not reported in murine or human RP gene mutants. Conversely, Rps7 mouse mutants show no anemia or hyperpigmentation, phenotypes associated with mutation of human RPS7 and other murine RPs, respectively. We provide two novel RP mouse models and expand the repertoire of potential phenotypes that should be examined in RP mutants to further explore the concept of RP gene-specific phenotypes. Ribosomes are composed of two subunits that each consist of a large number of proteins, and their function of translating mRNA into protein is essential for cell viability. Naturally occurring or genetically engineered mutations within an individual ribosomal protein provide a valuable resource, since the resulting abnormal phenotypes reveal the function of each ribosomal protein. A number of mutations recently identified in mammalian ribosomal subunit genes have confirmed that homozygous loss of function consistently results in lethality; however, haploinsufficiency causes a variety of tissue-specific phenotypes. In this paper, we describe the first mutant alleles of the gene encoding ribosomal protein S7 (Rps7) in mouse. Rps7 haploinsufficiency causes decreased size, abnormal skeletal morphology, mid-ventral white spotting, and eye malformations, phenotypes that also occur with haploinsufficiency for other ribosomal subunits. Additionally, significant apoptosis occurs within the developing central nervous system (CNS) along with subtle behavioral phenotypes, suggesting RPS7 is required for CNS development. Mutation of human RPS7 has been implicated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), yet the murine alleles do not present an analogous phenotype. The phenotypes we observe in the Rps7 mouse mutants indicate RPS7 should be considered as a candidate for a broader spectrum of human diseases.
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Abstract
Aberrations in the p53 tumor suppressor pathway are associated with hematologic malignancies. p53-dependent cell cycle control, senescence, and apoptosis functions are actively involved in maintaining hematopoietic homeostasis under normal and stress conditions. Whereas loss of p53 function promotes leukemia and lymphoma development in humans and mice, increased p53 activity inhibits hematopoietic stem cell function and results in myelodysplasia. Thus, exquisite regulation of p53 activity is critical for homeostasis. Most of our understanding of p53 function in hematopoiesis is derived from genetically engineered mice. Here we summarize some of these models, the various mechanisms that disrupt the regulation of p53 activity, and their relevance to human disease.
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Taylor AM, Humphries JM, White RM, Murphey RD, Burns CE, Zon LI. Hematopoietic defects in rps29 mutant zebrafish depend upon p53 activation. Exp Hematol 2011; 40:228-237.e5. [PMID: 22120640 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of ribosomal proteins is associated with hematopoietic phenotypes in cell culture and animal models. Mutations in ribosomal proteins are seen in patients with Diamond Blackfan anemia, a rare congenital disease characterized by red cell aplasia and distinctive craniofacial anomalies. A zebrafish screen uncovered decreased hematopoietic stem cells in embryos with mutations in ribosomal protein rps29. Here, we determined that rps29(-/-) embryos also have red blood cell defects and increased apoptosis in the head. As the p53 pathway has been shown to play a role in other ribosomal protein mutants, we studied the genetic relationship of rps29 and p53. Transcriptional profiling revealed that genes upregulated in the rps29 mutant are enriched for genes upregulated by p53 after irradiation. p53 mutation near completely rescues the rps29 morphological and hematopoietic phenotypes, demonstrating that p53 mediates the effects of rps29 knockdown. We also identified neuronal gene orthopedia protein a (otpa) as one whose expression correlates with rps29 expression, suggesting that levels of expression of some genes are dependent on rps29 levels. Together, our studies demonstrate a role of p53 in mediating the cellular defects associated with rps29 and establish a role for rps29 and p53 in hematopoietic stem cells and red blood cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Taylor
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass., USA
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11
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Abstract
Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a rare congenital anemia, with more than 50% of patients having mutations in a ribosomal protein. Evidence suggests that both translation and p53 activation play roles in mediating the hematopoietic phenotype. The reason for erythroid specificity of DBA is unclear. Several zebrafish models of DBA have been generated, and these models have already provided key information about disease pathogenesis. The zebrafish model is particularly amenable for studying blood development, allows for advanced imaging techniques, can be manipulated genetically, and is useful for high-throughput screening. By applying zebrafish approaches to the existing DBA models, we will be able to better understand the role of the ribosomal protein mutation in DBA and develop better treatments for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Taylor
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Abstract
Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a genetic syndrome characterized by red blood cell aplasia in association with developmental abnormalities such as growth retardation, orofacial, hand or limb malformations, urogenital anomalies, and heart defects. The only known cause is heterozygosity for mutations in genes encoding ribosomal proteins. Understanding how defective ribosome biogenesis and function, important for all cells, causes defects in erythropoiesis and tissue-specific phenotypes during development is paramount to the evolution of effective treatment protocols. Here, we discuss how animal models based on mammals, insects, and fish replicate genetic or developmental aspects of DBA and have led to the identification of pathways and candidate molecules that are important in the pathogenesis of the disease. A recurring theme in many of these models suggests that defective ribosome biogenesis induces a p53-dependent cell cycle checkpoint in cells that require high levels of ribosome production and leads to cell type-specific, whole animal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A McGowan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Narla A, Hurst SN, Ebert BL. Ribosome defects in disorders of erythropoiesis. Int J Hematol 2011; 93:144-149. [PMID: 21279816 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, genetic lesions that cause ribosome dysfunction have been identified in both congenital and acquired human disorders. These discoveries have established a new category of disorders, known as ribosomopathies, in which the primary pathophysiology is related to impaired ribosome function. The protoptypical disorders are Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital bone marrow failure syndrome, and the 5q- syndrome, a subtype of myelodysplastic syndrome. In both of these disorders, impaired ribosome function causes a severe macrocytic anemia. In this review, we will discuss the evidence that defects in ribosomal biogenesis cause the hematologic phenotype of Diamond-Blackfan anemia and the 5q- syndrome. We will also explore the potential mechanisms by which a ribosomal defect, which would be expected to have widespread consequences, may lead to specific defects in erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Narla
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Karp Research Building, CHRB 05.211, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Slater N Hurst
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Karp Research Building, CHRB 05.211, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Karp Research Building, CHRB 05.211, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Diamond Blackfan Anemia at the Crossroad between Ribosome Biogenesis and Heme Metabolism. Adv Hematol 2010; 2010:790632. [PMID: 20454576 PMCID: PMC2864449 DOI: 10.1155/2010/790632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a rare, pure red-cell aplasia that presents during infancy. Approximately 40% of cases are associated with other congenital defects, particularly malformations of the upper limb or craniofacial region. Mutations in the gene coding for the ribosomal protein RPS19 have been identified in 25% of patients with DBA, with resulting impairment of 18S rRNA processing and 40S ribosomal subunit formation. Moreover, mutations in other ribosomal protein coding genes account for about 25% of other DBA cases. Recently, the analysis of mice from which the gene coding for the heme exporter Feline Leukemia Virus subgroup C Receptor (FLVCR1) is deleted suggested that this gene may be involved in the pathogenesis of DBA. FLVCR1-null mice show a phenotype resembling that of DBA patients, including erythroid failure and malformations. Interestingly, some DBA patients have disease linkage to chromosome 1q31, where FLVCR1 is mapped. Moreover, it has been reported that cells from DBA patients express alternatively spliced isoforms of FLVCR1 which encode non-functional proteins. Herein, we review the known roles of RPS19 and FLVCR1 in ribosome function and heme metabolism respectively, and discuss how the deficiency of a ribosomal protein or of a heme exporter may result in the same phenotype.
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Abstract
Ribosomopathies compose a collection of disorders in which genetic abnormalities cause impaired ribosome biogenesis and function, resulting in specific clinical phenotypes. Congenital mutations in RPS19 and other genes encoding ribosomal proteins cause Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a disorder characterized by hypoplastic, macrocytic anemia. Mutations in other genes required for normal ribosome biogenesis have been implicated in other rare congenital syndromes, Schwachman-Diamond syndrome, dyskeratosis congenita, cartilage hair hypoplasia, and Treacher Collins syndrome. In addition, the 5q- syndrome, a subtype of myelodysplastic syndrome, is caused by a somatically acquired deletion of chromosome 5q, which leads to haploinsufficiency of the ribosomal protein RPS14 and an erythroid phenotype highly similar to Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Acquired abnormalities in ribosome function have been implicated more broadly in human malignancies. The p53 pathway provides a surveillance mechanism for protein translation as well as genome integrity and is activated by defects in ribosome biogenesis; this pathway appears to be a critical mediator of many of the clinical features of ribosomopathies. Elucidation of the mechanisms whereby selective abnormalities in ribosome biogenesis cause specific clinical syndromes will hopefully lead to novel therapeutic strategies for these diseases.
