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Tsay GJ, Zouali M. Cellular pathways and molecular events that shape autoantibody production in COVID-19. J Autoimmun 2024; 147:103276. [PMID: 38936147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A hallmark of COVID-19 is the variety of complications that follow SARS-CoV-2 infection in some patients, and that target multiple organs and tissues. Also remarkable are the associations with several auto-inflammatory disorders and the presence of autoantibodies directed to a vast array of antigens. The processes underlying autoantibody production in COVID-19 have not been completed deciphered. Here, we review mechanisms involved in autoantibody production in COVID-19, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and post-acute sequelae of COVID19. We critically discuss how genomic integrity, loss of B cell tolerance to self, superantigen effects of the virus, and extrafollicular B cell activation could underly autoantibody proaction in COVID-19. We also offer models that may account for the pathogenic roles of autoantibodies in the promotion of inflammatory cascades, thromboembolic phenomena, and endothelial and vascular deregulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Tsay
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Moncef Zouali
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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2
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Sanchez JL, Ghadirian N, Horton NC. High-Resolution Structure of the Nuclease Domain of the Human Parvovirus B19 Main Replication Protein NS1. J Virol 2022; 96:e0216421. [PMID: 35435730 PMCID: PMC9093113 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02164-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new structures of the N-terminal domain of the main replication protein, NS1, of human parvovirus B19 (B19V) are presented here. This domain (NS1-nuc) plays an important role in the "rolling hairpin" replication of the single-stranded B19V DNA genome, recognizing origin of replication sequences in double-stranded DNA, and cleaving (i.e., nicking) single-stranded DNA at a nearby site known as the terminal resolution site (trs). The three-dimensional structure of NS1-nuc is well conserved between the two forms, as well as with a previously solved structure of a sequence variant of the same domain; however, it is shown here at a significantly higher resolution (2.4 Å). Using structures of NS1-nuc homologues bound to single- and double-stranded DNA, models for DNA recognition and nicking by B19V NS1-nuc are presented that predict residues important for DNA cleavage and for sequence-specific recognition at the viral origin of replication. IMPORTANCE The high-resolution structure of the DNA binding and cleavage domain of the main replicative protein, NS1, from the human-pathogenic virus human parvovirus B19 is presented here. Included also are predictions of how the protein recognizes important sequences in the viral DNA which are required for viral replication. These predictions can be used to further investigate the function of this protein, as well as to predict the effects on viral viability due to mutations in the viral protein and viral DNA sequences. Finally, the high-resolution structure facilitates structure-guided drug design efforts to develop antiviral compounds against this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L. Sanchez
- BMCB Graduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Niloofar Ghadirian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Nancy C. Horton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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3
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Zipris D. Visceral Adipose Tissue: A New Target Organ in Virus-Induced Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702506. [PMID: 34421908 PMCID: PMC8371384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a proinflammatory pathology that leads to the specific destruction of insulin producing β-cells and hyperglycaemia. Much of the knowledge about type 1 diabetes (T1D) has focused on mechanisms of disease progression such as adaptive immune cells and the cytokines that control their function, whereas mechanisms linked with the initiation of the disease remain unknown. It has been hypothesized that in addition to genetics, environmental factors play a pivotal role in triggering β-cell autoimmunity. The BioBreeding Diabetes Resistant (BBDR) and LEW1.WR1 rats have been used to decipher the mechanisms that lead to virus-induced T1D. Both animals develop β-cell inflammation and hyperglycemia upon infection with the parvovirus Kilham Rat Virus (KRV). Our earlier in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that KRV-induced innate immune upregulation early in the disease course plays a causal role in triggering β-cell inflammation and destruction. Furthermore, we recently found for the first time that infection with KRV induces inflammation in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) detectable as early as day 1 post-infection prior to insulitis and hyperglycemia. The proinflammatory response in VAT is associated with macrophage recruitment, proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine upregulation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress responses, apoptosis, and downregulation of adipokines and molecules that mediate insulin signaling. Downregulation of inflammation suppresses VAT inflammation and T1D development. These observations are strikingly reminiscent of data from obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in which VAT inflammation is believed to play a causal role in disease mechanisms. We propose that VAT inflammation and dysfunction may be linked with the mechanism of T1D progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Zipris
- Innate Biotechnologies LLC, Denver, CO, United States
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4
