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Hou D, Xu Y, Yan J, Zeng Q, Wang Z, Chen Y. Intracellularly Self-Assembled 2D Materials Induce Apoptotic Cell Death by Impeding Cytosolic Transport. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3055-3063. [PMID: 36688625 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Using a photochemically isomerizable cucurbit[6]uril derivative as a building block, we succeeded in generating a large number of oversized 2D materials within the cytosol of a living cell via controlled self-assembly. Fluorescence recovery after a photobleaching assay indicated that the resulting 2D material pieces posed discernible hindrance to not only diffusive spreading but also motor-driven motion of intracellular components in the cytosol, which eventually induced apoptotic cell death. Such behavior was seldom observed in previous 2D material-bearing cells prepared by endocytosis, as the total lateral size constituted by the endocytosed 2D materials per cell failed to exceed a threshold level, leading to a tortuosity of transport path inadequate to impede cytosolic transport in an appreciable manner. By varying the initial concentration of the building block, the existence of such a threshold was experimentally demonstrated from the relationship between the flow cytometry side scatter of the treated cells and corresponding cell viability. With the otherwise well-regulated cytosolic transport dynamics of living cells being physically altered, therapeutics with a new mechanism of action that counteracts drug resistance or intracellular platforms that advance our understanding of subcellular pathology of certain intractable diseases are in sight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Hou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yan
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zeng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghui Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
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Hou D, Pu L, Zhou S, Wang R, Xu Y, Zhang W, Wang Z, Zeng Q, Xu Z, Fan H, Chen Y. Spiropyran-Appended Cucurbit[6]uril Enabling Direct Generation of 2D Materials inside Living Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102392. [PMID: 34636135 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The unique structural advantage and physicochemical properties render some 2D materials emerging platforms for intracellular bioimaging, biosensing, or disease theranostics. Despite recent advances in this field, one major challenge lies in bypassing the endocytic uptake barrier to allow internalization of very large 2D materials that have longer retention time in cells, and hence greater potency as intracellular functional platforms than small, endocytosable counterparts. Here, an engineered cucurbit[6]uril carrying at its periphery multiple spiropyran pendants that readily translocates into cytosol, and then polymerizes laterally and non-covalently in a controlled manner, enabling direct generation of 2D materials inside living cells, is reported. The resultant 2D materials are single-monomer-thick and can in situ grow up to 0.8-1.2 µm in lateral size, experimentally proved too large to be endocytosed from outside the cells even after surface engineered with biorecognition entities. A Förster resonance energy transfer assay is further devised for real-time visualization of the polymerization dynamics in vivo, clearly demonstrating the rationale in this study. With the otherwise non-endocytosable large 2D materials gaining access to cytosol, potent intracellular signaling or theranostic platform that surpasses the intrinsic performance limit of conventional small counterparts are in sight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Hou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Liping Pu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
- Chengdu Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yong Xu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wenle Zhang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghui Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zeng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Xu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644007, P. R. China
| | - Haojun Fan
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
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Shteinfer-Kuzmine A, Verma A, Arif T, Aizenberg O, Paul A, Shoshan-Barmaz V. Mitochondria and nucleus cross-talk: Signaling in metabolism, apoptosis, and differentiation, and function in cancer. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:492-510. [PMID: 33179373 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cross-talk between the mitochondrion and the nucleus regulates cellular functions, including differentiation and adaptation to stress. Mitochondria supply metabolites for epigenetic modifications and other nuclear-associated activities and certain mitochondrial proteins were found in the nucleus. The voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), localized at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) is a central protein in controlling energy production, cell growth, Ca2+ homeostasis, and apoptosis. To alter the cross-talk between the mitochondria and the nucleus, we used specific siRNA to silence the expression of VDAC1 in glioblastoma (GBM) U87-MG and U118-MG