1
|
Varna D, Geromichalos G, Gioftsidou DK, Tzimopoulos D, Hatzidimitriou AG, Dalezis P, Papi R, Trafalis D, Angaridis PA. N-heterocyclic-carbene vs diphosphine auxiliary ligands in thioamidato Cu(I) and Ag(I) complexes towards the development of potent and dual-activity antibacterial and apoptosis-inducing anticancer agents. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 252:112472. [PMID: 38215535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Group 11 metal complexes exhibit promising antibacterial and anticancer properties which can be further enhanced by appropriate ligands. Herein, a series of mononuclear thioamidato Cu(I) and Ag(I) complexes bearing either a diphosphine (P^P) or a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) auxiliary ligand (L) was synthesized, and the impact of the co-ligand L on the in vitro antibacterial and anticancer properties of their complexes was assessed. All complexes effectively inhibited the growth of various bacterial strains, with the NHC-Cu(I) complex found to be particularly effective against the Gram (+) bacteria (IC50 = 1-4 μg mL-1). Cytotoxicity studies against various human cancer cells revealed their high anticancer potency and the superior activity of the NHC-Ag(I) complex (IC50 = 0.95-4.5 μΜ). Flow cytometric analysis on lung and breast cancer cells treated with the NHC-Ag(I) complex suggested an apoptotic cell-death pathway; molecular docking calculations provided mechanistic insights, proving the capacity of the complex to bind on apoptosis-regulating proteins and affect their functionalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Varna
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Geromichalos
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra K Gioftsidou
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Demetrios Tzimopoulos
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios G Hatzidimitriou
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Dalezis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Rigini Papi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis A Angaridis
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Salmain M, Gaschard M, Baroud M, Lepeltier E, Jaouen G, Passirani C, Vessières A. Thioredoxin Reductase and Organometallic Complexes: A Pivotal System to Tackle Multidrug Resistant Tumors? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4448. [PMID: 37760418 PMCID: PMC10526406 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) are a family of diseases with poor prognosis despite access to increasingly sophisticated treatments. Several mechanisms explain these resistances involving both tumor cells and their microenvironment. It is now recognized that a multi-targeting approach offers a promising strategy to treat these MDR tumors. Inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), a key enzyme in maintaining redox balance in cells, is a well-identified target for this approach. Auranofin was the first inorganic gold complex to be described as a powerful inhibitor of TrxR. In this review, we will first recall the main results obtained with this metallodrug. Then, we will focus on organometallic complexes reported as TrxR inhibitors. These include gold(I), gold(III) complexes and metallocifens, i.e., organometallic complexes of Fe and Os derived from tamoxifen. In these families of complexes, similarities and differences in the molecular mechanisms of TrxR inhibition will be highlighted. Finally, the possible relationship between TrxR inhibition and cytotoxicity will be discussed and put into perspective with their mode of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Salmain
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; (M.S.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (A.V.)
| | - Marie Gaschard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; (M.S.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (A.V.)
| | - Milad Baroud
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France; (M.B.); (E.L.)
| | - Elise Lepeltier
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France; (M.B.); (E.L.)
| | - Gérard Jaouen
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; (M.S.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (A.V.)
| | - Catherine Passirani
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France; (M.B.); (E.L.)
| | - Anne Vessières
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; (M.S.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (A.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Greif CE, Mertens RT, Berger G, Parkin S, Awuah SG. An anti-glioblastoma gold(i)-NHC complex distorts mitochondrial morphology and bioenergetics to induce tumor growth inhibition. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:592-599. [PMID: 37547458 PMCID: PMC10398352 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00051f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal brain cancer subtype, often advanced by the time of initial diagnosis. Existing treatment modalities including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation have been stymied by recurrence, metastasis, drug resistance and brain targetability. Here, we report a geometrically distinct Au(i) complex ligated by N^N-bidentate ligands and supported by a N-heterocyclic ligand that modulates mitochondrial morphology to inhibit GBM in vitro and in vivo. This work benefits from the facile preparation of anti-GBM Au(i)-NHC complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Greif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - R Tyler Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - Gilles Berger
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Microbiology, Bioorganic & Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
- University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40536 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mitchell RJ, Gowda AS, Olivelli AG, Huckaba AJ, Parkin S, Unrine JM, Oza V, Blackburn JS, Ladipo F, Heidary DK, Glazer EC. Triarylphosphine-Coordinated Bipyridyl Ru(II) Complexes Induce Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:10940-10954. [PMID: 37405779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
While cancer cells rely heavily upon glycolysis to meet their energetic needs, reducing the importance of mitochondrial oxidative respiration processes, more recent studies have shown that their mitochondria still play an active role in the bioenergetics of metastases. This feature, in combination with the regulatory role of mitochondria in cell death, has made this organelle an attractive anticancer target. Here, we report the synthesis and biological characterization of triarylphosphine-containing bipyridyl ruthenium (Ru(II)) compounds and found distinct differences as a function of the substituents on the bipyridine and phosphine ligands. 4,4'-Dimethylbipyridyl-substituted compound 3 exhibited especially high depolarizing capabilities, and this depolarization was selective for the mitochondrial membrane and occurred within minutes of treatment in cancer cells. The Ru(II) complex 3 exhibited an 8-fold increase in depolarized mitochondrial membranes, as determined by flow cytometry, which compares favorably to the 2-fold increase observed by carbonyl cyanide chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), a proton ionophore that shuttles protons across membranes, depositing them into the mitochondrial matrix. Fluorination of the triphenylphosphine ligand provided a scaffold that maintained potency against a range of cancer cells but avoided inducing toxicity in zebrafish embryos at higher concentrations, displaying the potential of these Ru(II) compounds for anticancer applications. This study provides essential information regarding the role of ancillary ligands for the anticancer activity of Ru(II) coordination compounds that induce mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Anitha S Gowda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Alexander G Olivelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Aron J Huckaba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Jason M Unrine
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, 1100 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Viral Oza
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Jessica S Blackburn
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Folami Ladipo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - David K Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Neshat A, Mahdavi A, Yousefshahi MR, Cheraghi M, Mousavizadeh Mobarakeh A, Mohammadi S, Eigner V, Kucerakova M, Dusek M, Kaboudin B. Homobimetallic Au(I)-Au(I) and Heterotrimetallic Au(I)-Fe(II)-Au(I) Complexes with Dialkyldithiophosphates and Phosphine Ligands: Structural Characterization, DFT Analysis, and Tyrosinase Inhibitory and Biological Effects. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20423-20439. [PMID: 37332817 PMCID: PMC10268621 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of bridging and terminal ligand electronic and steric properties on the structure and antiproliferative activity of two-coordinated gold(I) complexes was investigated on seven novel binuclear and trinuclear gold(I) complexes synthesized by the reaction of either Au2(dppm)Cl2, Au2(dppe)Cl2, or Au2(dppf)Cl2 with potassium diisopropyldithiophosphate, K[(S-OiPr)2], potassium dicyclohexyldithiophosphate, K[(S-OCy)2], or sodium bis(methimazolyl)borate, Na(S-Mt)2, which afforded air-stable gold(I) complexes. In 1-7, the gold(I) centers adopt a two-coordinated linear geometry and are structurally similar. However, their structural features and antiproliferative properties highly depend upon subtle ligand substituent changes. All complexes were validated by 1H, 13C{1H}, 31P NMR, and IR spectroscopy. The solid-state structures of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7 were confirmed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A density functional theory geometry optimization calculation was used to extract further structural and electronic information. To investigate the possible cytotoxicities of 2, 3, and 7, in vitro cellular tests were carried out on the human cancerous breast cell line MCF-7. 2 and 7 show promising cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Neshat
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies
in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Mahdavi
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced
Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Yousefshahi
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies
in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Mahdi Cheraghi
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies