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Fard MB, Atashi A, Amiri S, Kaviani S, Gholampour MA, Ajami M. Parvovirus B19 affects thrombopoietin and IL-11 gene expression in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Future Virol 2021. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) may be infected by parvovirus B19 (B19V). hBMSCs support bone marrow hematopoiesis by producing stromal cells, secretion of cytokines and growth factors, etc. Because of the lifetime persistent infection of the virus in healthy individual’s bone marrow, this study aims to evaluate B19V effects on hBMSCs gene expression of some crucial hematopoietic cytokines. Materials & methods: hBMSCs were transfected with pHI0 plasmid containing the B19V genome. The quantitative mRNA expression of target genes was evaluated 24 h after transfection. Results: Our findings demonstrated a significant increase in expression levels of IL-11 and TPO (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We concluded that alteration in the gene expressions in B19V-infected hBMSCs might have significant effects on the bone marrow microenvironment as well as hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Behzadi Fard
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Amir Atashi
- Stem Cell & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Shahin Amiri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Kaviani
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mansoureh Ajami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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5
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Tompkins KJ, Houtti M, Litzau LA, Aird EJ, Everett BA, Nelson AT, Pornschloegl L, Limón-Swanson LK, Evans RL, Evans K, Shi K, Aihara H, Gordon WR. Molecular underpinnings of ssDNA specificity by Rep HUH-endonucleases and implications for HUH-tag multiplexing and engineering. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:1046-1064. [PMID: 33410911 PMCID: PMC7826260 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication initiator proteins (Reps) from the HUH-endonuclease superfamily process specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) sequences to initiate rolling circle/hairpin replication in viruses, such as crop ravaging geminiviruses and human disease causing parvoviruses. In biotechnology contexts, Reps are the basis for HUH-tag bioconjugation and a critical adeno-associated virus genome integration tool. We solved the first co-crystal structures of Reps complexed to ssDNA, revealing a key motif for conferring sequence specificity and for anchoring a bent DNA architecture. In combination, we developed a deep sequencing cleavage assay, termed HUH-seq, to interrogate subtleties in Rep specificity and demonstrate how differences can be exploited for multiplexed HUH-tagging. Together, our insights allowed engineering of only four amino acids in a Rep chimera to predictably alter sequence specificity. These results have important implications for modulating viral infections, developing Rep-based genomic integration tools, and enabling massively parallel HUH-tag barcoding and bioconjugation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassidy J Tompkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mo Houtti
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lauren A Litzau
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eric J Aird
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Blake A Everett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Leland Pornschloegl
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lidia K Limón-Swanson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert L Evans
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Karen Evans
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ke Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hideki Aihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wendy R Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Wang X, Zhang J, Huo S, Zhang Y, Wu F, Cui D, Yu H, Zhong F. Development of a monoclonal antibody against canine parvovirus NS1 protein and investigation of NS1 dynamics and localization in CPV-infected cells. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 174:105682. [PMID: 32502709 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) non-structural protein-1 (NS1) plays crucial roles in CPV replication and transcription, as well as pathogenic effects to the host. However, the mechanism was not fully understood. Lack of NS1 antibody is one of the restricting factors for NS1 function investigation. To prepare NS1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), the NS1 epitope (AA461 ~ AA650) gene was amplified by PCR, and inserted into pGEX-4T-1vector to construct the prokaryotic expression vector of GST-tag-fused NS1 epitope gene. The NS1 fusion protein was expressed in E. coli, and purified with GSH-magnetic beads, and then used to immunize BALB/c mice. The mouse splenic lymphocytes were isolated and fused with myeloma cells (SP 2/0) to generate hybridoma cells. After several rounds of screening by ELISA, a hybridoma cell clone (1B8) stably expressing NS1 mAb was developed. A large amount of NS1 mAb was prepared from mouse ascites fluid. The isotype of NS1 mAb was identified as IgG1, which can specifically bind NS1 protein in either CPV-infected cells or NS1 vector-transfected cells, indicating the NS1 mAb is effective in detecting NS1 protein. Meanwhile, we used the NS1 mAb to investigate NS1 dynamic changes by qRT-PCR and location by confocal imaging in CPV-infected host cells and showed that NS1 began to appear in the cells at 12 h after CPV infection and reached the highest level at 42 h, NS1 protein was mainly located in nucleus of the cells. This study provided a necessary condition for further investigation on molecular mechanism of NS1 function and pathogenicity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Female
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Parvoviridae Infections/immunology
- Parvoviridae Infections/metabolism
- Parvovirus, Canine/chemistry
- Parvovirus, Canine/genetics
- Parvovirus, Canine/immunology
- Parvovirus, Canine/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, 071000, China; Rinpu (Baoding) Biological Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, Baoding, 071004, China
| | - Jianlou Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Shanshan Huo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, 071000, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Fengyang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Dan Cui
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Rinpu (Baoding) Biological Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, Baoding, 071004, China.
