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Asgharzadeh F, Memarzia A, Alikhani V, Beigoli S, Boskabady MH. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: Key regulators of tumor progression and growth. Transl Oncol 2024; 47:102039. [PMID: 38917593 PMCID: PMC11254173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.102039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the main causes of death on the globe is cancer. Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors, including PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ, which are important in regulating cancer cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and tumor growth. Activation of PPARs by endogenous or synthetic compounds regulates tumor progression in various tissues. Although each PPAR isotype suppresses or promotes tumor development depending on the specific tissues or ligands, the mechanism is still unclear. PPARs are receiving interest as possible therapeutic targets for a number of disorders. Numerous clinical studies are being conducted on PPARs as possible therapeutic targets for cancer. Therefore, this review will focus on the existing and future uses of PPARs agonists and antagonists in treating malignancies. PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus databases were searched regarding the effect of PPARs on various types of cancers until the end of May 2023. The results of the review articles showed the therapeutic influence of PPARs on a wide range of cancer on in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. However, further experimental and clinical studies are needed to be conducted on the influence of PPARs on various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arghavan Memarzia
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vida Alikhani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Sima Beigoli
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Llavanera M, Mateo-Otero Y, Bonet S, Barranco I, Fernández-Fuertes B, Yeste M. The triple role of glutathione S-transferases in mammalian male fertility. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2331-2342. [PMID: 31807814 PMCID: PMC11105063 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03405-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Male idiopathic infertility accounts for 15-25% of reproductive failure. One of the factors that has been linked to this condition is oxidative stress (OS), defined as the imbalance between antioxidants and reactive oxygen species. Amongst the different factors that protect the cell against OS, the members of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) superfamily play an important role. Interestingly, reduction or lack of some GSTs has been associated to infertility in men. Therefore, and to clarify the relationship between GSTs and male fertility, the aim of this work is to describe the role that GSTs play in the male reproductive tract and in sperm physiology. To that end, the present review provides a novel perspective on the triple role of GSTs (detoxification, regulation of cell signalling and fertilisation), and reports their localisation in sperm, seminal plasma and the male reproductive tract. Furthermore, we also tackle the existing correlation between some GST classes and male fertility. Due to the considerable impact of GSTs in human pathology and their tight relationship with fertility, future research should address the specific role of these proteins in male fertility, which could result in new approaches for the diagnosis and/or treatment of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Llavanera
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Campany, 69, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Yentel Mateo-Otero
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Campany, 69, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Sergi Bonet
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Campany, 69, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Isabel Barranco
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Campany, 69, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Fuertes
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Campany, 69, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Marc Yeste
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Campany, 69, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain.
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3
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Xiong Z, Luo P, Zhou J, Tan M. 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J 2 as a potential regulator of bone metabolism via PPARγ-dependent and independent pathways: a review. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:1879-1888. [PMID: 31213775 PMCID: PMC6549764 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s206695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone metabolism is a complex physiological process that primarily involves osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, both of which are regulated by a variety of biological factors. There is increasing evidence that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and plays an important role in lipid metabolism and bone metabolism. Through the PPARγ-dependent pathway, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) promotes the formation of marrow adipocytes and inhibits the formation of osteoblasts, resulting in bone loss and increasing the risk of fracture and osteoporosis. Recent studies have found that through the PPARγ-independent pathway, 15d-PGJ2 plays a regulatory role in bone metastasis of breast cancer, which can inhibit osteoclastogenesis and reduce bone destruction. The purpose of our review is to summarize the recent progress in elucidating the mechanisms and effects of 15d-PGJ2 in bone metabolism, which can serve as a novel therapeutic target for bone tumors, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and other bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhencheng Xiong
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Spine Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Luo
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingsheng Tan
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Spine Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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4
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Hashemi Goradel N, Najafi M, Salehi E, Farhood B, Mortezaee K. Cyclooxygenase-2 in cancer: A review. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5683-5699. [PMID: 30341914 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is frequently expressed in many types of cancers exerting a pleiotropic and multifaceted role in genesis or promotion of carcinogenesis and cancer cell resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. COX-2 is released by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), macrophage type 2 (M2) cells, and cancer cells to the tumor microenvironment (TME). COX-2 induces cancer stem cell (CSC)-like activity, and promotes apoptotic resistance, proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. COX-2 mediated hypoxia within the TME along with its positive interactions with YAP1 and antiapoptotic mediators are all in favor of cancer cell resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. COX-2 exerts most of the functions through its metabolite prostaglandin E2. In some and limited situations, COX-2 may act as an antitumor enzyme. Multiple signals are contributed to the functions of COX-2 on cancer cells or its regulation. Members of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and nuclear factor-κβ are main upstream modulators for COX-2 in cancer cells. COX-2 also has interactions with a number of hormones within the body. Inhibition of COX-2 provides a high possibility to exert therapeutic outcomes in cancer. Administration of COX-2 inhibitors in a preoperative setting could reduce the risk of metastasis in cancer patients. COX-2 inhibition also sensitizes cancer cells to treatments like radio- and chemotherapy. Chemotherapeutic agents adversely induce COX-2 activity. Therefore, choosing an appropriate chemotherapy drugs along with adjustment of the type and does for COX-2 inhibitors based on the type of cancer would be an effective adjuvant strategy for targeting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Eniseh Salehi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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5