in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Ali Mousavizadeh Mobarakeh
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies
in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Saiedeh Mohammadi
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced
Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Vaclav Eigner
- Institute
of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, The Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kucerakova
- Institute
of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, The Czech Republic
| | - Michal Dusek
- Institute
of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, The Czech Republic
| | - Babak Kaboudin
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies
in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mertens RT, Gukathasan S, Arojojoye AS, Olelewe C, Awuah SG. Next Generation Gold Drugs and Probes: Chemistry and Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6612-6667. [PMID: 37071737 PMCID: PMC10317554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The gold drugs, gold sodium thiomalate (Myocrisin), aurothioglucose (Solganal), and the orally administered auranofin (Ridaura), are utilized in modern medicine for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis including rheumatoid and juvenile arthritis; however, new gold agents have been slow to enter the clinic. Repurposing of auranofin in different disease indications such as cancer, parasitic, and microbial infections in the clinic has provided impetus for the development of new gold complexes for biomedical applications based on unique mechanistic insights differentiated from auranofin. Various chemical methods for the preparation of physiologically stable gold complexes and associated mechanisms have been explored in biomedicine such as therapeutics or chemical probes. In this Review, we discuss the chemistry of next generation gold drugs, which encompasses oxidation states, geometry, ligands, coordination, and organometallic compounds for infectious diseases, cancer, inflammation, and as tools for chemical biology via gold-protein interactions. We will focus on the development of gold agents in biomedicine within the past decade. The Review provides readers with an accessible overview of the utility, development, and mechanism of action of gold-based small molecules to establish context and basis for the thriving resurgence of gold in medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Tyler Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Sailajah Gukathasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Adedamola S Arojojoye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Chibuzor Olelewe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Olelewe C, Awuah SG. Mitochondria as a target of third row transition metal-based anticancer complexes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 72:102235. [PMID: 36516614 PMCID: PMC9870944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In pursuit of better treatment options for malignant tumors, metal-based complexes continue to show promise as attractive chemotherapeutics due to tunability, novel mechanisms, and potency exemplified by platinum agents. The metabolic character of tumors renders the mitochondria and other metabolism pathways fruitful targets for medicinal inorganic chemistry. Cumulative understanding of the role of mitochondria in tumorigenesis has ignited research in mitochondrial targeting metal-based complexes to overcome resistance and inhibit tumor growth with high potency and selectivity. Here, we discuss recent progress made in third row transition metal-based mitochondrial targeting agents with the goal of stimulating an active field of research toward new clinical anticancer agents and the elucidation of novel mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chibuzor Olelewe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, United States; University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Highlights of New Strategies to Increase the Efficacy of Transition Metal Complexes for Cancer Treatments. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010273. [PMID: 36615466 PMCID: PMC9822110 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although important progress has been made, cancer still remains a complex disease to treat. Serious side effects, the insurgence of resistance and poor selectivity are some of the problems associated with the classical metal-based anti-cancer therapies currently in clinical use. New treatment approaches are still needed to increase cancer patient survival without cancer recurrence. Herein, we reviewed two promising-at least in our opinion-new strategies to increase the efficacy of transition metal-based complexes. First, we considered the possibility of assembling two biologically active fragments containing different metal centres into the same molecule, thus obtaining a heterobimetallic complex. A critical comparison with the monometallic counterparts was done. The reviewed literature has been divided into two groups: the case of platinum; the case of gold. Secondly, the conjugation of metal-based complexes to a targeting moiety was discussed. Particularly, we highlighted some interesting examples of compounds targeting cancer cell organelles according to a third-order targeting approach, and complexes targeting the whole cancer cell, according to a second-order targeting strategy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Milutinović MG, Milivojević NN, Đorđević NM, Nikodijević DD, Radisavljević SR, Đeković Kesić AS, Marković SD. Gold(III) Complexes with Phenanthroline-derivatives Ligands Induce Apoptosis in Human Colorectal and Breast Cancer Cell Lines. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:3215-3223. [PMID: 36162493 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their promising effects, gold(III) complexes recently drew increasing attention in the design of new metal-based anticancer therapeutics. Two gold(III) complexes, square-planar [Au(DPP)Cl2]+ - Complex 1 and distorted square-pyramidal [Au(DMP)Cl3] - Complex 2 (where DPP=4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline and DMP=2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) were previously synthetized, described and approved as complexes with pronounced cytotoxic effects on colorectal HCT-116 and breast MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. This study investigated the type of cell death by AO/EB double staining, and identification of possible targets responsible for their cytotoxicity, monitored by immunofluorescence and qPCR methods. Both complexes induced apoptosis in all applied concentrations. In the HCT-116 cells apoptosis was activated by external apoptotic pathway, via increase of Fas receptor protein expression and Caspase 8 gene expression. Also, the mitochondrial pathway was triggered by affecting the Bcl-2 members of regulatory proteins and increased caspase 9 protein expression. In MDA-MB-231 cells, apoptosis was initiated from the mitochondria, due to disbalance between expressions of pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members and caspase 9 activation. Complex 1 shows better activity compared to Complex 2, which is in accordance with its structural characteristics. The results deal weighty data about proapoptotic activity of gold(III) complexes and highlighted potential targets for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena G Milutinović
- University of Kragujevac, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Nevena N Milivojević
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Natural Sciences, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nevena M Đorđević
- University of Kragujevac, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Danijela D Nikodijević
- University of Kragujevac, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Snežana R Radisavljević
- University of Kragujevac, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ana S Đeković Kesić
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Natural Sciences, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Snežana D Marković
- University of Kragujevac, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Broad Spectrum Functional Activity of Structurally Related Monoanionic Au(III) Bis(Dithiolene) Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137146. [PMID: 35806151 PMCID: PMC9266914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological properties of sixteen structurally related monoanionic gold (III) bis(dithiolene/diselenolene) complexes were evaluated. The complexes differ in the nature of the heteroatom connected to the gold atom (AuS for dithiolene, AuSe for diselenolene), the substituent on the nitrogen atom of the thiazoline ring (Me, Et, Pr, iPr and Bu), the nature of the exocyclic atom or group of atoms (O, S, Se, C(CN)2) and the counter-ion (Ph4P+ or Et4N+). The anticancer and antimicrobial activities of all the complexes were investigated, while the anti-HIV activity was evaluated only for selected complexes. Most complexes showed relevant anticancer activities against Cisplatin-sensitive and Cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells A2780 and OVCAR8, respectively. After 48 h of incubation, the IC50 values ranged from 0.1–8 µM (A2780) and 0.8–29 µM (OVCAR8). The complexes with the Ph4P+ ([P]) counter-ion are in general more active than their Et4N+ ([N]) analogues, presenting IC50 values in the same order of magnitude or even lower than Auranofin. Studies in the zebrafish embryo model further showed that, despite their marked anticancer effect, the complexes with [P] counter-ion exhibited low in vivo toxicity. In general, the exocyclic exchange of sulfur by oxygen or ylidenemalononitrile (C(CN)2) enhanced the compounds toxicity. Most complexes containing the [P] counter ion exhibited exceptional antiplasmodial activity against the Plasmodium berghei parasite liver stages, with submicromolar IC50 values ranging from 400–700 nM. In contrast, antibacterial/fungi activities were highest for most complexes with the [N] counter-ion. Auranofin and two selected complexes [P][AuSBu(=S)] and [P][AuSEt(=S)] did not present anti-HIV activity in TZM-bl cells. Mechanistic studies for selected complexes support the idea that thioredoxin reductase, but not DNA, is a possible target for some of these complexes. The complexes [P] [AuSBu(=S)], [P] [AuSEt(=S)], [P] [AuSEt(=Se)] and [P] [AuSeiPr(=S)] displayed a strong quenching of the fluorescence intensity of human serum albumin (HSA), which indicates a strong interaction with this protein. Overall, the results highlight the promising biological activities of these complexes, warranting their further evaluation as future drug candidates with clinical applicability.