| | - Fei Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, 071000, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China.
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7
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Puttaraksa K, Pirttinen H, Karvonen K, Nykky J, Naides SJ, Gilbert L. Parvovirus B19V Nonstructural Protein NS1 Induces Double-Stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acid Autoantibodies and End-Organ Damage in Nonautoimmune Mice. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1418-1429. [PMID: 30346568 PMCID: PMC6468957 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viral infection is implicated in development of autoimmunity. Parvovirus B19 (B19V) nonstructural protein, NS1, a helicase, covalently modifies self double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) and induces apoptosis. This study tested whether resulting apoptotic bodies (ApoBods) containing virally modified dsDNA could induce autoimmunity in an animal model. Methods BALB/c mice were inoculated with (1) pristane-induced, (2) B19V NS1-induced, or (3) staurosporine-induced ApoBods. Serum was tested for dsDNA autoantibodies by Crithidia luciliae staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Brain, heart, liver, and kidney pathology was examined. Deposition of self-antigens in glomeruli was examined by staining with antibodies to dsDNA, histones H1 and H4, and TATA-binding protein. Results The B19V NS1-induced ApoBod inoculation induced dsDNA autoantibodies in a dose-dependent fashion. Histopathological features of immune-mediated organ damage were evident in pristane-induced and NS1-induced ApoBod groups; severity scores were higher in these groups than in staurosporine-treated groups. Tissue damage was dependent on NS1-induced ApoBod dose. Nucleosomal antigens were deposited in target tissue from pristane-induced and NS1-induced ApoBod inoculated groups, but not in the staurosporine-induced ApoBod inoculated group. Conclusions This study demonstrated proof of principle in an animal model that virally modified dsDNA in apoptotic bodies could break tolerance to self dsDNA and induce dsDNA autoantibodies and end-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanoktip Puttaraksa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Heidi Pirttinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Kati Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jonna Nykky
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Stanley J Naides
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, Immunology R&D, San Juan Capistrano, California
| | - Leona Gilbert
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
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8
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Rasa S, Nora-Krukle Z, Henning N, Eliassen E, Shikova E, Harrer T, Scheibenbogen C, Murovska M, Prusty BK. Chronic viral infections in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). J Transl Med 2018; 16:268. [PMID: 30285773 PMCID: PMC6167797 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and main text Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex and controversial clinical condition without having established causative factors. Increasing numbers of cases during past decade have created awareness among patients as well as healthcare professionals. Chronic viral infection as a cause of ME/CFS has long been debated. However, lack of large studies involving well-designed patient groups and validated experimental set ups have hindered our knowledge about this disease. Moreover, recent developments regarding molecular mechanism of pathogenesis of various infectious agents cast doubts over validity of several of the past studies. Conclusions This review aims to compile all the studies done so far to investigate various viral agents that could be associated with ME/CFS. Furthermore, we suggest strategies to better design future studies on the role of viral infections in ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santa Rasa
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Zaiga Nora-Krukle
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Nina Henning
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Eliassen
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Evelina Shikova
- Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Thomas Harrer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carmen Scheibenbogen
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Modra Murovska
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Bhupesh K Prusty
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. .,Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany.