cell-derived tumors, and then monitored the nuclear localization of mitochondrial proteins and the methylation and acetylation of histones. Depletion of VDAC1 from tumor cells reduced metabolism, leading to inhibition of tumor growth, and several tumor-associated processes and signaling pathways linked to cancer development. In addition, we demonstrate that certain mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins such as caspases 3, 8, and 9, and p53 were unexpectedly overexpressed in tumors, suggesting that they possess additional non-apoptotic functions. VDAC1 depletion and metabolic reprograming altered their expression levels and subcellular localization, specifically their translocation to the nucleus. In addition, VDAC1 depletion also leads to epigenetic modifications of histone acetylation and methylation, suggesting that the interchange between metabolism and cancer signaling pathways involves mitochondria-nucleus cross-talk. The mechanisms regulating mitochondrial protein trafficking into and out of the nucleus and the role these proteins play in the nucleus remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shteinfer-Kuzmine
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Ankit Verma
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Tasleem Arif
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
- Department of Cell, Developmental, & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Or Aizenberg
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Avijit Paul
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Varda Shoshan-Barmaz
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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Rewiring of Cancer Cell Metabolism by Mitochondrial VDAC1 Depletion Results in Time-Dependent Tumor Reprogramming: Glioblastoma as a Proof of Concept. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111330. [PMID: 31661894 PMCID: PMC6912264 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprograming of the metabolism of cancer cells is an event recognized as a hallmark of the disease. The mitochondrial gatekeeper, voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), mediates transport of metabolites and ions in and out of mitochondria, and is involved in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Here, we compared the effects of reducing hVDAC1 expression in a glioblastoma xenograft using human-specific si-RNA (si-hVDAC1) for a short (19 days) and a long term (40 days). Tumors underwent reprograming, reflected in rewired metabolism, eradication of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and differentiation. Short- and long-term treatments of the tumors with si-hVDAC1 similarly reduced the expression of metabolism-related enzymes, and translocator protein (TSPO) and CSCs markers. In contrast, differentiation into cells expressing astrocyte or neuronal markers was noted only after a long period during which the tumor cells were hVDAC1-depleted. This suggests that tumor cell differentiation is a prolonged process that precedes metabolic reprograming and the “disappearance” of CSCs. Tumor proteomics analysis revealing global changes in the expression levels of proteins associated with signaling, synthesis and degradation of proteins, DNA structure and replication and epigenetic changes, all of which were highly altered after a long period of si-hVDAC1 tumor treatment. The depletion of hVDAC1 greatly reduced the levels of the multifunctional translocator protein TSPO, which is overexpressed in both the mitochondria and the nucleus of the tumor. The results thus show that VDAC1 depletion-mediated cancer cell metabolic reprograming involves a chain of events occurring in a sequential manner leading to a reversal of the unique properties of the tumor, indicative of the interplay between metabolism and oncogenic signaling networks.
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Kim S, Kim N, Park S, Jeon Y, Lee J, Yoo SJ, Lee JW, Moon C, Yu SW, Kim EK. Tanycytic TSPO inhibition induces lipophagy to regulate lipid metabolism and improve energy balance. Autophagy 2019; 16:1200-1220. [PMID: 31469345 PMCID: PMC7469491 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1659616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic glial cells named tanycytes, which line the 3rd ventricle (3V), are components of the hypothalamic network that regulates a diverse array of metabolic functions for energy homeostasis. Herein, we report that TSPO (translocator protein), an outer mitochondrial protein, is highly enriched in tanycytes and regulates homeostatic responses to nutrient excess as a potential target for an effective intervention in obesity. Administration of a TSPO ligand, PK11195, into the 3V, and tanycyte-specific deletion of Tspo reduced food intake and elevated energy expenditure, leading to negative energy balance in a high-fat diet challenge. Ablation of tanycytic Tspo elicited AMPK-dependent lipophagy, breaking down lipid droplets into free fatty acids, thereby elevating ATP in a lipid stimulus. Our findings suggest that tanycytic TSPO affects systemic energy balance through macroautophagy/autophagy-regulated lipid metabolism, and highlight the physiological significance of TSPO in hypothalamic lipid sensing and bioenergetics in response to overnutrition. Abbreviations 3V: 3rd ventricle; ACAC: acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase; AGRP: agouti related neuropeptide; AIF1/IBA1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ARC: arcuate nucleus; Atg: autophagy related; Bafilo: bafilomycin A1; CAMKK2: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2, beta; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; CNS: central nervous system; COX4I1: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4I1; FFA: free fatty acid; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; HFD: high-fat diet; ICV: intracerebroventricular; LAMP2: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2; LD: lipid droplet; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MBH: mediobasal hypothalamus; ME: median eminence; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; NCD: normal chow diet; NEFM/NFM: neurofilament medium; NPY: neuropeptide Y; OL: oleic acid; POMC: pro-opiomelanocortin-alpha; PRKN/Parkin: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; Rax: retina and anterior neural fold homeobox; RBFOX3/NeuN: RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (C. elegans) 3; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TG: triglyceride; TSPO: translocator protein; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1; VCO2: carbon dioxide production; VMH: ventromedial hypothalamus; VO2: oxygen consumption
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Affiliation(s)
- Seolsong Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoun Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjae Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjeong Jeon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemeun Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Yoo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
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6
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, Pittala S, Mizrachi D. VDAC1 and the TSPO: Expression, Interactions, and Associated Functions in Health and Disease States. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133348. [PMID: 31288390 PMCID: PMC6651789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO), located at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), serves multiple functions and contributes to numerous processes, including cholesterol import, mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, Ca2+ signaling, oxidative stress, and inflammation. TSPO forms a complex with the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), a protein that mediates the flux of ions, including Ca2+, nucleotides, and metabolites across the OMM, controls metabolism and apoptosis and interacts with many proteins. This review focuses on the two OMM proteins TSPO and VDAC1, addressing their structural interaction and associated functions. TSPO appears to be involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species, proposed to represent the link between TSPO activation and VDAC, thus playing a role in apoptotic cell death. In addition, expression of the two proteins in healthy brains and diseased states is considered, as is the relationship between TSPO and VDAC1 expression. Both proteins are over-expressed in in brains from Alzheimer’s disease patients. Finally, TSPO expression levels were proposed as a biomarker of some neuropathological settings, while TSPO-interacting ligands have been considered as a potential basis for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Srinivas Pittala
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Dario Mizrachi
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Gatliff J, East DA, Singh A, Alvarez MS, Frison M, Matic I, Ferraina C, Sampson N, Turkheimer F, Campanella M. A role for TSPO in mitochondrial Ca 2+ homeostasis and redox stress signaling. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2896. [PMID: 28640253 PMCID: PMC5520880 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein TSPO localizes on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Systematically overexpressed at sites of neuroinflammation it is adopted as a biomarker of brain conditions. TSPO inhibits the autophagic removal of mitochondria by limiting PARK2-mediated mitochondrial ubiquitination via a peri-organelle accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we describe that TSPO deregulates mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling leading to a parallel increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ pools that activate the Ca2+-dependent NADPH oxidase (NOX) thereby increasing ROS. The inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by TSPO is a consequence of the phosphorylation of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC1) by the protein kinase A (PKA), which is recruited to the mitochondria, in complex with the Acyl-CoA binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3). Notably, the neurotransmitter glutamate, which contributes neuronal toxicity in age-dependent conditions, triggers this TSPO-dependent mechanism of cell signaling leading to cellular demise. TSPO is therefore proposed as a novel OMM-based pathway to control intracellular Ca2+ dynamics and redox transients in neuronal cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Gatliff
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Daniel A East
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
- Regina Elena-National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Aarti Singh