Collapse
|
11
|
Baranov AY, Sukhikh TS, Artem′ev AV. 1,2-BIS[BIS(PYRIDIN-2-YL-METHYL)PHOSPHINO] ETHANE AND ITS PdCl2-BASED COMPLEX: SYNTHESIS AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476622040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
12
|
Olelewe C, Kim JH, Ofori S, Mertens RT, Gukathasan S, Awuah SG. Gold(III)-P-chirogenic complex induces mitochondrial dysfunction in triple-negative breast cancer. iScience 2022; 25:104340. [PMID: 35602949 PMCID: PMC9117869 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical agents that specifically exploit metabolic vulnerabilities of cancer cells will be beneficial but are rare. The role of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in promoting and maintaining triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) growth provides new treatment opportunity. In this work, we describe AuPhos-19, a small-molecule gold(III)-based agent bearing a chiral phosphine ligand that selectively disrupts mitochondrial metabolism in murine and human TNBC cells but not normal epithelial cells. AuPhos-19 induces potent cytotoxic effect with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the nanomolar range (220-650 nM) across different TNBC cell lines. The lipophilic cationic character of AuPhos-19 facilitates interaction with mitochondrial OXPHOS. AuPhos-19 inhibits mitochondria respiration and induces significant AMPK activation. Depolarization of the mitochondria membrane, mitochondria ROS accumulation, and mitochondria DNA depletion provided further indication that AuPhos-19 perturbs mitochondria function. AuPhos-19 inhibits tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice. This study highlights the development of gold-based compounds targeting mitochondrial pathways for efficacious cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chibuzor Olelewe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Samuel Ofori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Randall T. Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | | | - Samuel G. Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Peña Q, Wang A, Zaremba O, Shi Y, Scheeren HW, Metselaar JM, Kiessling F, Pallares RM, Wuttke S, Lammers T. Metallodrugs in cancer nanomedicine. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2544-2582. [PMID: 35262108 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00468a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes are extensively used for cancer therapy. The multiple variables available for tuning (metal, ligand, and metal-ligand interaction) offer unique opportunities for drug design, and have led to a vast portfolio of metallodrugs that can display a higher diversity of functions and mechanisms of action with respect to pure organic structures. Clinically approved metallodrugs, such as cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin, are used to treat many types of cancer and play prominent roles in combination regimens, including with immunotherapy. However, metallodrugs generally suffer from poor pharmacokinetics, low levels of target site accumulation, metal-mediated off-target reactivity and development of drug resistance, which can all limit their efficacy and clinical translation. Nanomedicine has arisen as a powerful tool to help overcome these shortcomings. Several nanoformulations have already significantly improved the efficacy and reduced the toxicity of (chemo-)therapeutic drugs, including some promising metallodrug-containing nanomedicines currently in clinical trials. In this critical review, we analyse the opportunities and clinical challenges of metallodrugs, and we assess the advantages and limitations of metallodrug delivery, both from a nanocarrier and from a metal-nano interaction perspective. We describe the latest and most relevant nanomedicine formulations developed for metal complexes, and we discuss how the rational combination of coordination chemistry with nanomedicine technology can assist in promoting the clinical translation of metallodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quim Peña
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alec Wang
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Orysia Zaremba
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano, 3rd. Floor, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Hans W Scheeren
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Josbert M Metselaar
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roger M Pallares
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano, 3rd. Floor, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
González-Ballesteros MM, Mejía C, Ruiz-Azuara L. Metallodrugs, an approach against invasion and metastasis in cancer treatment. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:880-899. [PMID: 35170871 PMCID: PMC9063434 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous and multifactorial disease that causes high mortality throughout the world; therefore, finding the most effective therapies is a major research challenge. Currently, most anticancer drugs present a limited number of well‐established targets, such as cell proliferation or death; however, it is important to consider that the worse progression of cancer toward pathological stages implies invasion and metastasis processes. Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry (MIC) is a young area that deals with the design, synthesis, characterization, preclinical evaluation, and mechanism of action of new inorganic compounds, called metallodrugs. The properties of metallic ions allow enriching of strategies for the design of new drugs, enabling the adjustment of physicochemical and stereochemical properties. Metallodrugs can adopt geometries, such as tetrahedral, octahedral, square planar, and square planar pyramid, which adjusts their arrangement and facilitates binding with a wide variety of targets. The redox properties of some metal ions can be modulated by the presence of the bound ligands to adjust their interaction, thereby opening a range of mechanisms of action. In this regard, the mechanisms of action that trigger the biological activity of metallodrugs have been generally identified by: (a) coordination of the metal to biomolecules (for instance, cisplatin binds to the N7 in DNA guanine, as Pt‐N via coordination of the inhibition of enzymes); (b) redox‐active; and (c) ROS production. For this reason, a series of metallodrugs can interact with several specific targets in the anti‐invasive processes of cancer and can prevent metastasis. The structural base of several metal compounds shows great anticancer potential by inhibiting the signaling pathways related to cancer progression. In this minireview, we present the advances in the field of antimetastatic effects of metallodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio M González-Ballesteros
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Carmen Mejía
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, C.P, 76230, México
| | - Lena Ruiz-Azuara
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Expanding the armory for treating lymphoma: Targeting redox cellular status through thioredoxin reductase inhibition. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
16
|
Reinhard GL, Jayaraman S, Prybil JW, Arambula JF, Arumugam K. Detailed structural and spectroscopic elucidation of ferrocenium coupled N-heterocyclic carbene gold(I) complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:1533-1541. [PMID: 34989720 PMCID: PMC9069980 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03174k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Unambiguous assignment of redox sites on ferrocene coupled N-heterocyclic carbene gold(I) complexes [(Fc-NHC)2Au(I)]+ is critical to gain a greater mechanistic understanding of their activity in a cellular environment. Such information can be garnered with isolation and detailed characterization of the oxidized version of [(Fc-NHC)2Au(I)]+. Herein we disclose a study that unambiguously illustrates redox events pertaining to [(Fc-NHC)2Au(I)]+ that stem exclusively from ferrocene sites. This work also describes novel synthetic methodologies for isolating ferrocenium coupled N-heterocyclic carbene gold(I) complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garrett L Reinhard
- Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
| | | | - Joshua W Prybil
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan F Arambula
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Massai L, Cirri D, Marzo T, Messori L. Auranofin and its analogs as prospective agents for the treatment of colorectal cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2022; 5:1-14. [PMID: 35582525 PMCID: PMC8992591 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2021.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Today colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. This disease is poorly chemo-sensitive toward the existing medical treatments so that new and more effective therapeutic agents are urgently needed and intensely sought. Platinum drugs, oxaliplatin in particular, were reported to produce some significant benefit in CRC treatment, triggering the general interest of medicinal chemists and oncologists for metal-based compounds as candidate anti-CRC drugs. Within this frame, gold compounds and, specifically, the established antiarthritic drug auranofin with its analogs, form a novel group of promising anticancer agents. Owing to its innovative mechanism of action and its favorable pharmacological profile, auranofin together with its derivatives are proposed here as novel experimental agents for CRC treatment, capable of overcoming resistance to platinum drugs. Some encouraging results in this direction have already been obtained. A few recent studies demonstrate that the action of auranofin may be further potentiated through the preparation of suitable pharmaceutical formulations capable of protecting the gold pharmacophore from unselective reactivity or through the design of highly synergic drug combinations. The perspectives of the research in this field are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Massai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Damiano Cirri