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9
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Sanchez JL, Romero Z, Quinones A, Torgeson KR, Horton NC. DNA Binding and Cleavage by the Human Parvovirus B19 NS1 Nuclease Domain. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6577-6593. [PMID: 27809499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Infection with human parvovirus B19 (B19V) has been associated with a myriad of illnesses, including erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease), hydrops fetalis, arthropathy, hepatitis, and cardiomyopathy, and also possibly the triggering of any number of different autoimmune diseases. B19V NS1 is a multidomain protein that plays a critical role in viral replication, with predicted nuclease, helicase, and gene transactivation activities. Herein, we investigate the biochemical activities of the nuclease domain (residues 2-176) of B19V NS1 (NS1-nuc) in sequence-specific DNA binding of the viral origin of replication sequences, as well as those of promoter sequences, including the viral p6 and the human p21, TNFα, and IL-6 promoters previously identified in NS1-dependent transcriptional transactivation. NS1-nuc was found to bind with high cooperativity and with multiple (five to seven) copies to the NS1 binding elements (NSBE) found in the viral origin of replication and the overlapping viral p6 promoter DNA sequence. NS1-nuc was also found to bind cooperatively with at least three copies to the GC-rich Sp1 binding sites of the human p21 gene promoter. Only weak or nonspecific binding of NS1-nuc to the segments of the TNFα and IL-6 promoters was found. Cleavage of DNA by NS1-nuc occurred at the expected viral sequence (the terminal resolution site), but only in single-stranded DNA, and NS1-nuc was found to covalently attach to the 5' end of the DNA at the cleavage site. Off-target cleavage by NS1-nuc was also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Zachary Romero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.,Undergraduate Research Opportunities Consortium-Minorities Health Disparity Program (UROC-MHD), University of Arizona Graduate College, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Angelica Quinones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.,Undergraduate Research Opportunities Consortium-Minorities Health Disparity Program (UROC-MHD), University of Arizona Graduate College, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.,BUILDing SCHOLARS Program, University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Kristiane R Torgeson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Nancy C Horton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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10
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El Kissi Y, Hannachi N, Mtiraoui A, Samoud S, Bouhlel S, Gaabout S, Boukadida J, Ben Hadj Ali B. [Parvovirus B19 seroprevalence in a group of schizophrenic patients]. Encephale 2014; 41:470-6. [PMID: 25529557 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a highly disabling chronic mental illness. It is considerded as a neurodeveloppemental illness resulting from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Growing evidence supports the major role of prenatal infections and inflammation in the genesis of schizophrenia. The hypothesis including viral infections has been the subject of several studies and the role of parvovirus B19 (PB19) in the onset of the disease has been suggested. However, there is, up till now, no seroepidemiological evidence of his involvement. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of parvovirus B19 (PB19) in schizophrenic patients and in control subjects and to examine clinical associations between viral prevalence, risk factors of infectious disease and clinical features. METHOD We carried out a case-control seroepidemiological study in the Psychiatry department of Farhat-Hached general hospital of Sousse (Tunisia). We recruited108 schizophrenic patients and 108 healthy controls free from any psychotic disorder and matched for age and sex. We collected sociodemographic data, medical history, axis I comorbid disorders and infectious risk factors. We assessed patients for psychopathology and severity of illness using respectively the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI). For each study participant, blood sample was collected and levels of IgG and IgM anti-PB19 were measured using the ELISA technique. RESULTS The prevalence of IgG antibodies to PB19 was significantly higher in schizophrenic patients than in controls (73.1% vs 60.2%; P=0.04). There were no statistical differences between the two groups regarding the prevalence of IgM antibodies to PB19. No association was found between viral prevalence and sociodemographic data, risk factors for infection or clinical characteristics. The presence of PB19 antibodies was associated with a lower score on the PANSS negative subscale (P=0.04). No other signficative association were found. CONCLUSIONS In our study, prevalence of IgG antibodies to PB19 was significantly higher in schizophrenic patients than in controls. This finding supports the hypothesis of the involvement of PB19 in schizophrenia. Further studies including both virological and immunological aspects are needed to better clarify the etiopathogenic mechanisms of schizophrenia which would challenge the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y El Kissi
- Service de psychiatrie, centre hospitalo-universitaire Farhat-Hached de Sousse, avenue Ibn-Jazzar, 4002 Sousse, Tunisie.