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Maria Soledad Alvarez
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Michele Frison
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ivana Matic
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘TorVergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Ferraina
- Regina Elena-National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘TorVergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Natalie Sampson
- Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Federico Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michelangelo Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘TorVergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy
- University College London Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK
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8
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Arif T, Krelin Y, Shoshan-Barmatz V. Reducing VDAC1 expression induces a non-apoptotic role for pro-apoptotic proteins in cancer cell differentiation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1228-1242. [PMID: 27080741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteins initially identified as essential for apoptosis also mediate a wide range of non-apoptotic functions that include cell cycle progression, differentiation and metabolism. As this phenomenon was mostly reported with non-cancer cells, we considered non-conventional roles for the apoptotic machinery in the cancer setting. We found that treating glioblastoma (GBM) tumors with siRNA against VDAC1, a mitochondrial protein found at the crossroads of metabolic and survival pathways and involved in apoptosis, inhibited tumor growth while leading to differentiation of tumor cells into neuronal-like cells, as reflected in the expression of specific markers. Although VDAC1 depletion did not induce apoptosis, the expression levels of several pro-apoptotic regulatory proteins were changed. Specifically, VDAC1 deletion led to up-regulation of caspases, p53, cytochrome c, and down-regulation of SMAC/Diablo, AIF and TSPO. The down-regulated group was highly expressed in U-87MG xenografts, as well as in GBMs from human patients. We also showed that the rewired cancer-cell metabolism resulting from VDAC1 depletion reinforced cell growth arrest and differentiation via alterations in the transcription factors p53, c-Myc, HIF-1α and NF-κB. The decrease in c-Myc, HIF-1α and NF-κB levels was in accord with reduced cell proliferation, whereas increased p53 expression promoted differentiation. Thus, upon metabolic re-programing induced by VDAC1 depletion, the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins associated with cell growth decreased, while those connected to cell differentiation increased, converting GBM cells into astrocyte- and neuron-like cells. The results reveal that in tumors, pro-apoptotic proteins can perform non-apoptotic functions, acting as regulators of cell growth and differentiation, making these molecules potential new targets for cancer therapy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'EBEC 2016: 19th European Bioenergetics Conference, Riva del Garda, Italy, July 2-6, 2016', edited by Prof. Paolo Bernardi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasleem Arif
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yakov Krelin
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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9
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Toglia P, Cheung KH, Mak DOD, Ullah G. Impaired mitochondrial function due to familial Alzheimer's disease-causing presenilins mutants via Ca(2+) disruptions. Cell Calcium 2016; 59:240-50. [PMID: 26971122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mutants in presenilins (PS1 or PS2) is the major cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). FAD causing PS mutants affect intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis by enhancing the gating of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) Ca(2+) release channel on the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to exaggerated Ca(2+) release into the cytoplasm. Using experimental IP3R-mediated Ca(2+) release data, in conjunction with a computational model of cell bioenergetics, we explore how the differences in mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake in control cells and cells expressing FAD-causing PS mutants affect key variables such as ATP, reactive oxygen species (ROS), NADH, and mitochondrial Ca(2+). We find that as a result of exaggerated cytosolic Ca(2+) in FAD-causing mutant PS-expressing cells, the rate of oxygen consumption increases dramatically and overcomes the Ca(2+) dependent enzymes that stimulate NADH production. This leads to decreased rates in proton pumping due to diminished membrane potential along with less ATP and enhanced ROS production. These results show that through Ca(2+) signaling disruption, mutant PS leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and potentially to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Toglia
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - King-Ho Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Don-On Daniel Mak
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ghanim Ullah
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States.
