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Cai BH, Chao CF, Huang HC, Lee HY, Kannagi R, Chen JY. Roles of p53 Family Structure and Function in Non-Canonical Response Element Binding and Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153681. [PMID: 31357595 PMCID: PMC6696488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 canonical consensus sequence is a 10-bp repeat of PuPuPuC(A/T)(A/T)GPyPyPy, separated by a spacer with up to 13 bases. C(A/T)(A/T)G is the core sequence and purine (Pu) and pyrimidine (Py) bases comprise the flanking sequence. However, in the p53 noncanonical sequences, there are many variations, such as length of consensus sequence, variance of core sequence or flanking sequence, and variance in number of bases making up the spacer or AT gap composition. In comparison to p53, the p53 family members p63 and p73 have been found to have more tolerance to bind and activate several of these noncanonical sequences. The p53 protein forms monomers, dimers, and tetramers, and its nonspecific binding domain is well-defined; however, those for p63 or p73 are still not fully understood. Study of p63 and p73 structure to determine the monomers, dimers or tetramers to bind and regulate noncanonical sequence is a new challenge which is crucial to obtaining a complete picture of structure and function in order to understand how p63 and p73 regulate genes differently from p53. In this review, we will summarize the rules of p53 family non-canonical sequences, especially focusing on the structure of p53 family members in the regulation of specific target genes. In addition, we will compare different software programs for prediction of p53 family responsive elements containing parameters with canonical or non-canonical sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-He Cai
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Faye Chao
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chi Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yi Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Reiji Kannagi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Jang-Yi Chen
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
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2
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Dashzeveg N, Yoshida K. Crosstalk between tumor suppressors p53 and PKCδ: Execution of the intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Cancer Lett 2016; 377:158-63. [PMID: 27130668 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
p53 and PKCδ are tumor suppressors that execute apoptotic mechanisms in response to various cellular stresses. p53 is a transcription factor that is frequently mutated in human cancers; it regulates apoptosis in transcription-dependent and -independent ways in response to genotoxic stresses. PKCδ is a serine/threonine protein kinase and mutated in human cancers. Available evidence shows that PKCδ activates p53 by direct and/or indirect mechanisms. Moreover, PKCδ is also implicated in the transcriptional regulation of p53 in response to DNA damage. Recent findings demonstrated that p53, in turn, binds onto the PKCδ promoter and induces its expression upon DNA damage to facilitate apoptosis. Both p53 and PKCδ are associated with the apoptotic mechanisms in the mitochondria by regulating Bcl-2 family proteins to provide mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. This review discusses the crosstalk between p53 and PKCδ in the context of apoptotic cell death and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurmaa Dashzeveg
- Department of Biochemistry, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kiyotsugu Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
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3
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Li D, Li C, Wu M, Chen Q, Wang Q, Ren J, Zhang Y. PKCδ stabilizes TAp63 to promote cell apoptosis. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2094-9. [PMID: 26112605 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PKCδ and p63 are respectively reported to play important roles in cell apoptosis. But there is no report on interaction between them in regulation of apoptosis. In the present study, we found that PKCδ can directly associate and up-regulate TA isoforms of p63 (TAp63) proteins via increasing their stability. PKCδ kinase activity and Thr157 site in TAp63 are crucial for this PKCδ-induced accumulation of TAp63. PKCδ can also enhance TAp63-mediated transcription and cell apoptosis. Taken together, our data indicate that PKCδ phosphorylates TAp63 proteins at Thr157 to stabilize them and promote cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decai Li
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chenghua Li
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Min Wu
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qiongqiong Chen
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jian Ren