| | - N Hannachi
- Département d'immunologie et de microbiologie, centre hospitalo-universitaire Farhat-Hached de Sousse, avenue Ibn-Jazzar, 4002 Sousse, Tunisie
| | - A Mtiraoui
- Service de psychiatrie, centre hospitalo-universitaire Farhat-Hached de Sousse, avenue Ibn-Jazzar, 4002 Sousse, Tunisie
| | - S Samoud
- Département d'immunologie et de microbiologie, centre hospitalo-universitaire Farhat-Hached de Sousse, avenue Ibn-Jazzar, 4002 Sousse, Tunisie
| | - S Bouhlel
- Service de psychiatrie, centre hospitalo-universitaire Farhat-Hached de Sousse, avenue Ibn-Jazzar, 4002 Sousse, Tunisie
| | - S Gaabout
- Service de psychiatrie, centre hospitalo-universitaire Farhat-Hached de Sousse, avenue Ibn-Jazzar, 4002 Sousse, Tunisie
| | - J Boukadida
- Département d'immunologie et de microbiologie, centre hospitalo-universitaire Farhat-Hached de Sousse, avenue Ibn-Jazzar, 4002 Sousse, Tunisie
| | - B Ben Hadj Ali
- Service de psychiatrie, centre hospitalo-universitaire Farhat-Hached de Sousse, avenue Ibn-Jazzar, 4002 Sousse, Tunisie
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11
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Structure of the NS1 protein N-terminal origin recognition/nickase domain from the emerging human bocavirus. J Virol 2013; 87:11487-93. [PMID: 23966383 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01770-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus is a newly identified, globally prevalent, parvovirus that is associated with respiratory infection in infants and young children. Parvoviruses encode a large nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) that is essential for replication of the viral single-stranded DNA genome and DNA packaging and may play versatile roles in virus-host interactions. Here, we report the structure of the human bocavirus NS1 N-terminal domain, the first for any autonomous parvovirus. The structure shows an overall fold that is canonical to the histidine-hydrophobic-histidine superfamily of nucleases, which integrates two distinct DNA-binding sites: (i) a positively charged region mediated by a surface hairpin (residues 190 to 198) that is responsible for recognition of the viral origin of replication of the double-stranded DNA nature and (ii) the nickase active site that binds to the single-stranded DNA substrate for site-specific cleavage. The structure reveals an acidic-residue-rich subdomain that is present in bocavirus NS1 proteins but not in the NS1 orthologs in erythrovirus or dependovirus, which may mediate bocavirus-specific interaction with DNA or potential host factors. These results provide insights into recognition of the origin of replication and nicking of DNA during bocavirus genome replication. Mapping of variable amino acid residues of NS1s from four human bocavirus species onto the structure shows a scattered pattern, but the origin recognition site and the nuclease active site are invariable, suggesting potential targets for antivirals against this clade of highly diverse human viruses.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Rat models of diabetes have emerged as a powerful experimental tool for addressing the role of microbial pathogens in the mechanism of autoimmune diabetes. We have used the biobreeding diabetes resistant and LEW1.WR1 rat models to identify the role of virus-induced innate immunity in the mechanism of type 1 diabetes. METHODS Groups of rats 21-25 days of age were left untreated, injected i.p. with 1×10(7) PFU of Kilham rat virus (KRV) only, or with 1-3 µg/g body-weight-purified toll-like receptor agonists on three consecutive days and infected with 1×10(7) PFU of KRV on the following day. Spleens and pancreatic lymph nodes were recovered 5 days after infection and used for gene array analysis. To test the role of inflammation in diabetes, rats injected with KRV only or Poly(I:C) plus KRV were also administered with 2 or 0.2 µg/g body weight of dexamethasone and followed for diabetes for 40 days. RESULTS KRV induced the expression of a vast array of proinflammatory genes in pancreatic lymph nodes on day 5 following infection. Brief dexamethasone therapy downmodulated inflammation and completely blocked diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a strong association between early virus-induced proinflammatory responses and islet destruction and raise the possibility that targeting innate immune pathways in the early stages of diabetes may be a useful strategy for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Zipris