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Fröjmark AS, Badhai J, Klar J, Thuveson M, Schuster J, Dahl N. Cooperative effect of ribosomal protein s19 and Pim-1 kinase on murine c-Myc expression and myeloid/erythroid cellularity. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 88:39-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lipton JM, Ellis SR. Diamond-Blackfan anemia: diagnosis, treatment, and molecular pathogenesis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2009; 23:261-82. [PMID: 19327583 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by erythroid failure, congenital anomalies, and a predisposition to cancer. Faulty ribosome biogenesis, resulting in proapoptotic erythropoiesis leading to erythroid failure, is hypothesized to be the underlying defect. The genes identified to date that are mutated in DBA all encode ribosomal proteins associated with either the small or large subunit and in these cases haploinsufficiency gives rise to the disease. Extraordinarily robust laboratory and clinical investigations have recently led to demonstrable improvements in clinical care for patients with DBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Lipton
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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Hou YL, Hou WR, Ren ZL, Hao YZ, Zhang T. cDNA Cloning and Overexpression of Ribosomal Protein S19 Gene (RPS19) from the Giant Panda. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 28:41-7. [PMID: 19072723 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2008.0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Hou
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya-an, China
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Wan-Ru Hou
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Zheng-Long Ren
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya-an, China
| | - Yan-Zhe Hao
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
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19
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Robledo S, Idol RA, Crimmins DL, Ladenson JH, Mason PJ, Bessler M. The role of human ribosomal proteins in the maturation of rRNA and ribosome production. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 14:1918-1929. [PMID: 18697920 PMCID: PMC2525958 DOI: 10.1261/rna.1132008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Production of ribosomes is a fundamental process that occurs in all dividing cells. It is a complex process consisting of the coordinated synthesis and assembly of four ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) with about 80 ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) involving more than 150 nonribosomal proteins and other factors. Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA) is an inherited red cell aplasia caused by mutations in one of several r-proteins. How defects in r-proteins, essential for proliferation in all cells, lead to a human disease with a specific defect in red cell development is unknown. Here, we investigated the role of r-proteins in ribosome biogenesis in order to find out whether those mutated in DBA have any similarities. We depleted HeLa cells using siRNA for several individual r-proteins of the small (RPS6, RPS7, RPS15, RPS16, RPS17, RPS19, RPS24, RPS25, RPS28) or large subunit (RPL5, RPL7, RPL11, RPL14, RPL26, RPL35a) and studied the effect on rRNA processing and ribosome production. Depleting r-proteins in one of the subunits caused, with a few exceptions, a decrease in all r-proteins of the same subunit and a decrease in the corresponding subunit, fully assembled ribosomes, and polysomes. R-protein depletion, with a few exceptions, led to the accumulation of specific rRNA precursors, highlighting their individual roles in rRNA processing. Depletion of r-proteins mutated in DBA always compromised ribosome biogenesis while affecting either subunit and disturbing rRNA processing at different levels, indicating that the rate of ribosome production rather than a specific step in ribosome biogenesis is critical in patients with DBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Robledo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Uechi T, Nakajima Y, Chakraborty A, Torihara H, Higa S, Kenmochi N. Deficiency of ribosomal protein S19 during early embryogenesis leads to reduction of erythrocytes in a zebrafish model of Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:3204-11. [PMID: 18653748 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis in all cells. Ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19) is one of the 79 ribosomal proteins (RPs) in vertebrates. Heterozygous mutations in RPS19 have been identified in 25% of patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), but the relationship between RPS19 mutations and the pure red-cell aplasia of DBA is unclear. In this study, we developed an RPS19-deficient zebrafish by knocking down rps19 using a Morpholino antisense oligo. The RPS19-deficient animals showed a dramatic decrease in blood cells as well as deformities in the head and tail regions at early developmental stages. These phenotypes were rescued by injection of zebrafish rps19 mRNA, but not by injection of rps19 mRNAs with mutations that have been identified in DBA patients. Our results indicate that rps19 is essential for hematopoietic differentiation during early embryogenesis. The effects were specific to rps19, but knocking down the genes for three other RPs, rpl35, rpl35a and rplp2, produced similar phenotypes, suggesting that these genes might have a common function in zebrafish erythropoiesis. The RPS19-deficient zebrafish will provide a valuable tool for investigating the molecular mechanisms of DBA development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamayo Uechi
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Ribosomal mutations cause p53-mediated dark skin and pleiotropic effects. Nat Genet 2008; 40:963-70. [PMID: 18641651 DOI: 10.1038/ng.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding ribosomal proteins cause the Minute phenotype in Drosophila and mice, and Diamond-Blackfan syndrome in humans. Here we report two mouse dark skin (Dsk) loci caused by mutations in Rps19 (ribosomal protein S19) and Rps20 (ribosomal protein S20). We identify a common pathophysiologic program in which p53 stabilization stimulates Kit ligand expression, and, consequently, epidermal melanocytosis via a paracrine mechanism. Accumulation of p53 also causes reduced body size and erythrocyte count. These results provide a mechanistic explanation for the diverse collection of phenotypes that accompany reduced dosage of genes encoding ribosomal proteins, and have implications for understanding normal human variation and human disease.