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Suh J, Kim DH, Kim EH, Park SA, Park JM, Jang JH, Kim SJ, Na HK, Kim ND, Kim NJ, Suh YG, Surh YJ. 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J 2 activates PI3K-Akt signaling in human breast cancer cells through covalent modification of the tumor suppressor PTEN at cysteine 136. Cancer Lett 2018; 424:30-45. [PMID: 29550515 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), one of the terminal products of cyclooxygenase-2-catalized arachidonic acid metabolism, has been shown to stimulate breast cancer cell proliferation and migration through Akt activation, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of 15d-PGJ2 on the activity of PTEN, the inhibitor of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt axis, in human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. Since the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety in the cyclopentenone ring of 15d-PGJ2 is electrophilic, we hypothesized that 15d-PGJ2-induced Akt phosphorylation might result from the covalent modification and subsequent inactivation of PTEN that has several critical cysteine residues. When treated to MCF-7 cells, 15d-PGJ2 bound to PTEN, and this was abolished in the presence of the thiol-reducing agent dithiothreitol. A mass spectrometric analysis by using recombinant and endogenous PTEN protein revealed that the cysteine 136 residue (Cys136) of PTEN is covalently modified upon treatment with 15d-PGJ2. Notably, the ability of 15d-PGJ2 to covalently bind to PTEN as well as to induce Akt phosphorylation was abolished in the cells expressing a mutant form of PTEN in which Cys136 was replaced by serine (C136S-PTEN). The present study demonstrates for the first time that electrophilic 15d-PGJ2 directly binds to cysteine 136 of PTEN and provides new insight into PTEN loss in cancer progression associated with chronic inflammation. These observations suggest that 15d-PGJ2 can undergo nucleophilic addition to PTEN, presumably at Cys136, thereby inactivating this tumor suppressor protein with concomitant Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Suh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon-si 11160, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sin-Aye Park
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Park
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon-si 11160, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Jang
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowedge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 02844, South Korea
| | - Nam-Doo Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, South Korea
| | - Nam-Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, South Korea
| | - Young Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon-si 11160, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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6
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Ciccone V, Monti M, Monzani E, Casella L, Morbidelli L. The metal-nonoate Ni(SalPipNONO) inhibits in vitro tumor growth, invasiveness and angiogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13353-13365. [PMID: 29568362 PMCID: PMC5862583 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) exerts conflicting effect on tumor growth and progression, depending on its concentration. We aimed to characterize the anti-cancer activity of a new NO donor, Ni(SalPipNONO) belonging to the class of metal-nonoates, in epithelial derived tumor cells, finally exploring its antiangiogenic properties. Tumor epithelial cells were screened to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of Ni(SalPipNONO), which was able to inhibit cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner, being more effective than the commercial DETA/NO. The human lung carcinoma cells A549 were chosen as model to study the anti-cancer mechanisms exerted by the compound. In these cells, Ni(SalPipNONO) inhibited clonogenicity and cell invasion, while promoting apoptosis. The antitumor activity was partly due to NO-cGMP dependent pathway, contributing to reduced cell number and apoptosis, and partly to the salicylaldehyde moiety and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activated ERK1/2 signaling converging on p53 dependent caspase-3 cleavage. An additional contribution by downstream cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) derived cyclopentenones may explain the tumor inhibitory activities. As NO has been described to affect tumor angiogenesis, we checked this activity both on tumor and endothelial cell co-cultures and in Matrigel in vivo assay. Our data document that Ni(SalPipNONO) was able to both reduce angiogenic factor expression by tumor cells acting on hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1 α) level, and endothelial cell functions related to angiogenesis. Collectively, these data confirm the potential use of NO donors and in particular Ni(SalPipNONO) acting through multiple mechanisms, as an agent to be further developed to be used alone or in combination with conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Ciccone
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Martina Monti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Development, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Noxamet Ltd, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Monzani
- Noxamet Ltd, Milan, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Casella
- Noxamet Ltd, Milan, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucia Morbidelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Noxamet Ltd, Milan, Italy
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7
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Choi JE, Kim JH, Song NY, Suh J, Kim DH, Kim SJ, Na HK, Nadas J, Dong Z, Cha YN, Surh YJ. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 stabilizes hypoxia inducible factor-1α through induction of heme oxygenase-1 and direct modification ofprolyl-4-hydroxylase 2. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:1140-1152. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1219352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Eun Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Na-Young Song
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinyoung Suh
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Sciences and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Janos Nadas
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Sciences and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Young-Nam Cha
- College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Sciences and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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8
