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Njoku F, Pugh N, Brambilla D, Kroner B, Shah N, Treadwell M, Gibson R, Hsu LL, Gordeuk VR, Glassberg J, Hankins JS, Kutlar A, King AA, Kanter J. Mortality in adults with sickle cell disease: Results from the sickle cell disease implementation consortium (SCDIC) registry. Am J Hematol 2024; 99:900-909. [PMID: 38450756 PMCID: PMC11001513 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The cause of death in people affected by sickle cell disease (SCD) is often challenging to define as prior studies have used retrospective or administrative data for analysis. We used a prospective longitudinal registry to assess mortality and clinical co-morbidities among subjects enrolled in the Sickle Cell Disease Implementation Consortium (SCDIC) registry. At enrollment, we collected the following data: patient-reported demographics, SCD phenotype, baseline laboratory values, comorbidities, and current medications. Subjects were followed for a median of 4.7 years before the present analysis. The relationship of clinical co-morbidities (at time of enrollment) to mortality was determined using survival analysis, adjusting for SCD phenotype and gender. There was a total of 2439 people with SCD enrolled in the SCDIC registry. One hundred and twenty-eight participants (5%) died during the observation period (2017-2022). Six people died from trauma and were excluded from further analysis. Proximate cause of death was unwitnessed in 17% of the deaths, but commonest causes of death include cardiac (18%), acute chest or respiratory failure (11%), sudden unexplained death (8%). Enrollment characteristics of the individuals who died (n = 122) were compared to those of survivors (n = 2317). Several co-morbidities at enrollment increased the odds of death on univariate analysis. All co-morbidities were included in a multivariable model. After backward elimination, iron overload, pulmonary hypertension, and depression, remained statistically significant predictors of the risk of death. SCD reduces life expectancy. Improved comprehensive and supportive care to prevent end-organ damage and address comorbidities is needed for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Njoku
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Norma Pugh
- Department of Clinical Research, SSES, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Donald Brambilla
- Department of Clinical Research, SSES, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barbara Kroner
- Department of Clinical Research, SSES, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nirmish Shah
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marsha Treadwell
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Hematology, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Robert Gibson
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Hospitalist Services, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Lewis L. Hsu
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Victor R. Gordeuk
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jeffrey Glassberg
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jane S. Hankins
- Departments of Hematology and Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Abdullah Kutlar
- Sickle Cell Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Allison A. King
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Julie Kanter
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Yashi K, Gopalakrishnan Ravikumar NP, Parmar N, Dankhara N, Satodiya V. Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease and Stroke: A Literature Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e34003. [PMID: 36811060 PMCID: PMC9939049 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes in children can be a complication of sickle cell disease, which also affects adults. The occurrence is high without any screening or preventative care. This review article found that although transcranial Doppler (TCD) has reduced the prevalence of stroke in pediatric patients, there is still a need for an epidemiological survey to define such screening for adults, the ideal dose of hydroxyurea to reduce the incidence of stroke, and to identify silent cerebral stroke to prevent its complications. Increased hydroxyurea prescription and specific antibiotic and vaccination regimes lowered the occurrence of this condition. In pediatric cases with a time-averaged mean of the maximal velocity greater than 200cm/s, transcranial Doppler screening and preventive chronic transfusion for at least the first year have lowered the occurrence of stroke by up to 10 times. The ideal dose of hydroxyurea is still debatable, but it seems to reduce the risk of the first stroke to a comparable level in the average population. Adult ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke prevention has not yet received the same attention. Though there are fewer studies, sickle cell disease is also more common than age-matched controls in terms of silent cerebral infarction on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as other neurological problems such as cognitive impairment, seizures, and headaches. Currently, there is no evidence-supported way to prevent ischemic stroke in adults at any age. Also, there is no defined ideal dose of hydroxyurea that can be helpful in preventing strokes. Data also lack a way to identify a silent cerebral infarction, so its complications can be prevented. An additional epidemiological survey may help in the prevention of the condition. The primary aim of this article was to emphasize the importance of information on clinical, neuropsychological, and quantitative MRI assessment of sickle cell patients to understand the epidemiology and etiology of stroke in sickle cell patients to prevent stroke and its related morbidity.
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Kirkham FJ, Lagunju IA. Epidemiology of Stroke in Sickle Cell Disease. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4232. [PMID: 34575342 PMCID: PMC8469588 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease is the most common cause of stroke in childhood, both ischaemic and haemorrhagic, and it also affects adults with the condition. Without any screening or preventative treatment, the incidence appears to fall within the range 0.5 to 0.9 per 100 patient years of observation. Newborn screening with Penicillin prophylaxis and vaccination leading to reduced bacterial infection may have reduced the incidence, alongside increasing hydroxyurea prescription. Transcranial Doppler screening and prophylactic chronic transfusion for at least an initial year has reduced the incidence of stroke by up to 10-fold in children with time averaged mean of the maximum velocity >200 cm/s. Hydroxyurea also appears to reduce the incidence of first stroke to a similar extent in the same group but the optimal dose remains controversial. The prevention of haemorrhagic stroke at all ages and ischaemic stroke in adults has not yet received the same degree of attention. Although there are fewer studies, silent cerebral infarction on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other neurological conditions, including headache, epilepsy and cognitive dysfunction, are also more prevalent in sickle cell disease compared with age matched controls. Clinical, neuropsychological and quantitative MRI screening may prove useful for understanding epidemiology and aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenella Jane Kirkham
- Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Paediatric Neurosciences, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Ikeoluwa A. Lagunju
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan PMB 3017, Nigeria;
- Department of Paediatrics, University College Hospital, Ibadan PMB 5116, Nigeria
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