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Kuramitsu M, Hamaguchi I, Takuo M, Masumi A, Momose H, Takizawa K, Mochizuki M, Naito S, Yamaguchi K. Deficient RPS19 protein production induces cell cycle arrest in erythroid progenitor cells. Br J Haematol 2008; 140:348-59. [PMID: 18217898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19) is one of the responsible genes for Diamond-Blackfan anaemia (DBA), a congenital erythroblastopenia. Although haplo-insufficiency of RPS19 has been suggested to be the onset mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of DBA, the sequential mechanism has not been elucidated. In order to analyse the consequences of the missense mutation of RPS19 specific for DBA patients, we made mutated RPS19 expression vectors. Twelve C-terminally Flag-tagged missense mutants were exogenously expressed from retroviral vectors and analysed by Western blot analysis and flow cytometry. When these 12 mutants were expressed in the erythro-leukaemic cell lines K562 and human bone marrow CD34(+) cells, almost all of the mutant proteins (except for G120R) were unstable, and the levels of mutated RPS19 protein were significantly low. To address the effect of deficient RPS19 expression on cell proliferation, RPS19 was downregulated by siRNA. Repressive expression of RPS19 in human CD34(+) cells produced an elevated number of cells at G0 and induced erythroid progenitor-specific defects in BM cells. These results suggest that abnormal ribosomal biogenesis causes inadequate cell cycle arrest in haematopoietic progenitors, and that, subsequently, erythroid progenitors are specifically hampered. These in vitro phenotypes of genetically manipulated CD34(+) cells mimic DBA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Kuramitsu
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
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Scheper GC, van der Knaap MS, Proud CG. Translation matters: protein synthesis defects in inherited disease. Nat Rev Genet 2007; 8:711-23. [PMID: 17680008 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The list of genetic diseases caused by mutations that affect mRNA translation is rapidly growing. Although protein synthesis is a fundamental process in all cells, the disease phenotypes show a surprising degree of heterogeneity. Studies of some of these diseases have provided intriguing new insights into the functions of proteins involved in the process of translation; for example, evidence suggests that several have other functions in addition to their roles in translation. Given the numerous proteins involved in mRNA translation, it is likely that further inherited diseases will turn out to be caused by mutations in genes that are involved in this complex process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert C Scheper
- Department of Child Neurology/Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Idol RA, Robledo S, Du HY, Crimmins DL, Wilson DB, Ladenson JH, Bessler M, Mason PJ. Cells depleted for RPS19, a protein associated with Diamond Blackfan Anemia, show defects in 18S ribosomal RNA synthesis and small ribosomal subunit production. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2007; 39:35-43. [PMID: 17376718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding the small subunit ribosomal protein 19 (RPS19) is mutated in about 25% of cases of the bone marrow failure syndrome Diamond Blackfan Anemia (DBA), a childhood disease characterized by failure of red cell production. In these cases DBA is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and RPS19 haploinsufficiency is thought to cause the disease. To study the molecular pathogenesis of DBA we used siRNA to decrease the level of RPS19 in two human cell lines, HeLa cells and U-2 OS osteosarcoma cells. Cells with reduced RPS19 levels showed a dramatic reduction in the amounts of small 40S ribosome subunits and mature 80S ribosomes and an excess of large 60S subunits. These cells were defective in 18S rRNA production and accumulated 21S and 20S nuclear pre-rRNA molecules, suggesting that RPS19 is required for specific steps in rRNA processing. RPS19 depletion produced a reduction in steady-state levels of RPS6 and RPS16 via a post-transcriptional mechanism while the levels of RPL7 and RPL26 were unaltered, indicating that levels of ribosomal proteins are determined by subunit assembly. This has interesting implications for the pathogenesis of DBA suggesting that deficiency of any of the RPS proteins might have a similar effect and thus may be responsible for causing DBA. Finally in cell lines from DBA patients with mutations we find increased levels of 21S rRNA precursors but no abnormality in the ribosome profile on sucrose gradients or in the steady-state levels of RPS19 suggesting that some cells can partially compensate for the loss of one allele of RPS19. We conclude that defects in ribosome biogenesis may underlie the pathology of Diamond Blackfan Anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Idol