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Tiziano Marzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
- CISUP - Centre for Instrumentation Sharing (Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione Scientifica), University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
- University Consortium for Research in the Chemistry of Metal ions in Biological Systems (CIRCMSB), Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pinto A, Roma-Rodrigues C, Ward JS, Puttreddy R, Rissanen K, Baptista PV, Fernandes AR, Lima JC, Rodríguez L. Aggregation versus Biological Activity in Gold(I) Complexes. An Unexplored Concept. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18753-18763. [PMID: 34719915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation process of a series of mono- and dinuclear gold(I) complexes containing a 4-ethynylaniline ligand and a phosphane at the second coordination position (PR3-Au-C≡CC6H4-NH2, complexes 1-5, and (diphos)(Au-C≡CC6H4-NH2)2, complexes 6-8), whose biological activity was previously studied by us, has been carefully analyzed through absorption, emission, and NMR spectroscopy, together with dynamic light scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering. These experiments allow us to retrieve information about how the compounds enter the cells. It was observed that all compounds present aggregation in fresh solutions, before biological treatment, and thus they must be entering the cells as aggregates. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry measurements showed that mononuclear complexes are mainly found in the cytosolic fraction; the dinuclear complexes are mainly found in a subsequent fraction composed of nuclei and cytoskeleton. Additionally, dinuclear complex 8 affects the actin aggregation to a larger extent, suggesting a cooperative effect of dinuclear compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pinto
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB). Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catarina Roma-Rodrigues
- UCIBIO─Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jas S Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jväskylä, Finland
| | - Rakesh Puttreddy
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jväskylä, Finland
| | - Pedro V Baptista
- UCIBIO─Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R Fernandes
- UCIBIO─Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Lima
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, CQFB, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2825-152 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB). Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
van der Westhuizen D, Bezuidenhout DI, Munro OQ. Cancer molecular biology and strategies for the design of cytotoxic gold(I) and gold(III) complexes: a tutorial review. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17413-17437. [PMID: 34693422 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02783b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review highlights key principles underpinning the design of selected metallodrugs to target specific biological macromolecules (DNA and proteins). The review commences with a descriptive overview of the eukaryotic cell cycle and the molecular biology of cancer, particularly apoptosis, which is provided as a necessary foundation for the discovery, design, and targeting of metal-based anticancer agents. Drugs which target DNA have been highlighted and clinically approved metallodrugs discussed. A brief history of the development of mainly gold-based metallodrugs is presented prior to addressing ligand systems for stabilizing and adding functionality to bio-active gold(I) and gold(III) complexes, particularly in the burgeoning field of anticancer metallodrugs. Concepts such as multi-modal and selective cytotoxic agents are covered where necessary for selected compounds. The emerging role of carbenes as the ligand system of choice to achieve these goals for gold-based metallodrug candidates is highlighted prior to closing the review with comments on some future directions that this research field might follow. The latter section ultimately emphasizes the importance of understanding the fate of metal complexes in cells to garner key mechanistic insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle van der Westhuizen
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| | - Daniela I Bezuidenhout
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Orde Q Munro
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abdalbari FH, Telleria CM. The gold complex auranofin: new perspectives for cancer therapy. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:42. [PMID: 35201489 PMCID: PMC8777575 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced stages of cancer are highly associated with short overall survival in patients due to the lack of long-term treatment options following the standard form of care. New options for cancer therapy are needed to improve the survival of cancer patients without disease recurrence. Auranofin is a clinically approved agent against rheumatoid arthritis that is currently enrolled in clinical trials for potential repurposing against cancer. Auranofin mainly targets the anti-oxidative system catalyzed by thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), which protects the cell from oxidative stress and death in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria. TrxR is over-expressed in many cancers as an adaptive mechanism for cancer cell proliferation, rendering it an attractive target for cancer therapy, and auranofin as a potential therapeutic agent for cancer. Inhibiting TrxR dysregulates the intracellular redox state causing increased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, and stimulates cellular demise. An alternate mechanism of action of auranofin is to mimic proteasomal inhibition by blocking the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which is critically important in cancer cells to prevent cell death when compared to non-cancer cells, because of its role on cell cycle regulation, protein degradation, gene expression, and DNA repair. This article provides new perspectives on the potential mechanisms used by auranofin alone, in combination with diverse other compounds, or in combination with platinating agents and/or immune checkpoint inhibitors to combat cancer cells, while assessing the feasibility for its repurposing in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah H Abdalbari
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carlos M Telleria
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Faizullin BA, Strelnik ID, Dayanova IR, Gerasimova TP, Kholin KV, Nizameev IR, Voloshina AD, Gubaidullin AT, Fedosimova SV, Mikhailov MA, Sokolov MN, Sibgatullina GV, Samigullin DV, Petrov KA, Karasik AA, Mustafina AR. Structure impact on photodynamic therapy and cellular contrasting functions of colloids constructed from dimeric Au(I) complex and hexamolybdenum clusters. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112355. [PMID: 34474903 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatically driven self-assembly of [Au2L2]2+ (L is cyclic PNNP ligand) with [{Mo6I8}(L')6]2- (L' = I-, CH3COO-) in aqueous solutions is introduced as facile route for combination of therapeutic and cellular contrasting functions within heterometallic colloids (Mo6-Au2). The nature of L' affects the size and aggregation behavior of crystalline Mo6-Au2 aggregates, which in turn affect the luminescence of the cluster units incorporated into Mo6-Au2 colloids. The spin trap facilitated electron spin resonance spectroscopy technique indicates that the level of ROS generated by Mo6-Au2 colloids is also affected by their size. Both (L' = I-, CH3COO-) Mo6-Au2 colloids undergo cell internalization, which is enhanced by their assembly with poly-DL-lysine (PL) for L' = CH3COO-, but remains unchanged for L' = I-. The colloids PL-Mo6-Au2 (L' = CH3COO-) are visualized as huge crystalline aggregates both outside and inside the cell cytoplasm by confocal microscopy imaging of the incubated cells, while the smaller sized (30-50 nm) PL-Mo6-Au2 (L' = I-) efficiently stain the cell nuclei. Quantitative colocalization analysis of PL-Mo6-Au2 (L' = CH3COO-) in lysosomal compartments points to the fast endo-lysosomal escape of the colloids followed by their intracellular aggregation. The cytotoxicity of PL-Mo6-Au2 differs from that of Mo6 and Au2 blocks, predominantly acting through apoptotic pathway. The photodynamic therapeutic effect of the PL-Mo6-Au2 colloids on the cancer cells correlates with their intracellular trafficking and aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bulat A Faizullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation; Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya str., 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation.