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Fasano C, Kanduc D. Selfness-nonselfness in designing an anti-B19 erythrovirus vaccine. SELF/NONSELF 2011; 2:114-119. [PMID: 22299063 PMCID: PMC3268997 DOI: 10.4161/self.2.2.16190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although B19 erythrovirus infection may be associated with severe clinical outcomes, especially in early infancy, pregnancy and in immunocompromised or hemolytic subjects, no vaccine is currently available. Using the concept that effective immune responses to an infectious agent may be restricted to the specific peptidome unique to that agent, we analyzed primary amino acid sequence of B19 erythrovirus, searching for peptide motifs to be used in vaccine formulations. Here, we identify and describe a set of unique viral peptides that may guarantee both high efficacy and practically no cross-reactive autoimmune responses in anti-B19 immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida Fasano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Bari; Bari, Italy
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Tzang BS, Chen DY, Tsai CC, Chiang SY, Lin TM, Hsu TC. Human parvovirus B19 nonstructural protein NS1 enhanced the expression of cleavage of 70 kDa U1-snRNP autoantigen. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17:40. [PMID: 20500824 PMCID: PMC2882912 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human parvovirus B19 (B19) is known to induce apoptosis that has been associated with a variety of autoimmune disorders. Although we have previously reported that B19 non-structural protein (NS1) induces mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in COS-7 cells, the precise mechanism of B19-NS1 in developing autoimmunity is still obscure. Methods To further examine the effect of B19-NS1 in presence of autoantigens, COS-7 cells were transfected with pEGFP, pEGFP-B19-NS1 and pEGFP-NS1K334E, a mutant form of B19-NS1, and detected the expressions of autoantigens by various autoantibodies against Sm, U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U1-snRNP), SSA/Ro, SSB/La, Scl-70, Jo-1, Ku, and centromere protein (CENP) A/B by using Immunoblotting. Results Significantly increased apoptosis was detected in COS-7 cells transfected with pEGFP-B19-NS1 compared to those transfected with pEGFP. Meanwhile, the apoptotic 70 kDa U1-snRNP protein in COS-7 cells transfected with pEGFP-B19-NS1 is cleaved by caspase-3 and converted into a specific 40 kDa product, which were recognized by anti-U1-snRNP autoantibody. In contrast, significantly decreased apoptosis and cleaved 40 kDa product were observed in COS-7 cells transfected with pEGFP-NS1K334E compared to those transfected with pEGFP-B19-NS1. Conclusions These findings suggested crucial association of B19-NS1 in development of autoimmunity by inducing apoptosis and specific cleavage of 70 kDa U1-snRNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Show Tzang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Zipris D. Toll-like receptors and type 1 diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:585-610. [PMID: 20217515 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that results in the progressive loss of insulin producing cells. Studies performed in humans with T1D and animal models of the disease over the past two decades have suggested a key role for the adaptive immune system in disease mechanisms. The role of the innate immune system in triggering T1D was shown only recently. Research in this area was greatly facilitated by the discovery of toll-like receptors (TLRs) that were found to be a key component of the innate immune system that detect microbial infections and initiate antimicrobial host defense responses. New data indicate that in some situations, the innate immune system is associated with mechanisms triggering autoimmune diabetes. In fact, studies preformed in the BioBreeding Diabetes Resistant (BBDR) and LEW1.WR1 rat models of T1D demonstrate that virus infection leads to islet destruction via mechanisms that may involve TLR9-induced innate immune system activation. Data from these studies also show that TLR upregulation can synergize with virus infection to dramatically increase disease penetrance. Reports from murine models of T1D implicate both MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent pathways in the course of disease. The new knowledge about the role of innate immune pathways in triggering islet destruction could lead to the discovery of new molecules that may be targeted for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Zipris
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Abstract