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Graff EC, Fang H, Wanders D, Judd RL. Anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2. Metabolism 2016; 65:102-13. [PMID: 26773933 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors (HCA1-3) are a family of G-protein-coupled receptors that are critical for sensing endogenous intermediates of metabolism. All three receptors are predominantly expressed on adipocytes and mediate anti-lipolytic effects. In addition to adipocytes, HCA2 is highly expressed on immune cells, including macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils and dermal dendritic cells, among other cell types. The endogenous ligand for HCA2 is beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), a ketone body produced by the liver through β-oxidation when an individual is in a negative energy balance. Recent studies demonstrate that HCA2 mediates profound anti-inflammatory effects in a variety of tissues, indicating that HCA2 may be an important therapeutic target for treating inflammatory disease processes. This review summarizes the roles of HCA2 on inflammation in a number of tissues and clinical states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Graff
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States; Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Han Fang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Desiree Wanders
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Robert L Judd
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
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Offermanns S, Schwaninger M. Nutritional or pharmacological activation of HCA(2) ameliorates neuroinflammation. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:245-55. [PMID: 25766751 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a pathology common to many neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and stroke. However, therapeutic attempts to modulate neuroinflammation have proved difficult. Neuroinflammatory cells express HCA2, a receptor for the endogenous neuroprotective ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as well as for the drugs dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and nicotinic acid, which have established efficacy in the treatment of MS and experimental stroke, respectively. This review summarizes the evidence that HCA2 is involved in the therapeutic effects of DMF, nicotinic acid, and ketone bodies in reducing neuroinflammation. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of HCA2 activation in neuroinflammatory diseases and the therapeutic potential of recently developed synthetic ligands of HCA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
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10
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Song NY, Na HK, Baek JH, Surh YJ. Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits insulin-induced activation of sterol regulatory-element binding protein 1 and cyclooxygenase-2 expression through upregulation of SIRT1 in human colon epithelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Kim HR, Lee HN, Lim K, Surh YJ, Na HK. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 induces expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase through Elk-1 activation in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Mutat Res 2014; 768:6-15. [PMID: 25773924 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Overproduction of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been reported to be implicated in carcinogenesis. The intracellular level of PGE2 is maintained not only by its biosynthesis, but also by inactivation/degradation. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is the key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of oncogenic PGE2 to a biologically inactive keto metabolite. In the present study, we demonstrate that 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15 d-PGJ2), one of the terminal products of cyclooxygenase-2, updregulates the expression and the activity of 15-PGDH in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. By using deletion constructs of the 15-PGDH promoter, we have found that E-twenty six (Ets) is the most essential determinant for 15-PGDH induction. 15 d-PGJ2 induced phosphorylation of Elk-1, one of Ets transcription factor family members, in the nucleus. Knockdown of Elk-1 abolished the ability of 15 d-PGJ2 to upregulate 15-PGDH expression. Furthermore, 15 d-PGJ2-mediated activation of Elk-1 was found to be dependent on activation of extracellular-signal related kinase (ERK) 1/2. Treatment of U0126, a pharmacological inhibitor of MEK1/2-ERK, abolished phosphorylation and DNA binding of Elk-1 as well as 15-PGDH induction in 15 d-PGJ2-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, 15 d-PGJ2 generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), which contribute to the expression of 15-PGDH as well as phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Elk-1. 15 d-PGJ2 inhibited the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells, which was attenuated by transient transfection with 15-PGDH siRNA. Taken together, these findings suggest that 15 d-PGJ2 induces the expression of 15-PGDH through ROS-mediated activation of ERK1/2 and subsequently Elk-1 in the MDA-MB-231 cells, which may contribute to tumor suppressive activity of this cyclopentenone prostaglandin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rim Kim
- Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Ha-Na Lee
- Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Kyu Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 142-732, South Korea.
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12
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Rahman M, Muhammad S, Khan MA, Chen H, Ridder DA, Müller-Fielitz H, Pokorná B, Vollbrandt T, Stölting I, Nadrowitz R, Okun JG, Offermanns S, Schwaninger M. The β-hydroxybutyrate receptor HCA2 activates a neuroprotective subset of macrophages. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3944. [PMID: 24845831 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is an endogenous factor protecting against stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, but its mode of action is unclear. Here we show in a stroke model that the hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2, GPR109A) is required for the neuroprotective effect of BHB and a ketogenic diet, as this effect is lost in Hca2(-/-) mice. We further demonstrate that nicotinic acid, a clinically used HCA2 agonist, reduces infarct size via a HCA2-mediated mechanism, and that noninflammatory Ly-6C(Lo) monocytes and/or macrophages infiltrating the ischemic brain also express HCA2. Using cell ablation and chimeric mice, we demonstrate that HCA2 on monocytes and/or macrophages is required for the protective effect of nicotinic acid. The activation of HCA2 induces a neuroprotective phenotype of monocytes and/or macrophages that depends on PGD2 production by COX1 and the haematopoietic PGD2 synthase. Our data suggest that HCA2 activation by dietary or pharmacological means instructs Ly-6C(Lo) monocytes and/or macrophages to deliver a neuroprotective signal to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbubur Rahman
- 1] Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany [2]
| | - Sajjad Muhammad
- 1] Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany [2] [3]
| | - Mahtab A Khan
- 1] Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany [2]
| | - Hui Chen
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dirk A Ridder
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helge Müller-Fielitz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Barbora Pokorná
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tillman Vollbrandt
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ines Stölting
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Roger Nadrowitz
- Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jürgen G Okun
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany [2] Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- 1] Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany [2] DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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13