| | - Igor D Strelnik
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Irina R Dayanova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana P Gerasimova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill V Kholin
- Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev - KAI, 10 K. Marx str., 420111 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Irek R Nizameev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra D Voloshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Aidar T Gubaidullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana V Fedosimova
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya str., 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim A Mikhailov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim N Sokolov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Guzel V Sibgatullina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevski str., 420111 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry V Samigullin
- Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev - KAI, 10 K. Marx str., 420111 Kazan, Russian Federation; Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevski str., 420111 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A Petrov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Karasik
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Asiya R Mustafina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Al-Buthabhak HS, Yu Y, Sobolev A, Al-Salami H, Baker MV. 3,5-Dibromophenyl-functionalised imidazolium salts and their corresponding [Au(NHC)2]+ complexes: synthesis, supramolecular chemistry and anti-cancer activity. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-021-01082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
23
|
Nayeem N, Contel M. Exploring the Potential of Metallodrugs as Chemotherapeutics for Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Chemistry 2021; 27:8891-8917. [PMID: 33857345 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on studies of coordination and organometallic compounds as potential chemotherapeutics against triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) which has one of the poorest prognoses and worst survival rates from all breast cancer types. At present, chemotherapy is still the standard of care for TNBC since only one type of targeted therapy has been recently developed. References for metal-based compounds studied in TNBC cell lines will be listed, and those of metal-specific reviews, but a detailed overview will also be provided on compounds studied in vivo (mostly in mice models) and those compounds for which some preliminary mechanistic data was obtained (in TNBC cell lines and tumors) and/or for which bioactive ligands have been used. The main goal of this review is to highlight the most promising metal-based compounds with potential as chemotherapeutic agents in TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Nayeem
- Brooklyn College Cancer Center BCCC-CURE, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.,Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 11006, USA
| | - Maria Contel
- Brooklyn College Cancer Center BCCC-CURE, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.,Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 11006, USA.,Chemistry and Biochemistry PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 11006, USA.,University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim JH, Ofori S, Parkin S, Vekaria H, Sullivan PG, Awuah SG. Anticancer gold(iii)-bisphosphine complex alters the mitochondrial electron transport chain to induce in vivo tumor inhibition. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7467-7479. [PMID: 34163837 PMCID: PMC8171344 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01418h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Expanding the chemical diversity of metal complexes provides a robust platform to generate functional bioactive reagents. To access an excellent repository of metal-based compounds for probe/drug discovery, we capitalized on the rich chemistry of gold to create organometallic gold(iii) compounds by ligand tuning. We obtained novel organogold(iii) compounds bearing a 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene ligand, providing structural diversity with optimal physiological stability. Biological evaluation of the lead compound AuPhos-89 demonstrates mitochondrial complex I-mediated alteration of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) to drive respiration and diminish cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mechanism-of-action efforts, RNA-Seq, quantitative proteomics, and NCI-60 screening reveal a highly potent anticancer agent that modulates mitochondrial ETC. AuPhos-89 inhibits the tumor growth of metastatic triple negative breast cancer and represents a new strategy to study the modulation of mitochondrial respiration for the treatment of aggressive cancer and other disease states where mitochondria play a pivotal role in the pathobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - Samuel Ofori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - Hemendra Vekaria
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky USA
- Lexington Veterans' Affairs Healthcare System USA
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lu Y, Zhu D, Gui L, Li Y, Wang W, Liu J, Wang Y. A dual-targeting ruthenium nanodrug that inhibits primary tumor growth and lung metastasis via the PARP/ATM pathway. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:115. [PMID: 33892746 PMCID: PMC8063440 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have found that ruthenium complexes possess unique biochemical characteristics and inhibit tumor growth or metastasis. Results Here, we report the novel dual-targeting ruthenium candidate 2b, which has both antitumor and antimetastatic properties and targets tumor sites through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and transferrin/transferrin receptor (TF/TFR) interaction. The candidate 2b is composed of ruthenium-complexed carboline acid and four chloride ions. In vitro, 2b triggered DNA cleavage and thus blocked cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis via the PARP/ATM pathway. In vivo,2b inhibited not only Lewis lung cancer (LLC) tumor growth but also lung metastasis. We detected apoptosis and decreased CD31 expression in tumor tissues, and ruthenium accumulated in the primary tumor tissue of C57BL/6 mice implanted with LLC cells. Conclusions Thus, we conclude that 2b targets tumors, inhibits tumor growth and prevents lung metastasis.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanming Li
- Minimally Invasive Tumor Therapies Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawang Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 579 College of Pharmacy Building, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Yuji Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Investigating the Thioredoxin and Glutathione Systems' Response in Lymphoma Cells after Treatment with [Au(d2pype)2]CL. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010104. [PMID: 33451071 PMCID: PMC7828567 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is a blood cancer comprising various subtypes. Although effective therapies are available, some patients fail to respond to treatment and can suffer from side effects. Antioxidant systems, especially the thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH) systems, are known to enhance cancer cell survival, with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) recently reported as a potential anticancer target. Since the GSH system can compensate for some Trx system functions, we investigated its response in three lymphoma cell lines after inhibiting TrxR activity with [Au(d2pype)2]Cl, a known TrxR inhibitor. [Au(d2pype)2]Cl increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and induced caspase-3 activity leading to cell apoptosis through inhibiting both TrxR and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) activity. Expression of the tumour suppresser gene TXNIP increased, while GPX1 and GPX4 expression, which are related to poor prognosis of lymphoma patients, decreased. Unlike SUDHL2 and SUDHL4 cells, which exhibited a decreased GSH/GSSG ratio after treatment, in KMH2 cells the ratio remained unchanged, while glutathione reductase and glutaredoxin expression increased. Since KMH2 cells were less sensitive to treatment with [Au(d2pype)2]Cl, the GSH system may play a role in protecting cells from apoptosis after TrxR inhibition. Overall, our study demonstrates that inhibition of TrxR represents a valid therapeutic approach for lymphoma.
Collapse
|
27
|
Yue S, Luo M, Liu H, Wei S. Recent Advances of Gold Compounds in Anticancer Immunity. Front Chem 2020; 8:543. [PMID: 32695747 PMCID: PMC7338717 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, gold compounds have gained more and more attentions in the design of new metal anticancer drugs. Numerous researches have reported that gold compounds, in addition to their widely studied cytotoxic antitumor effects, also reverse tumor immune escape and directly facilitate the functions of immune cells, leading to enhanced anticancer effects. This review mainly summarizes our current understandings of antitumor effects of gold drugs and their relationships with various aspects of antitumor immunity, including innate immunity, adaptive immunity, immunogenic cell death, and immune checkpoints, as well as their roles in adverse effects. Some recent examples of anticancer gold compounds are highlighted. The property of gold compounds is expected to combine with anticancer immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, to develop new anticancer therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiguo Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity in vitro evaluation of novel dicyanoaurate (I)-based complexes. Life Sci 2020; 251:117635. [PMID: 32272179 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular structures containing gold, such as auranofin, have been extensively studied in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, including cancer treatment. The pharmacological properties of the newly synthesized unique gold-ligand structures have been reported for different cancer cell lines. However, findings on bishydeten-metal salt complexes with gold are rare. In this work, the synthesis of five novel cyanide-bridged coordination compounds having the closed formulae [Ni(bishydeten)][Au(CN)2]2 (1), [Cu(bishydeten)][Au(CN)2]2 (2), [Zn(bishydeten)2Au3(CN)4][Au2(CN)3] (3), [Cd(bishydeten)0,5]2[Au(CN)2]4.2H2O (4), and [Cd(bishydeten)2][Au(CN)2]2 (5) (where bisyhdeten = N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylene diamine), and their characterization by elemental, infrared, ESI-MS, X-ray (for 2) and thermic measurement methods were performed. Complexes 1 and 3 are thermally more stable than the other three complexes. For these, pharmacological adequacies were also tested. The nucleic acid and protein binding affinities of the Au (I) compounds were also estimated by spectroscopic and electrophoretic techniques. Au (I) complexes were identified as strong chemotherapeutic with mild cytotoxicity, and they demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition on the growth of cancer cells with IC50 at 0.11 to 0.47 μM. Investigation of mechanisms of action on cells revealed that Au (I) compounds managed to inhibit cell migration and led to a decrease in cytoskeletal proteins such as CK7 and CK20. However, Au (I) compounds failed to inhibit DNA topoisomerase I. Overall, and we suggest that potent antiproliferative activity, mild cytotoxicity, good solubility, and micromolar dosage of Au (I) compounds containing bisyhdeten-metal derivatives render them the potential focus of further studies as chemotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
|
29
|
Clapper E, Wang S, Raninga PV, Di Trapani G, Tonissen KF. Cross-talk between Bcr-abl and the Thioredoxin System in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia: Implications for CML Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E207. [PMID: 32138149 PMCID: PMC7139888 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is currently treated with inhibitors of the CML specific oncoprotein, bcr-abl. While this strategy is initially successful, drug resistance can become a problem. Therefore, new targets need to be identified to ensure the disease can be appropriately managed. The thioredoxin (Trx) system, comprised of Trx, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and NADPH, is an antioxidant system previously identified as a target for therapies aimed at overcoming drug resistance in other cancers. We assessed the effectiveness of TrxR inhibitors on drug resistant CML cells and examined links between TrxR and the bcr-abl cell-signalling pathway. Two TrxR inhibitors, auranofin and [Au(d2pype)2]Cl, increased intracellular ROS levels and elicited apoptosis in both sensitive and imatinib resistant CML cells. Inhibition of TrxR activity by these pharmacological inhibitors, or by specific siRNA, also resulted in decreased bcr-abl mRNA and protein levels, and lower bcr-abl downstream signalling activity, potentially enhancing the effectiveness of TrxR inhibitors as CML therapies. In addition, imatinib resistant CML cell lines showed upregulated expression of the Trx system. Furthermore, analysis of datasets showed that CML patients who did not respond to imatinib had higher Trx mRNA levels than patients who responded to treatment. Our study demonstrates a link between the Trx system and the bcr-abl protein and highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting the Trx system to improve CML patients' outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Clapper
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (E.C.); (S.W.)