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Jin H, Kanthasamy A, Harischandra DS, Kondru N, Ghosh A, Panicker N, Anantharam V, Rana A, Kanthasamy AG. Histone hyperacetylation up-regulates protein kinase Cδ in dopaminergic neurons to induce cell death: relevance to epigenetic mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson disease. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34743-67. [PMID: 25342743 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.576702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidative stress-sensitive protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) has been implicated in dopaminergic neuronal cell death. However, little is known about the epigenetic mechanisms regulating PKCδ expression in neurons. Here, we report a novel mechanism by which the PKCδ gene can be regulated by histone acetylation. Treatment with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor sodium butyrate (NaBu) induced PKCδ expression in cultured neurons, brain slices, and animal models. Several other HDAC inhibitors also mimicked NaBu. The chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that hyperacetylation of histone H4 by NaBu is associated with the PKCδ promoter. Deletion analysis of the PKCδ promoter mapped the NaBu-responsive element to an 81-bp minimal promoter region. Detailed mutagenesis studies within this region revealed that four GC boxes conferred hyperacetylation-induced PKCδ promoter activation. Cotransfection experiments and Sp inhibitor studies demonstrated that Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4 regulated NaBu-induced PKCδ up-regulation. However, NaBu did not alter the DNA binding activities of Sp proteins or their expression. Interestingly, a one-hybrid analysis revealed that NaBu enhanced transcriptional activity of Sp1/Sp3. Overexpression of the p300/cAMP-response element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP) potentiated the NaBu-mediated transactivation potential of Sp1/Sp3, but expressing several HDACs attenuated this effect, suggesting that p300/CBP and HDACs act as coactivators or corepressors in histone acetylation-induced PKCδ up-regulation. Finally, using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we showed that NaBu up-regulation of PKCδ sensitizes neurons to cell death in a human dopaminergic cell model and brain slice cultures. Together, these results indicate that histone acetylation regulates PKCδ expression to augment nigrostriatal dopaminergic cell death, which could contribute to the progressive neuropathogenesis of Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Jin
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Dilshan S Harischandra
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Naveen Kondru
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Anamitra Ghosh
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Nikhil Panicker
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Ajay Rana
- the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, and the Hines Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Hines, Illinois 60141
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011,
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5
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PIR2/Rnf144B regulates epithelial homeostasis by mediating degradation of p21WAF1 and p63. Oncogene 2012; 32:4758-65. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Grinnell K, Duong H, Newton J, Rounds S, Choudhary G, Harrington EO. Heterogeneity in apoptotic responses of microvascular endothelial cells to oxidative stress. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1899-910. [PMID: 21732361 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to disease and can alter endothelial cell (EC) function. EC from different vascular beds are heterogeneous in structure and function, thus we assessed the apoptotic responses of EC from lung and heart to oxidative stress. Since protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) is activated by oxidative stress and is an important modulator of apoptosis, experiments assessed the level of apoptosis in fixed lung and heart sections of PKCδ wild-type (PKCδ(+/+)) and null (PKCδ(-/-)) mice housed under normoxia (21% O(2)) or hyperoxia (~95% O(2)). We noted a significantly greater number of TUNEL-positive cells in lungs of hyperoxic PKCδ(+/+) mice, compared to matched hearts or normoxic organs. We found that 33% of apoptotic cells identified in hyperoxic lungs of PKCδ(+/+) mice were EC, compared to 7% EC in hyperoxic hearts. We further noted that EC apoptosis was significantly reduced in lungs of PKCδ(-/-) hyperoxic mice, compared to lungs of PKCδ(+/+) hyperoxic mice. In vitro, both hyperoxia and H(2)O(2) promoted apoptosis in EC isolated from microvasculature of lung (LMVEC), but not from the heart (HMVEC). H(2)O(2) treatment significantly increased p38 activity in LMVEC, but not in HMVEC. Inhibition of p38 attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced LMVEC apoptosis. Baseline expression of total PKCδ protein, as well as the caspase-mediated, catalytically active PKCδ cleavage fragment, was higher in LMVEC, compared to HMVEC. PKCδ inhibition significantly attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced LMVEC p38 activation. Conversely, overexpression of wild-type PKCδ or the catalytically active PKCδ cleavage product greatly increased H(2)O(2)-induced HMVEC caspase and p38 activation. We propose that enhanced susceptibility of lung EC to oxidant-induced apoptosis is due to increased PKCδ→p38 signaling, and we describe a PKCδ-centric pathway which dictates the differential response of EC from distinct vascular beds to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Grinnell