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Oeste CL, Pérez-Sala D. Modification of cysteine residues by cyclopentenone prostaglandins: interplay with redox regulation of protein function. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:110-125. [PMID: 23818260 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (cyPG) are endogenous lipid mediators involved in the resolution of inflammation and the regulation of cell proliferation and cellular redox status. Upon exogenous administration they have shown beneficial effects in models of inflammation and tissue injury, as well as potential antitumoral actions, which have raised a considerable interest in their study for the development of therapeutic tools. Due to their electrophilic nature, the best-known mechanism of action of these mediators is the covalent modification of proteins at cysteine residues through Michael addition. Identification of cyPG targets through proteomic approaches, including MS/MS analysis to pinpoint the modified residues, is proving critical to characterize their mechanisms of action. Among the targets of cyPG are proinflammatory transcription factors, proteins involved in cell defense, such as the regulator of the antioxidant response Keap1 and detoxifying enzymes like GST, and key signaling proteins like Ras proteins. Moreover, cyPG may interact with redox-active small molecules, such as glutathione and hydrogen sulfide. Much has been learned about cyPG in the past few years and this knowledge has also contributed to clarify both pharmacological actions and signaling mechanisms of these and other electrophilic lipids. Given the fact that many cyPG targets are involved in or are targets for redox regulation, there is a complex interplay with redox-induced modifications. Here we address the modification of protein cysteine residues by cyPG elucidated by proteomic studies, paying special attention to the interplay with redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara L Oeste
- Chemical and Physical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Bharathkumar H, Paricharak S, Dinesh KR, Siveen KS, Fuchs JE, Rangappa S, Mohan CD, Mohandas N, Kumar AP, Sethi G, Bender A, Basappa B, Rangappa KS. Synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico and in vitro mode-of-action analysis of novel dihydropyrimidones targeting PPAR-γ. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08713e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of novel dihydropyrimidones against HCC is described, which affects 600,000 people annually and ranks third in cancer-related mortality worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shardul Paricharak
- Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge, UK
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry
| | - K. R. Dinesh
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Bangalore University
- Bangalore 560001, India
| | - Kodappully Sivaraman Siveen
- Department of Pharmacology
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Julian E. Fuchs
- Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge, UK
| | - Shobith Rangappa
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology Centre (SMART)
- , Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore
- National University of Singapore
| | - C. D. Mohan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Mysore
- Mysore 560001, India
| | - Nima Mohandas
- Department of Pharmacology
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Andreas Bender
- Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge, UK
| | - Basappa Basappa
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Bangalore University
- Bangalore 560001, India
| | - K. S. Rangappa
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Mysore
- Mysore 560001, India
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15
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Targeting PPARγ Signaling Cascade for the Prevention and Treatment of Prostate Cancer. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:968040. [PMID: 23213321 PMCID: PMC3504464 DOI: 10.1155/2012/968040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a member of the hormone-activated nuclear receptor superfamily. PPARγ can be activated by a diverse group of agents, such as endogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), and thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs. PPARγ induces antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and prodifferentiation pathways in several tissue types, thus making it a highly useful target for downregulation of carcinogenesis. These TZD-derived novel therapeutic agents, alone or in combination with other anticancer drugs, have translational relevance in fostering effective strategies for cancer treatment. TZDs have been proven for antitumor activity in a wide variety of experimental cancer models, both in vitro and in vivo, by affecting the cell cycle, inducing cell differentiation and apoptosis, as well as by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. Angiogenesis inhibition mechanisms of TZDs include direct inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and migration, as well as reduction in tumor cell vascular endothelial growth factor production. In prostate cancer, PPARγ ligands such as troglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 have also shown to inhibit tumor growth. This paper will focus on current discoveries in PPARγ activation, targeting prostate carcinogenesis as well as the role of PPARγ as a possible anticancer therapeutic option. Here, we review PPARγ as an antitumor agent and summarize the antineoplastic effects of PPARγ agonists in prostate cancer.
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16
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Yang HJ, Jang DJ, Hwang JT. Anti-diabetic effects of Korean red pepper via AMPK and PPAR-γ activation in C2C12 myotubes. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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17
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Stereoisomers ginsenosides-20(S)-Rg₃ and -20(R)-Rg₃ differentially induce angiogenesis through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:893-902. [PMID: 22234331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are considered the major constituents that are responsible for most of the pharmacological actions of ginseng. However, some ginsenosides exist as stereoisomeric pairs, detailed and molecular exposition based on the structural differences of ginsenoside stereoisomers has not been emphasized in most studies. Here we explore the functional differences of ginsenoside Rg₃ stereoisomers on angiogenesis. In this study, we demonstrated the distinctive differential angiogenic activities of 20(S)-Rg₃ and 20(R)-Rg₃ stereoisomers. 20(S)-Rg₃ at micromolar concentration promotes human endothelial cells proliferation, migration and tube formation in vitro, as well as ex vivo endothelial sprouting. The effects induced by 20(S)-Rg₃ are significantly more potent than 20(R)-Rg₃. These effects are partially mediated through the activation of AKT/ERK-eNOS signaling pathways. Moreover, knockdown of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) by specific small interference RNA abolished the 20(S)-Rg₃-induced angiogenesis, indicating that PPARγ is responsible for mediating the angiogenic activity of Rg₃. Using reporter gene assay, the PPARγ agonist activity of 20(S)-Rg₃ has been found 10-fold higher than that of 20(R)-Rg₃. Computer modeling also revealed the differential binding is due to the chiral center of 20(S)-Rg₃ can form a critical hydrogen bond with Tyr473 of PPARγ ligand binding domain. The present study elucidated the differential angiogenic effects of Rg₃ stereoisomers by acting as agonist of PPARγ. The results shed light on the structural difference between two ginsenoside stereoisomers that can lead to significant differential physiological outcomes which should be carefully considered in the future development of ginsenoside-based therapeutics.