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Sicong Wang
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (E.C.); (S.W.)
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Prahlad V. Raninga
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Giovanna Di Trapani
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (E.C.); (S.W.)
| | - Kathryn F. Tonissen
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (E.C.); (S.W.)
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Comparative study of the antitumoral activity of phosphine-thiosemicarbazone gold(I) complexes obtained by different methodologies. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 203:110931. [PMID: 31786438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of phosphino-thiosemicarbazone gold(I) dinuclear complexes obtained by two different synthetic procedures have been prepared. All the compounds have been spectroscopically characterized including single crystal X ray diffraction analysis in some of cases. [Au2(HL1)Cl2] (1), [Au2(HL2)2]Cl2 (2) and [Au2(HL3)2]Cl2 (3) have been prepared by chemical synthesis using a gold(III) salt as precursor; while [Au2(L1)2] (4), [Au2(L2)2]∙2CH3CN (5) and [Au2(L3)2] (6) have been isolated from an electrochemical synthesis (HLn = 2-[2-(diphenylphosphanyl)-benzylidene]-N-R-thiosemicarbazone; HL1: R = methyl, HL2: R = methoxyphenyl, HL3: R = nitrophenyl). The in vitro cytotoxic activity of these gold(I) complexes was tested against some human tumor cell lines: HeLa 229 (cervical epithelial carcinoma), MCF-7 (ovarian adenocarcinoma), NCI-H460 (non-small-cell lung cancer) and MRC5 (normal human lung fibroblast), and the IC50 values compared with those of cisplatin. The neutral methyl-substituted complexes 1 and 4 and methoxyphenyl 5 displayed significant cytotoxic activities in all investigated cancer cell lines, being 1 and 4 the most effective. The ability of complexes 1 and 4 to induce cell death by apoptosis in Hela 229 was also investigated by fluorescence microscopy using the apoptotic DNA fragmentation as marker. These results indicated that the inhibition of cell proliferation is mainly due to an apoptotic process. In order to obtain more information about the mechanism of action of these metallocompounds, the interactions of complexes 1 and 4 with the thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzyme were analyzed. Both complexes exhibited a strong inhibition of the thioredoxin reductase activity.
Collapse
|
31
|
Korman DB, Nekrasova EI, Ostrovskaya LA, Ryabaya OO, Bluhterova NV, Abzaeva KA. The Sensitivity of Human Tumor Cells to the Cytotoxicity of Gold Polyacrylate (Aurumacryl). Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350919060125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
32
|
Sze JH, Raninga PV, Nakamura K, Casey M, Khanna KK, Berners-Price SJ, Di Trapani G, Tonissen KF. Anticancer activity of a Gold(I) phosphine thioredoxin reductase inhibitor in multiple myeloma. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101310. [PMID: 31514052 PMCID: PMC6742860 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), the second most common haematological malignancy, is a clonal plasma B-cell neoplasm that forms within the bone marrow. Despite recent advancements in treatment, MM remains an incurable disease. Auranofin, a linear gold(I) phosphine compound, has previously been shown to exert a significant anti-myeloma activity by inhibiting thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity. A bis-chelated tetrahedral gold(I) phosphine complex [Au(d2pype)2]Cl (where d2pype is 1,2-bis(di-2-pyridylphosphino)ethane) was previously designed to improve the gold(I) compound selectivity towards selenol- and thiol-containing proteins, such as TrxR. In this study, we show that [Au(d2pype)2]Cl significantly inhibited TrxR activity in both bortezomib-sensitive and resistant myeloma cells, which led to a significant reduction in cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis, both of which were dependent on ROS. In clonogenic assays, treatment with [Au(d2pype)2]Cl completely abrogated the tumourigenic capacity of MM cells, whereas auranofin was less effective. We also show that [Au(d2pype)2]Cl exerted a significant anti-myeloma activity in vivo in human RPMI8226 xenograft model in immunocompromised NOD/SCID mice. The MYC oncogene, known to drive myeloma progression, was downregulated in both in vitro and in vivo models when treated with [Au(d2pype)2]Cl. This study highlights the "proof of concept" that improved gold(I)-based compounds could potentially be used to not only treat MM but as an alternative tool to understand the role of the Trx system in the pathogenesis of this blood disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hui Sze
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Prahlad V Raninga
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Kyohei Nakamura
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Mika Casey
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | | | - Giovanna Di Trapani
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Kathryn F Tonissen
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gold(I/III)-Phosphine Complexes as Potent Antiproliferative Agents. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12335. [PMID: 31451718 PMCID: PMC6710276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of gold reagents [HAuCl4•3H2O], [AuCl(tht)], or cyclometalated gold(III) precursor, [C^NAuCl2] with chiral ((R,R)-(-)-2,3-bis(t-butylmethylphosphino) quinoxaline) and non-chiral phosphine (1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, dppe) ligands lead to distorted Au(I), (1, 2, 4, 5) and novel cyclometalated Au(III) complexes (3, 6). These gold compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR, microanalysis, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. The inherent electrochemical properties of the gold complexes were also studied by cyclic voltammetry and theoretical insight of the complexes was gained by density functional theory and TD-DFT calculations. The complexes effectively kill cancer cells with IC50 in the range of ~0.10–2.53 μΜ across K562, H460, and OVCAR8 cell lines. In addition, the retinal pigment epithelial cell line, RPE-Neo was used as a healthy cell line for comparison. Differential cellular uptake in cancer cells was observed for the compounds by measuring the intracellular accumulation of gold using ICP-OES. Furthermore, the compounds trigger early – late stage apoptosis through potential disruption of redox homeostasis. Complexes 1 and 3 induce predominant G1 cell cycle arrest. Results presented in this report suggest that stable gold-phosphine complexes with variable oxidation states hold promise in anticancer drug discovery and need further development.