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA
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Jin H, Kanthasamy A, Anantharam V, Rana A, Kanthasamy AG. Transcriptional regulation of pro-apoptotic protein kinase Cdelta: implications for oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19840-59. [PMID: 21467032 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.203687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ; PKC delta) is an oxidative stress-sensitive kinase that plays a causal role in apoptotic cell death in neuronal cells. Although PKCδ activation has been extensively studied, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling PKCδ expression. To characterize the regulation of PKCδ expression, we cloned an ∼2-kbp 5'-promoter segment of the mouse Prkcd gene. Deletion analysis indicated that the noncoding exon 1 region contained multiple Sp sites, including four GC boxes and one CACCC box, which directed the highest levels of transcription in neuronal cells. In addition, an upstream regulatory region containing adjacent repressive and anti-repressive elements with opposing regulatory activities was identified within the region -712 to -560. Detailed mutagenesis studies revealed that each Sp site made a positive contribution to PKCδ promoter expression. Overexpression of Sp family proteins markedly stimulated PKCδ promoter activity without any synergistic transactivating effect. Furthermore, experiments in Sp-deficient SL2 cells indicated long isoform Sp3 as the essential activator of PKCδ transcription. Importantly, both PKCδ promoter activity and endogenous PKCδ expression in NIE115 cells and primary striatal cultures were inhibited by mithramycin A. The results from chromatin immunoprecipitation and gel shift assays further confirmed the functional binding of Sp proteins to the PKCδ promoter. Additionally, we demonstrated that overexpression of p300 or CREB-binding protein increases the PKCδ promoter activity. This stimulatory effect requires intact Sp-binding sites and is independent of p300 histone acetyltransferase activity. Finally, modulation of Sp transcriptional activity or protein level profoundly altered the cell death induced by oxidative insult, demonstrating the functional significance of Sp-dependent PKCδ gene expression. Collectively, our findings may have implications for development of new translational strategies against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Jin
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Yadav V, Yanez NC, Fenton SE, Denning MF. Loss of protein kinase C delta gene expression in human squamous cell carcinomas: a laser capture microdissection study. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:1091-6. [PMID: 20093486 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C delta (PKC-delta) protein levels are frequently low in chemically and UV-induced mouse skin tumors as well as in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Furthermore, overexpression of PKC-delta in human SCC lines and mouse epidermis is sufficient to induce apoptosis and suppress tumorigenicity, making PKC-delta a potential tumor suppressor gene for SCCs. Here we report that PKC-delta is lost in human SCCs at the transcriptional level. We used laser capture microdissection to isolate cells from three normal human epidermis and 14 human SCCs with low PKC-delta protein. Analysis by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR revealed that PKC-delta RNA was reduced an average of 90% in the SCCs tested, consistent with PKC-delta down-regulation at the protein level. Analysis of DNA from nine of the same tumors revealed that PKC-delta gene was deleted in only one tumor. In addition, Ras-transformed human keratinocytes, which have selective down-regulation of PKC-delta at both protein and mRNA levels, had significantly repressed human PKC-delta promoter activity. Together, these results indicate that PKC-delta gene expression is suppressed in human SCCs, probably via transcription repression. Our results have implications for the development of topical therapeutic strategies to trigger the re-expression of pro-apoptotic PKC-delta to induce apoptosis in SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Yadav
- Molecular Biology Program, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, the Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Room 304, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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9
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Hooper C, Soliman R, Lovestone S, Killick R. p63α and γ Induce TAU Phosphorylation in Cultured Mammalian Cells. J Exp Neurosci 2010. [DOI: 10.4137/jen.s6295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we show by western blotting that transcriptionally active isoforms of p63 (p63α and p63γ) induce the phosphorylation of human 2N4R tau at the tau-1/AT8 epitope in HEK293a cells; a phospho-epitope increased in Alzheimer's disease. Confocal microscopy shows that tau and p63α are spatially separated intracellularly. Tau was found in the cytoskeletal compartment, whilst p63α was located in the nucleus, indicating that the effects of p63 on tau phosphorylation are indirectly mediated. Tau phosphorylation occurred independently of the known tau kinases, protein kinase C delta (PKCδ), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38), glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and the tau protein phosphatases (PP), PP1 and PP2A-Aα/β. Considering that p63 and tau are both associated with developmental processes, these findings have ramifications for neuronal development and synaptic plasticity and also neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudie Hooper