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18
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Regulation of signal transduction by glutathione transferases. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:137676. [PMID: 23094162 PMCID: PMC3474235 DOI: 10.1155/2012/137676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GST) are essentially known as enzymes that catalyse the conjugation of glutathione to various electrophilic compounds such as chemical carcinogens, environmental pollutants, and antitumor agents. However, this protein family is also involved in the metabolism of endogenous compounds which play critical roles in the regulation of signaling pathways. For example, the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and the prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) are metabolized by GSTs and these compounds are known to influence the activity of transcription factors and protein kinases involved in stress response, proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis. Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated that GSTs are able to interact with different protein partners such as mitogen activated protein kinases (i.e., c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)) which are also involved in cell signaling. New functions of GSTs, including S-glutathionylation of proteins by GSTs and ability to be a nitric oxide (NO) carrier have also been described. Taken together, these observations strongly suggest that GST might play a crucial role during normal or cancer cells proliferation or apoptosis.
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Garzón B, Oeste CL, Díez-Dacal B, Pérez-Sala D. Proteomic studies on protein modification by cyclopentenone prostaglandins: Expanding our view on electrophile actions. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2243-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Janesick A, Blumberg B. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and the developmental programming of adipogenesis and obesity. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2011; 93:34-50. [PMID: 21425440 PMCID: PMC4919125 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and related disorders are a burgeoning public health epidemic, particularly in the U.S. Currently 34% of the U.S. population is clinically obese (BMI > 30) and 68% are overweight (BMI > 25), more than double the worldwide average and 10-fold higher than Japan and South Korea. Obesity occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure; however, individuals vary widely in their propensity to gain weight and accrue fat mass, even at identical levels of excess caloric input. Clinical, epidemiological, and biological studies show that obesity is largely programmed during early life, including the intrauterine period. The environmental obesogen hypothesis holds that prenatal or early life exposure to certain endocrine disrupting chemicals can predispose exposed individuals to increased fat mass and obesity. Obesogen exposure can alter the epigenome of multipotent stromal stem cells, biasing them toward the adipocyte lineage at the expense of bone. Hence, humans exposed to obesogens during early life might have an altered stem cell compartment, which is preprogrammed toward an adipogenic fate. This results in a higher steady state number of adipocytes and potentially a lifelong struggle to maintain a healthy weight, which can be exacerbated by societal influences that promote poor diet and inadequate exercise. This review focuses on the developmental origins of the adipocyte, the relationship between adipocyte number and obesity, and how obesogenic chemicals may interfere with the highly efficient homeostatic mechanisms regulating adipocyte number and energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Janesick
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2300
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2300. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2300
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21
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Niesen FH, Schultz L, Jadhav A, Bhatia C, Guo K, Maloney DJ, Pilka ES, Wang M, Oppermann U, Heightman TD, Simeonov A. High-affinity inhibitors of human NAD-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase: mechanisms of inhibition and structure-activity relationships. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13719. [PMID: 21072165 PMCID: PMC2970562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH, EC 1.1.1.141) is the key enzyme for the inactivation of prostaglandins, regulating processes such as inflammation or proliferation. The anabolic pathways of prostaglandins, especially with respect to regulation of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes have been studied in detail; however, little is known about downstream events including functional interaction of prostaglandin-processing and -metabolizing enzymes. High-affinity probes for 15-PGDH will, therefore, represent important tools for further studies. Principal Findings To identify novel high-affinity inhibitors of 15-PGDH we performed a quantitative high-throughput screen (qHTS) by testing >160 thousand compounds in a concentration-response format and identified compounds that act as noncompetitive inhibitors as well as a competitive inhibitor, with nanomolar affinity. Both types of inhibitors caused strong thermal stabilization of the enzyme, with cofactor dependencies correlating with their mechanism of action. We solved the structure of human 15-PGDH and explored the binding modes of the inhibitors to the enzyme in silico. We found binding modes that are consistent with the observed mechanisms of action. Conclusions Low cross-reactivity in screens of over 320 targets, including three other human dehydrogenases/reductases, suggest selectivity of the present inhibitors for 15-PGDH. The high potencies and different mechanisms of action of these chemotypes make them a useful set of complementary chemical probes for functional studies of prostaglandin-signaling pathways. Enhanced version This article can also be viewed as an enhanced version in which the text of the article is integrated with interactive 3D representations and animated transitions. Please note that a web plugin is required to access this enhanced functionality. Instructions for the installation and use of the web plugin are available in Text S2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H. Niesen
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lena Schultz
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chitra Bhatia
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kunde Guo
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Maloney
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ewa S. Pilka
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Minghua Wang