Collapse
|
34
|
Development and future prospects of selective organometallic compounds as anticancer drug candidates exhibiting novel modes of action. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 175:269-286. [PMID: 31096151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
35
|
Mohammadi F, Soltani A, Ghahremanloo A, Javid H, Hashemy SI. The thioredoxin system and cancer therapy: a review. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 84:925-935. [PMID: 31367788 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and NADPH are key members of the Trx system that is involved in redox regulation and antioxidant defense. In recent years, several researchers have provided information about the roles of the Trx system in cancer development and progression. These reports indicated that many tumor cells express high levels of Trx and TrxR, which can be responsible for drug resistance in tumorigenesis. Inhibition of the Trx system may thus contribute to cancer therapy and improving chemotherapeutic agents. There are now a number of effective natural and synthetic inhibitors with chemotherapy applications possessing antitumor activity ranging from oxidative stress induction to apoptosis. In this article, we first described the features and functions of the Trx system and then reviewed briefly its correlations with cancer. Finally, we summarized the present knowledge about the Trx/TrxR inhibitors as anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Soltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atefeh Ghahremanloo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Javid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abdel‐Aal MAA, Abdel‐Aziz SA, Shaykoon MSA, Abuo‐Rahma GEA. Towards anticancer fluoroquinolones: A review article. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1800376. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. A. Abdel‐Aal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of PharmacyMinia UniversityMinia Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of PharmacyAl‐Azhar UniversityAssiut Egypt
| | - Salah A. Abdel‐Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of PharmacyAl‐Azhar UniversityAssiut Egypt
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Bian M, Fan R, Zhao S, Liu W. Targeting the Thioredoxin System as a Strategy for Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7309-7321. [PMID: 30963763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) participates in the regulation of redox reactions in organisms. It works mainly via its substrate molecule, thioredoxin, to maintain the redox balance and regulate signal transduction, which controls cell proliferation, differentiation, death, and other important physiological processes. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that the overactivation of TrxR is related to the development of tumors. The exploration of TrxR-targeted antitumor drugs has attracted wide attention and is expected to provide new therapies for cancer treatment. In this perspective, we highlight the specific relationship between TrxR and apoptotic signaling pathways. The cytoplasm and mitochondria both contain TrxR, resulting in the activation of apoptosis. TrxR activity influences reactive oxygen species (ROS) and further regulates the inflammatory signaling pathway. In addition, we discuss representative TrxR inhibitors with anticancer activity and analyze the challenges in developing TrxR inhibitors as anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mianli Bian
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Rong Fan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Sai Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China.,Institute of New Medicine Research , Nanjing Hicin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. , Nanjing 210046 , P. R. China
| | - Wukun Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Karadağ A, Aydin A, Tekin Ş, Akbaş H, Dede S. Pharmacological properties of dicyanidoaurate(I)-based complexes: characterization and single crystal X-ray analysis. J COORD CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2019.1583333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Karadağ
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkey
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ali Aydin
- Ministry of Health, Tuzla State Hospital, Central Laboratory, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Şaban Tekin
- TÜBİTAK MRC Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Biology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Akbaş
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Süreyya Dede
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Background:
Since the serendipitous discovery of the antitumor activity of cisplatin
there has been a continuous surge in studies aimed at the development of new cytotoxic
metal complexes. While the majority of these complexes have been designed to interact with
nuclear DNA, other targets for anticancer metallodrugs attract increasing interest. In cancer
cells the mitochondrial metabolism is deregulated. Impaired apoptosis, insensitivity to antigrowth
signals and unlimited proliferation have been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. It
is therefore not surprising that mitochondria have emerged as a major target for cancer therapy.
Mitochondria-targeting agents are able to bypass resistance mechanisms and to (re-) activate
cell-death programs.
Methods:
Web-based literature searching tools such as SciFinder were used to search for reports
on cytotoxic metal complexes that are taken up by the mitochondria and interact with
mitochondrial DNA or mitochondrial proteins, disrupt the mitochondrial membrane potential,
facilitate mitochondrial membrane permeabilization or activate mitochondria-dependent celldeath
signaling by unbalancing the cellular redox state. Included in the search were publications
investigating strategies to selectively accumulate metallodrugs in the mitochondria.
Results:
This review includes 241 references on antimitochondrial metal complexes, the use
of mitochondria-targeting carrier ligands and the formation of lipophilic cationic complexes.
Conclusion:
Recent developments in the design, cytotoxic potency, and mechanistic understanding
of antimitochondrial metal complexes, in particular of cyclometalated Au, Ru, Ir and
Pt complexes, Ru polypyridine complexes and Au-N-heterocyclic carbene and phosphine
complexes are summarized and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Erxleben
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Scalcon V, Bindoli A, Rigobello MP. Significance of the mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase in cancer cells: An update on role, targets and inhibitors. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 127:62-79. [PMID: 29596885 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase 2 (TrxR2) is a key component of the mitochondrial thioredoxin system able to transfer electrons to peroxiredoxin 3 (Prx3) in a reaction mediated by thioredoxin 2 (Trx2). In this way, both the level of hydrogen peroxide and thiol redox state are modulated. TrxR2 is often overexpressed in cancer cells conferring apoptosis resistance. Due to their exposed flexible arm containing selenocysteine, both cytosolic and mitochondrial TrxRs are inhibited by a large number of molecules. The various classes of inhibitors are listed and the molecules acting specifically on TrxR2 are extensively described. Particular emphasis is given to gold(I/III) complexes with phosphine, carbene or other ligands and to tamoxifen-like metallocifens. Also chemically unrelated organic molecules, including natural compounds and their derivatives, are taken into account. An important feature of many TrxR2 inhibitors is provided by their nature of delocalized lipophilic cations that allows their accumulation in mitochondria exploiting the organelle membrane potential. The consequences of TrxR2 inhibition are presented focusing especially on the impact on mitochondrial pathophysiology. Inhibition of TrxR2, by hindering the activity of Trx2 and Prx3, increases the mitochondrial concentration of reactive oxygen species and shifts the thiol redox state toward a more oxidized condition. This is reflected by alterations of specific targets involved in the release of pro-apoptotic factors such as cyclophilin D which acts as a regulator of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Therefore, the selective inhibition of TrxR2 could be utilized to induce cancer cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Scalcon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Alberto Bindoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience (CNR), Padova Section, c/o Department of Biomedical Sciences, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Rigobello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Polypyridyl Zinc(II)-Indomethacin Complexes with Potent Anti-Breast Cancer Stem Cell Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092253. [PMID: 30181492 PMCID: PMC6225474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought of as a clinically pertinent subpopulation of tumors, partly responsible for cancer relapse and metastasis. Research programs aimed at discovering anti-CSC agents have largely focused on biologics and purely organic molecules. Recently, we showed that a family of redox-active copper(II) complexes with phenanthroline-based ligands and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin, are capable of potently and selectively killing breast CSCs. Herein we present analogous redox-inactive, zinc(II)-phenanthroline-indomethacin complexes with the ability to kill breast CSCs and bulk breast cancer cells with equal potency (in the submicro- or micromolar range). A single dose of the zinc(II) complexes could theoretically be administered to eliminate whole tumor populations. Excitingly, some of the zinc(II) complexes decrease the growth and viability of mammospheres to a comparable or higher degree than salinomycin, a compound known to effectively kill breast CSCs. As far as we are aware this is the first report to examine the anti-breast CSC activity of zinc(II)-containing compounds.