- King's College London, MRC Centre for Neurodegenerative Research, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Reem Soliman
- King's College London, MRC Centre for Neurodegenerative Research, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Simon Lovestone
- King's College London, MRC Centre for Neurodegenerative Research, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Richard Killick
- King's College London, MRC Centre for Neurodegenerative Research, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
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Sayan BS, Sayan AE, Yang AL, Aqeilan RI, Candi E, Cohen GM, Knight RA, Croce CM, Melino G. Cleavage of the transactivation-inhibitory domain of p63 by caspases enhances apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10871-6. [PMID: 17581882 PMCID: PMC1904122 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700761104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
p63 is a p53-related transcription factor. Utilization of two different promoters and alternative splicing at the C terminus lead to generation of six isoforms. The alpha isoforms of TAp63 and DeltaNp63 contain a transactivation-inhibitory (TI) domain at the C termini, which can bind to the transactivation (TA) domain and inhibit its transcriptional activity. Consequently, TAp63alpha can directly inhibit its activity through an intramolecular interaction; similarly, DeltaNp63alpha can inhibit the activity of the active TAp63 isoforms through an intermolecular interaction. In this work, we demonstrate that after induction of apoptosis, the TI domain of the p63alpha isoforms is cleaved by activated caspases. Cleavage of DeltaNp63alpha relieves its inhibitory effect on the transcriptionally active p63 proteins, and the cleavage of TAp63alpha results in production of a TAp63 protein with enhanced transcriptional activity. In agreement with these data, generation of the N-terminal TAp63 fragment has a role in apoptosis because stable cell lines expressing wild-type TAp63 are more sensitive to apoptosis compared with cells expressing the noncleavable mutant. We also used a model system in which TAp63 expression was induced by trichostatin-A treatment in HCT116 cells. Trichostatin-A sensitized these cells to apoptosis, and this sensitization was associated with cleavage of up-regulated p63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna S. Sayan
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - A. Emre Sayan
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Ai Li Yang
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Rami I. Aqeilan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gerald M. Cohen
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Knight
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo M. Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Gerry Melino
- *Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
- Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Rome, Italy
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Leicester University, Lancaster Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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Perez CA, Ott J, Mays DJ, Pietenpol JA. p63 consensus DNA-binding site: identification, analysis and application into a p63MH algorithm. Oncogene 2007; 26:7363-70. [PMID: 17563751 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
p53 and p63 belong to a family of sequence-specific transcription factors regulating key cellular processes. Differential composition of the p53 and p63 DNA-binding sites may contribute to distinct functions of these protein homologues. We used SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) methodology to identify nucleic acid ligands for p63. We found that p63 bound preferentially to DNA fragments conforming to the 20 bp sequence 5'-RRRC(A/G)(A/T)GYYYRRRC(A/T)(C/T)GYYY-3'. Relative to the p53 consensus, the p63 consensus DNA-binding site (DBS) was more degenerate, particularly at positions 10 and 11, and was enriched for A/G at position 5 and C/T at position 16 of the consensus. The differences in DNA-binding site preferences between p63 and p53 influenced their ability to activate transcription from select response elements (REs) in cells. A computer algorithm, p63MH, was developed to find candidate p63-binding motifs on input sequences. We identified genes responsive to p63 regulation that contain functional p63 REs. Our results suggest that the sequence composition of REs could be one contributing factor to target gene discrimination between p63 and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Perez
- Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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