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Pederson T. Ribosomal protein mutations in Diamond‐Blackfan anemia: might they operate upstream from protein synthesis? FASEB J 2007; 21:3442-5. [PMID: 17586729 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8766hyp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The inherited bone marrow failure syndromes are clinically distinct but share some common features. Difficult to treat and typified by a poor prognosis, their pathogenesis is unknown. Recent findings that some patients with the erythroblastopenia Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) have mutations in ribosomal proteins have led to the idea that this and perhaps other bone marrow failure disorders result from an inadequate supply of normally functioning ribosomes. According to this hypothesis, an insufficiency of the protein synthetic capacity limits the replicative potential of cells, with the DBA disease phenotype in particular arising from a block of one or more of the two to four critical, temporally compressed cell divisions in the differentiation program of the erythroid lineage in the fetal liver and the postnatal bone marrow. Here I propose an alternative (but not mutually exclusive) hypothesis centered on nucleoli: the specialized intranuclear domains within which ribosomes are assembled. It was recently discovered that the nucleoli contain cell cycle machinery in close proximity to nascent ribosomes. Although mutations in ribosomal proteins might be expected to negatively influence the cell's protein synthetic capacity, I suggest it is also possible that the DBA mutations directly affect the nucleolus to destabilize or otherwise deregulate the coresident cell cycle machinery. This hypothesis envisions that the ribosomal protein mutations discovered in DBA act upstream from ribosome assembly by interfering with the staging of cell cycle progression machinery in the nucleolus, in a pretranslational mode of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoru Pederson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 377 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Bilanges B, Stokoe D. Mechanisms of translational deregulation in human tumors and therapeutic intervention strategies. Oncogene 2007; 26:5973-90. [PMID: 17404576 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the recurrent genetic aberrations present in human tumors provides insight into how normal cells escape appropriate proliferation and survival cues. Commonly mutated genes encode proteins that monitor DNA damage (e.g., p53), proteins that regulate the cell cycle (such as Rb), and proteins that regulate signal transduction pathways (such as APC, PTEN and Ras). Analysis of the relevant targets and downstream events of these genes in normal and tumor cells will clearly highlight important pathways for tumorigenesis. However, more infrequent mutations are also informative in defining events critical for the process of tumorigenesis, and often delineate important pathways lying downstream of commonly mutated oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Together, these studies have led to the conclusion that deregulated protein synthesis plays an important role in human cancer. This review will discuss the evidence implicating mRNA translation as an important downstream consequence of signal transduction pathways initiated by mutated oncogenes and tumor suppressors, as well as additional genetic findings implicating the importance of global and specific translational control in human cancer. It will also discuss therapeutic strategies that take advantage of differences in translational regulation between normal and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bilanges
- UCSF Cancer Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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Abstract
Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a congenital erythroid aplasia that usually presents as macrocytic anemia during infancy. Linkage analysis suggests that at least 4 genes are associated with DBA of which 2 have been identified so far. The known DBA genes encode the ribosomal proteins S19 and S24 accounting for 25% and 2% of the patients, respectively. Herein, we review possible links between ribosomal proteins and erythropoiesis that might explain DBA pathogenesis. Recent studies and emerging findings suggest that a malfunctioning translational machinery may be a cause of anemia in patients with DBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Flygare
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, A12 221-84 Lund, Sweden.
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Abstract
Diamond-Blackfan anaemia (DBA) is a congenital anaemia and broad developmental disease that develops soon after birth. The anaemia is due to failure of erythropoiesis, with normal platelet and myeloid lineages, and it can be managed with steroids, blood transfusions, or stem cell transplantation. Normal erythropoiesis after transplantation shows that the defect is intrinsic to an erythroid precursor. DBA is inherited in about 10-20% of cases, and genetic studies have identified mutations in a ribosomal protein gene, RPS19, in 25% of cases; there is evidence for involvement of at least two other genes. In yeast, RPS19 deletion leads to a block in ribosomal RNA biogenesis. The critical question is how mutations in RPS19 lead to the failure of proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors. While this question has not yet been answered, understanding the biology of DBA may provide insight not only into the defect in erythropoisis, but also into the other developmental abnormalities that are present in about 40% of patients, and into the cancer predisposition that is inherent to DBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna T Gazda
- Children's Hospital Boston, Division of Genetics and Program in Genomics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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