Collapse
|
43
|
Yeo CI, Ooi KK, Tiekink ERT. Gold-Based Medicine: A Paradigm Shift in Anti-Cancer Therapy? Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061410. [PMID: 29891764 PMCID: PMC6100309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new era of metal-based drugs started in the 1960s, heralded by the discovery of potent platinum-based complexes, commencing with cisplatin [(H₃N)₂PtCl₂], which are effective anti-cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. While clinical applications of gold-based drugs largely relate to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, attention has turned to the investigation of the efficacy of gold(I) and gold(III) compounds for anti-cancer applications. This review article provides an account of the latest research conducted during the last decade or so on the development of gold compounds and their potential activities against several cancers as well as a summary of possible mechanisms of action/biological targets. The promising activities and increasing knowledge of gold-based drug metabolism ensures that continued efforts will be made to develop gold-based anti-cancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien Ing Yeo
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University. No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Kah Kooi Ooi
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University. No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Edward R T Tiekink
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University. No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bertrand B, Williams MRM, Bochmann M. Gold(III) Complexes for Antitumor Applications: An Overview. Chemistry 2018; 24:11840-11851. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Bertrand
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
- Sorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ Paris 06CNRSInstitut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM) 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | | | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhang C, Hemmert C, Gornitzka H, Cuvillier O, Zhang M, Sun RWY. Cationic and Neutral N-Heterocyclic Carbene Gold(I) Complexes: Cytotoxicity, NCI-60 Screening, Cellular Uptake, Inhibition of Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase, and Reactive Oxygen Species Formation. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1218-1229. [PMID: 29603648 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A structurally diverse library of 14 gold(I) cationic bis(NHC) and neutral mono(NHC) complexes (NHC: N-heterocyclic carbene) was synthesized and characterized in this work. Four of them were new cationic gold(I) complexes containing functionalized NHCs, and their X-ray crystal structures are presented herein. All of the complexes were investigated for their anticancer activities in four cancer cell lines, including a cisplatin-resistant variant, and a noncancerous cell line. Seven of the cationic gold(I) complexes were found to display high and specific cytotoxic activities toward cancer cells. Two of them were even able to overcome cisplatin resistance. Two highly potent cationic complexes (11 and 15) were also submitted to the NCI-60 cancer panel for further cytotoxicity evaluation. Complex 15 showed a surprisingly high potency toward leukemia among the nine examined cancer subtypes, particularly toward the CCRF-CEM leukemia cell line with a concentration for 50 % inhibition of growth down to 79.4 nm. In addition, cationic complex 13, which demonstrated a remarkable cytotoxicity against hepatocellular carcinoma, was selected to obtain insight into the mechanistic aspects in HepG2 cells. Cellular uptake measurements were indicative of good bioavailability. By various biochemical assays, this complex was found to effectively inhibit thioredoxin reductase and its cytotoxicity toward HepG2 cells was found to be reactive oxygen species dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Heinz Gornitzka
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Cuvillier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Raymond Wai-Yin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Głodek M, Makal A, Paluch P, Kadziołka-Gaweł M, Kobayashi Y, Zakrzewski J, Plażuk D. (Ar-CO-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C)(PEt 3)Au and (Ar-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C)(PEt 3)Au complexes bearing pyrenyl and ferrocenyl groups: synthesis, structure, and luminescence properties. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:6702-6712. [PMID: 29701735 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01061g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two types of (acetylide)(triethylphosphine)gold(i) complexes ArCOC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CAuPEt3 (1a and 1b) and ArC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CAuPEt3 (2a and 2b) bearing Ar = pyren-1-yl or ferrocenyl group were synthesized and the effect of a carbonyl moiety on the structure, propensity to ligand scrambling in solution and luminescence properties were investigated. We found that the complexes bearing acetylenic ketone-derived ligands underwent ligand scrambling in solution to afford mixtures of ArCOC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CAuPEt3 and [(ArCOC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C)2Au]-[Au(PEt3)2]+. The latter complexes were isolated and their structures were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The aurophilic interaction of AuAu in these complexes resulted in the formation of wire-like structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Głodek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, ul. Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Scalcon V, Salmain M, Folda A, Top S, Pigeon P, Shirley Lee HZ, Jaouen G, Bindoli A, Vessières A, Rigobello MP. Tamoxifen-like metallocifens target the thioredoxin system determining mitochondrial impairment leading to apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Metallomics 2018. [PMID: 28636040 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00121e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen-like metallocifens (TLMs) of the group-8 metals (Fe, Ru, and Os) show strong anti-proliferative activity on cancer cell lines resistant to apoptosis, owing to their unique redox properties. In contrast, the thioredoxin system, which is involved in cellular redox balance, is often overexpressed in cancer cells, especially in tumour types resistant to standard chemotherapies. Therefore, we investigated the effect of these three TLMs on the thioredoxin system and evaluated the input of the metallocene unit in comparison with structurally related organic tamoxifens. In vitro, all three TLMs became strong inhibitors of the cytosolic (TrxR1) and mitochondrial (TrxR2) isoforms of thioredoxin reductase after enzymatic oxidation with HRP/H2O2 while none of the organic analogues was effective. In Jurkat cells, TLMs inhibited mainly TrxR2, resulting in the accumulation of oxidized thioredoxin 2 and cell redox imbalance. Overproduction of ROS resulted in a strong decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential, translocation of cytochrome c to the cytosol and activation of caspase 3, thus leading to apoptosis. None of these events occurred with organic tamoxifens. The mitochondrial fraction of cells exposed to TLMs contained a high amount of the corresponding metal, as quantified by ICP-OES. The lipophilic and cationic character associated with the singular redox properties of the TLMs could explain why they alter the mitochondrial function. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of action of tamoxifen-like metallocifens, underlying their prodrug behaviour and the pivotal role played by the metallocenic entity in their cytotoxic activity associated with the induction of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Scalcon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
The ability of silver(I) thiocyanate 4-methoxyphenyl phosphine to induce apoptotic cell death in esophageal cancer cells is correlated to mitochondrial perturbations. Biometals 2018; 31:189-202. [PMID: 29430579 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-0051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
First generation silver(I) phosphines have garnered much interest due to their vast structural diversity and promising anticancer activity. Increasing incidences of cancer, side-effects to chemotherapeutic agents and redevelopment of tumors due to resistance prompts the exploration of alternative compounds showing anticancer activity. This study revealed the effective induction of cell death by a silver(I) thiocyanate 4-methoxyphenyl phosphine complex in a malignant esophageal cell line. Apoptotic cell death was confirmed in treated cells. Moreover, mitochondrial targeting via the intrinsic cell death pathway was evident due to low levels of ATP, altered ROS activity, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release and caspase-9 cleavage. The complex displayed low cytotoxicity towards two human non-malignant, skin and kidney, cell lines. The findings reported herein give further insight into the selective targeting of silver(I) phosphines and support our belief that this complex shows great promise as an effective chemotherapeutic drug.
Collapse
|
49
|
Porchia M, Pellei M, Marinelli M, Tisato F, Del Bello F, Santini C. New insights in Au-NHCs complexes as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:709-746. [PMID: 29407992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Within the research field of antitumor metal-based agents alternative to platinum drugs, gold(I/III) coordination complexes have always been in the forefront due mainly to the familiarity of medicinal chemists with gold compounds, whose application in medicine goes back in the ancient times, and to the rich chemistry shown by this metal. In the last decade, N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (NHC), a class of ligands that largely resembles the chemical properties of phosphines, became of interest for gold(I) medicinal applications, and since then, the research on NHC-gold(I/III) coordination complexes as potential antiproliferative agents boosted dramatically. Different classes of gold(I/III)-NHC complexes often showed an outstanding in vitro antiproliferative activity, however up to now very few in vivo data have been reported to corroborate the in vitro results. This review summarizes all achievements in the field of gold (I/III) complexes comprising NHC ligands proposed as potential antiproliferative agents in the period 2004-2016, and critically analyses biological data (mainly IC50 values) in relation to the chemical structures of Au compounds. The state of art of the in vivo studies so far described is also reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maura Pellei
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy.
| | - Marika Marinelli
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Carlo Santini
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ssemaganda A, Low LM, Verhoeft KR, Wambuzi M, Kawoozo B, Nabasumba SB, Mpendo J, Bagaya BS, Kiwanuka N, Stanisic DI, Berners-Price SJ, Good MF. Gold(i) phosphine compounds as parasite attenuating agents for malaria vaccine and drug development. Metallomics 2018; 10:444-454. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00311k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The asexual blood-stagePlasmodiumparasite attenuating properties of gold(i) phosphine compounds are exploited in a novel strategy for malaria vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mathias Wambuzi
- UVRI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Program
- Uganda Virus Research Institute
- Entebbe
- Uganda
| | - Barbarah Kawoozo
- UVRI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Program
- Uganda Virus Research Institute
- Entebbe
- Uganda
| | | | - Juliet Mpendo
- UVRI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Program
- Uganda Virus Research Institute
- Entebbe
- Uganda
| | - Bernard S. Bagaya
- UVRI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Program
- Uganda Virus Research Institute
- Entebbe
- Uganda
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology
| | - Noah Kiwanuka
- UVRI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Program
- Uganda Virus Research Institute
- Entebbe
- Uganda
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|