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Udo Oppermann
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Center, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom D. Heightman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Simeonov
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Syed MA, Joo M, Abbas Z, Rodger D, Christman J, Mehta D, Sadikot R. Expression of TREM-1 is inhibited by PGD2 and PGJ2 in macrophages. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:3140-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Reddi HV, Madde P, Marlow LA, Copland JA, McIver B, Grebe SKG, Eberhardt NL. Expression of the PAX8/PPARγ Fusion Protein Is Associated with Decreased Neovascularization In Vivo: Impact on Tumorigenesis and Disease Prognosis. Genes Cancer 2010; 1:480-492. [PMID: 20827445 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910373545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The PAX8/PPARγ fusion protein (PPFP) occurs in 36% of human follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and is associated with favorable prognosis. To elucidate the function of PPFP in FTC, we analyzed the consequences of PPFP expression in immortalized thyrocytes in vitro and in vivo via xenograft tumorigenesis. While PPFP-expressing cells exhibited oncogenic hallmarks, including increased growth and decreased apoptosis, in vitro, xenograft tumors were initiated but not sustained in vivo. PPFP xenograft tumors exhibited reduced CD31 staining and VEGF expression, suggesting that PPFP modulates neovascularization. Microarray analysis demonstrated increased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-3), an inhibitor of angiogenesis, in PPFP cells and tumors, a finding confirmed by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical staining of archival human thyroid tumors demonstrates a significant decrease in CD31 staining in all adenomas and carcinomas containing the PAX8/PPARγ rearrangement. Decreased angiogenesis in PPFP-containing tumors is directly correlated with our observations in the xenograft model and provides evidence for the first time that PPFP may impact FTC tumorigenesis by modulating angiogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Reddi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Kundu JK, Surh YJ. Nrf2-Keap1 signaling as a potential target for chemoprevention of inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Pharm Res 2010; 27:999-1013. [PMID: 20354764 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Persistent inflammatory tissue damage is causally associated with each stage of carcinogenesis. Inflammation-induced generation of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and other reactive species not only cause DNA damage and subsequently mutations, but also stimulate proliferation of initiated cells and even metastasis and angiogenesis. Induction of cellular cytoprotective enzymes (e.g., heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, etc.) has been shown to mitigate aforementioned events implicated in inflammation-induced carcinogenesis. A unique feature of genes encoding these cytoprotective enzymes is the presence of a cis-acting element, known as antioxidant response element (ARE) or electrophile response element (EpRE), in their promoter region. A stress-responsive transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), initially recognized as a key transcriptional regulator of various cytoprotective enzymes, is known to play a pivotal role in cellular defense against inflammatory injuries. Activation of Nrf2 involves its release from the cytosolic repressor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1) and subsequent stabilization and nuclear localization for ARE/EpRE binding. Genetic or pharmacologic inactivation of Nrf2 has been shown to abolish cytoprotective capability and to aggravate experimentally induced inflammatory injuries. Thus, Nrf2-mediated cytoprotective gene induction is an effective strategy for the chemoprevention of inflammation-associated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeb Kumar Kundu
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Kwanak-ro, Kwanak-ku, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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25
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Röhrl C, Kaindl U, Koneczny I, Hudec X, Baron DM, König JS, Marian B. Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors γ and β/δ mediate vascular endothelial growth factor production in colorectal tumor cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 137:29-39. [PMID: 20221637 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors for fatty acids and their derivatives. PPAR subtypes PPARγ and PPARβ/δ are suspected to modulate cancer development in the colon, but their exact role is still discussed controversially. METHODS The present study investigated the impact of PPARγ and PPARβ/δ on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expressions induced by synthetic and physiological agonists in the colorectal tumor cell lines SW480 and HT29 using reporter gene assays, qRT-PCR and ELISA. RESULTS Activation of both PPARγ and PPARβ/δ induced expression of VEGF mRNA and protein in a PPAR-dependent way. The PPARγ agonists ciglitazone and PGJ(2) were the most effective inducers with up to ninefold and threefold increases in VEGF mRNA in SW480 and HT29 cultures, respectively. VEGF secretion was doubled in both cell lines. The PPARβ/δ agonists GW501516 and PGI(2) caused stimulations of only 1.5-fold in both cell lines. In addition, all PPAR agonists induced COX-2 mRNA and secretion of the COX-2 product PGE(2) in HT29 cells. However, this effect was not blocked by knock-down of PPAR expression nor was it essential for VEGF expression as shown by the lack of effect of the COX-2 inhibitor SC236. CONCLUSION In summary, our results identify both PPARγ and PPARβ/δ as an alternative COX-independent mechanism of VEGF induction in colorectal tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Röhrl