B19 infection-associated joint symptoms occur most frequently in adults, usually presenting as a self-limited, acute symmetric polyarthritis affecting the small joints of the hands, wrists, and knees. A small percentage of patients persist with chronic polyarthritis that mimics rheumatoid arthritis raising the question of whether B19 virus may have a role as a concomitant or precipitating factor in the pathogenesis of autoimmune conditions. Comprehensive and updated reviews address different aspects of human parvovirus infection. This article focuses on the evidence supporting the arthritogenic potential of the B19 virus and the proposed mechanisms that underlie it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Colmegna
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology and Rheumatology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 1014, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Lunardi C, Tinazzi E, Bason C, Dolcino M, Corrocher R, Puccetti A. Human parvovirus B19 infection and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:116-20. [PMID: 18700174 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human parvovirus B19 infection is responsible for a wide range of human diseases ranging from mild erythema infectiosum in immunocompetent children to fetal loss in primary infected pregnant women and aplastic anemia or lethal cytopenias in adult immunocompromised patients. Since persistent viral infection is responsible for an autoimmune response and clinical symptoms can mimic autoimmune inflammatory disorders, parvovirus B19 is the object of intense efforts to clarify whether it is also able to trigger autoimmune diseases. Indeed the virus has been implicated as the causative or the precipitating agent of several autoimmune disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic sclerosis and vasculitides. Molecular mimicry between host and viral proteins seems to be the main mechanism involved in the induction of autoimmunity. By means of a random peptide library approach, we have identified a peptide that shares homology with parvovirus VP1 protein and with human cytokeratin. Moreover the VP peptide shares similarity with the transcription factor GATA1 that plays an essential role in megakaryopoiesis and in erythropoiesis. These new data sustain the role played by molecular mimicry in the induction of cross-reactive (auto)antibodies by parvovirus B19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Lunardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Dennert R, Schalla S, Suylen RV, Eurlings L, Heymans S. Giant cell myocarditis triggered by a parvovirus B19 infection. Int J Cardiol 2009; 134:115-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tsay GJ, Zouali M. Toxicogenomics — A novel opportunity to probe lupus susceptibility and pathogenesis. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1330-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Aslanidis S, Pyrpasopoulou A, Kontotasios K, Doumas S, Zamboulis C. Parvovirus B19 infection and systemic lupus erythematosus: Activation of an aberrant pathway? Eur J Intern Med 2008; 19:314-8. [PMID: 18549931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parvovirus B19 infection has been associated with a variety of rheumatic manifestations/diseases, mainly rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). B19 infection may simulate both clinical and laboratory features of SLE, presenting either as a potential first time diagnosis of SLE or as an exacerbation of previously established disease. The similarities in both clinical and serological features of parvovirus infection and SLE at presentation may hinder the differential diagnosis between these two conditions. Hence, parvovirus B19 infection mimicking SLE usually fulfils <4 ACR criteria for SLE, rarely includes cardiac or renal involvement or presents with haemolytic anaemia, and is usually associated with short-lived, low titers of autoantibodies. Rarely, cases of multisystemic involvement solely attributed to a recent parvovirus B19 infection have been reported, rendering early accurate diagnosis of particular importance and justifying the screening for evidence of parvovirus B19 involvement in newly diagnosed cases of SLE, especially the ones with abrupt onset of symptoms along with cases of SLE flares. This review describes basic features of parvovirus B19 structure and pathogenicity and expands on the parvo-associated auto-immune manifestations particularly in relation to SLE-mimicking or SLE-triggering reported cases. The proposed mechanisms for viral-induced pathologic autoimmunity are discussed with emphasis on emerging data regarding the aberrant expression and localization of autoantigens and their potential implication in alternatively activated immunological cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros Aslanidis
- 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, 546 31 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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