- Department of Medicine 1, Clinic for Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 stabilizes, but functionally inactivates p53 by binding to the cysteine 277 residue. Oncogene 2010; 29:2560-76. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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Simpson-Haidaris PJ, Pollock SJ, Ramon S, Guo N, Woeller CF, Feldon SE, Phipps RP. Anticancer Role of PPARgamma Agonists in Hematological Malignancies Found in the Vasculature, Marrow, and Eyes. PPAR Res 2010; 2010:814609. [PMID: 20204067 PMCID: PMC2829627 DOI: 10.1155/2010/814609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of targeted cancer therapies in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents and/or radiation treatment has increased overall survival of cancer patients. However, longer survival is accompanied by increased incidence of comorbidities due, in part, to drug side effects and toxicities. It is well accepted that inflammation and tumorigenesis are linked. Because peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonists are potent mediators of anti-inflammatory responses, it was a logical extension to examine the role of PPARgamma agonists in the treatment and prevention of cancer. This paper has two objectives: first to highlight the potential uses for PPARgamma agonists in anticancer therapy with special emphasis on their role when used as adjuvant or combined therapy in the treatment of hematological malignancies found in the vasculature, marrow, and eyes, and second, to review the potential role PPARgamma and/or its ligands may have in modulating cancer-associated angiogenesis and tumor-stromal microenvironment crosstalk in bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Simpson-Haidaris
- Department of Medicine/Hem-Onc Division, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - S. J. Pollock
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - S. Ramon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - N. Guo
- Department of Opthalmology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - C. F. Woeller
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - S. E. Feldon
- Department of Opthalmology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - R. P. Phipps
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Opthalmology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- The Lung Biology and Disease Program, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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28
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Schweitzer A, Knauer SK, Stauber RH. Nuclear receptors in head and neck cancer: current knowledge and perspectives. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:801-9. [PMID: 19839054 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disease management of head and neck cancer has improved significantly. However, a high rate of early recurrences and metastasis still counteract improvement of long-term survival. Hence, the quest for molecular mechanisms and key regulatory factors exploitable by targeted therapies is still ongoing. Such potential candidates may include also nuclear receptors, belonging to a superfamily of transcription factors implicated in a broad spectrum of physiological and pathophysiological processes. As dysfunction of nuclear receptor signaling contributes to a variety of proliferative diseases, they are major targets for drug discovery and hold promising potential for the development of improved anticancer treatment strategies. Several nuclear receptors have also been associated with head and neck cancer, and strategies targeting these molecules are currently tested in clinical trials. However, reports and molecular knowledge on the pathobiological relevance of nuclear receptors for cancers of the head and neck is currently rather fragmented. Hence, this review provides a general overview of nuclear receptors' molecular functions and summarizes their potential prognostic and therapeutic relevance for this tumor entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schweitzer
- ENT Department, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Hospital of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Tian J, Smith A, Nechtman J, Podolsky R, Aggarwal S, Snead C, Kumar S, Elgaish M, Oishi P, Göerlach A, Fratz S, Hess J, Catravas JD, Verin AD, Fineman JR, She JX, Black SM. Effect of PPARgamma inhibition on pulmonary endothelial cell gene expression: gene profiling in pulmonary hypertension. Physiol Genomics 2009; 40:48-60. [PMID: 19825830 PMCID: PMC2807211 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00094.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type gamma (PPARgamma) is a subgroup of the PPAR transcription factor family. Recent studies indicate that loss of PPARgamma is associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). We hypothesized that the endothelial dysfunction associated with PPARgamma inhibition may play an important role in the disease process by altering cellular gene expression and signaling cascades. We utilized microarray analysis to determine if PPARgamma inhibition induced changes in gene expression in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAEC). We identified 100 genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that were upregulated by >1.5-fold and 21 genes and ESTs that were downregulated by >1.3-fold (P < 0.05) by PPARgamma inhibition. The upregulated genes can be broadly classified into four functional groups: cell cycle, angiogenesis, ubiquitin system, and zinc finger proteins. The genes with the highest fold change in expression: hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR), VEGF receptor 2 (Flk-1), endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), and caveolin-1 in PAEC were validated by real time RT-PCR. We further validated the upregulation of HMMR, Flk-1, FGF2, and caveolin-1 by Western blot analysis. In keeping with the microarray results, PPARgamma inhibition led to re-entry of cell cycle at G(1)/S phase and cyclin C upregulation. PPARgamma inhibition also exacerbated VEGF-induced endothelial barrier disruption. Finally we confirmed the downregulation of PPARgamma and the upregulation of HMMR, Flk-1, FGF2, and Cav-1 proteins in the peripheral lung tissues of an ovine model of PH. In conclusion, we have identified an array of endothelial genes modulated by attenuated PPARgamma signaling that may play important roles in the development of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Pulmonary Vascular Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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30
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Current understanding of the role of PPARγ in gastrointestinal cancers. PPAR Res 2009; 2009:816957. [PMID: 19884989 PMCID: PMC2770108 DOI: 10.1155/2009/816957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have indicated that PPARγ plays multiple roles such as in inflammation, cell cycle control, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis, thus PPARγ contributes to the homeostasis. Many in vitro studies have showed that ligand-induced activation of PPARγ possess antitumor effect in many cancers including CRC. However, the role of PPARγ in gastrointestinal cancers, especially in colorectal cancer, is rather controversial. Nevertheless, some recent studies with the positive results on the possible application of PPARγ ligands, such as Bezafibrate or Rosiglitazone in gastrointestinal cancers, have suggested a potential usefulness of PPARγ agonists in cancer prevention and therapy. In this review, the authors discuss the recent developments in the role of PPARγ in gastrointestinal cancers.
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Tian J, Smith A, Nechtman J, Podolsky R, Aggarwal S, Snead C, Kumar S, Elgaish M, Oishi P, Göerlach A, Fratz S, Hess J, Catravas JD, Verin AD, Fineman JR, She JX, Black SM. Effect of PPARgamma inhibition on pulmonary endothelial cell gene expression: gene profiling in pulmonary hypertension. Physiol Genomics 2009. [PMID: 19825830 DOI: 10.1052/physiolgenomocs.00094.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type gamma (PPARgamma) is a subgroup of the PPAR transcription factor family. Recent studies indicate that loss of PPARgamma is associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). We hypothesized that the endothelial dysfunction associated with PPARgamma inhibition may play an important role in the disease process by altering cellular gene expression and signaling cascades. We utilized microarray analysis to determine if PPARgamma inhibition induced changes in gene expression in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAEC). We identified 100 genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that were upregulated by >1.5-fold and 21 genes and ESTs that were downregulated by >1.3-fold (P < 0.05) by PPARgamma inhibition. The upregulated genes can be broadly classified into four functional groups: cell cycle, angiogenesis, ubiquitin system, and zinc finger proteins. The genes with the highest fold change in expression: hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR), VEGF receptor 2 (Flk-1), endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), and caveolin-1 in PAEC were validated by real time RT-PCR. We further validated the upregulation of HMMR, Flk-1, FGF2, and caveolin-1 by Western blot analysis. In keeping with the microarray results, PPARgamma inhibition led to re-entry of cell cycle at G(1)/S phase and cyclin C upregulation. PPARgamma inhibition also exacerbated VEGF-induced endothelial barrier disruption. Finally we confirmed the downregulation of PPARgamma and the upregulation of HMMR, Flk-1, FGF2, and Cav-1 proteins in the peripheral lung tissues of an ovine model of PH. In conclusion, we have identified an array of endothelial genes modulated by attenuated PPARgamma signaling that may play important roles in the development of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Pulmonary Vascular Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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32
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Biburger M, Theiner G, Schädle M, Schuler G, Tiegs G. Pivotal Advance: Heme oxygenase 1 expression by human CD4+ T cells is not sufficient for their development of immunoregulatory capacity. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 87:193-202. [PMID: 19797297 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0508280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
HO-1 is the only inducible one of three isoenzymes that catalyzes the oxidative degradation of heme. HO-1 is inducible by various cellular stress factors and exerts cytoprotective and immunomodulatory effects. Recent publications demonstrated that HO-1 is constitutively expressed by CD4(+)CD25(+) T(regs) and induced in CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells upon FoxP3 transfection. Here, we investigated whether HO-1 was essential and sufficient for human T(regs) to exert immunosuppression in vitro. PGJ(2) induced pronounced expression of HO-1 in CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells without accompanying FoxP3 induction. Treatment of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells with PGJ(2) decreased their proliferation, whereas the HO-1 inhibitor SnPP enhanced the proliferation of HO-1-expressing T(regs), suggesting that HO-1 may modulate the proliferative capacity of T lymphocytes. HO-1 modulation by SnPP treatment of T(regs) or PGJ(2) treatment of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells neither suppressed nor induced immune-modulatory function in these cells, respectively, as measured by responder-cell proliferation and/or IL-2 production. In summary, these data suggest that HO-1 expression by T(regs) might contribute to their typical reluctance to proliferate but does not account independently for their suppressive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Biburger
- Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical Department III, University Hospital of Erlangen, Germany
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Knauer SK. Prognostic and therapeutic potential of nuclear receptors in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2009; 2009:349205. [PMID: 19794826 PMCID: PMC2753797 DOI: 10.1155/2009/349205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas are among the most common neoplasms worldwide and characterized by local tumor aggressiveness, high rate of early recurrences, development of metastasis, and second primary cancers. Despite modern therapeutic strategies and sophisticated surgical management, overall survival-rates remained largely unchanged over the last decades. Thus, the need for novel treatment options for this tumor entity is undeniable. A key event in carcinogenesis is the uncontrolled modulation of genetic programs. Nuclear receptors belong to a large superfamily of transcription factors implicated in a broad spectrum of physiological and pathophysiological processes, including cancer. Several nuclear receptors have also been associated with head and neck cancer. This review will summarize their mode of action, prognostic/therapeutic relevance, as well as preclinical and clinical studies currently targeting nuclear receptors in this tumor entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley K. Knauer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
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Kim DH, Kim JH, Kim EH, Na HK, Cha YN, Chung JH, Surh YJ. 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14 -prostaglandin J 2 upregulates the expression of heme oxygenase-1 and subsequently matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human breast cancer cells: possible roles of iron and ROS. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:645-54. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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