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10
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Tu LN, Zhao AH, Hussein M, Stocco DM, Selvaraj V. Translocator Protein (TSPO) Affects Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation in Steroidogenic Cells. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1110-21. [PMID: 26741196 PMCID: PMC4769361 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein (TSPO), also known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is a highly conserved outer mitochondrial membrane protein present in specific subpopulations of cells within different tissues. In recent studies, the presumptive model depicting mammalian TSPO as a critical cholesterol transporter for steroidogenesis has been refuted by studies examining effects of Tspo gene deletion in vivo and in vitro, biochemical testing of TSPO cholesterol transport function, and specificity of TSPO-mediated pharmacological responses. Nevertheless, high TSPO expression in steroid-producing cells seemed to indicate an alternate function for this protein in steroidogenic mitochondria. To seek an explanation, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated TSPO knockout steroidogenic MA-10 Leydig cell (MA-10:TspoΔ/Δ) clones to examine changes to core mitochondrial functions resulting from TSPO deficiency. We observed that 1) MA-10:TspoΔ/Δ cells had a shift in substrate utilization for energy production from glucose to fatty acids with significantly higher mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and increased reactive oxygen species production; and 2) oxygen consumption rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, and proton leak were not different between MA-10:TspoΔ/Δ and MA-10:Tspo+/+ control cells. Consistent with this finding, TSPO-deficient adrenal glands from global TSPO knockout (Tspo(-/-)) mice also showed up-regulation of genes involved in FAO compared with the TSPO floxed (Tspo(fl/fl)) controls. These results demonstrate the first experimental evidence that TSPO can affect mitochondrial energy homeostasis through modulation of FAO, a function that appears to be consistent with high levels of TSPO expression observed in cell types active in lipid storage/metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan N Tu
- Department of Animal Science (L.N.T., A.H.Z., M.H., V.S.), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
| | - Amy H Zhao
- Department of Animal Science (L.N.T., A.H.Z., M.H., V.S.), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
| | - Mahmoud Hussein
- Department of Animal Science (L.N.T., A.H.Z., M.H., V.S.), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
| | - Douglas M Stocco
- Department of Animal Science (L.N.T., A.H.Z., M.H., V.S.), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
| | - Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science (L.N.T., A.H.Z., M.H., V.S.), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
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Controlled and Impaired Mitochondrial Quality in Neurons: Molecular Physiology and Prospective Pharmacology. Pharmacol Res 2015; 99:410-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
The mitochondrial 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) was originally discovered as a peripheral binding site of benzodiazepines to be later described as a core element of cholesterol trafficking between cytosol and mitochondria from which the current nomenclature originated. The high affinity it exhibits with chemicals (i.e. PK11195) has generated interest in the development of mitochondrial based TSPO-binding drugs for in vitro and in vivo analysis. Increased TSPO expression is observed in numerous pathologies such as cancer and inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) that have been successfully exploited via protocols of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. We endeavoured to dissect the molecular role of TSPO in mitochondrial cell biology and discovered a functional link with quality control mechanisms operated by selective autophagy. This review focuses on the current understanding of this pathway and focuses on the interplay with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), to which TSPO binds, in the regulation of cell mitophagy and hence homoeostasis of the mitochondrial network as a whole.
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Bonora M, Wieckowski MR, Chinopoulos C, Kepp O, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Pinton P. Molecular mechanisms of cell death: central implication of ATP synthase in mitochondrial permeability transition. Oncogene 2015; 34:1475-86. [PMID: 24727893 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The term mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) is commonly used to indicate an abrupt increase in the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to low molecular weight solutes. Widespread MPT has catastrophic consequences for the cell, de facto marking the boundary between cellular life and death. MPT results indeed in the structural and functional collapse of mitochondria, an event that commits cells to suicide via regulated necrosis or apoptosis. MPT has a central role in the etiology of both acute and chronic diseases characterized by the loss of post-mitotic cells. Moreover, cancer cells are often relatively insensitive to the induction of MPT, underlying their increased resistance to potentially lethal cues. Thus, intense efforts have been dedicated not only at the understanding of MPT in mechanistic terms, but also at the development of pharmacological MPT modulators. In this setting, multiple mitochondrial and extramitochondrial proteins have been suspected to critically regulate the MPT. So far, however, only peptidylprolyl isomerase F (best known as cyclophilin D) appears to constitute a key component of the so-called permeability transition pore complex (PTPC), the supramolecular entity that is believed to mediate MPT. Here, after reviewing the structural and functional features of the PTPC, we summarize recent findings suggesting that another of its core components is represented by the c subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bonora
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M R Wieckowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - C Chinopoulos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - O Kepp
- 1] Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes/Paris 5, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France [3] Metabolomics and Cell Biology platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
| | - G Kroemer
- 1] Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes/Paris 5, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France [3] Metabolomics and Cell Biology platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France [4] Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - L Galluzzi
- 1] Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes/Paris 5, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France [3] Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
| | - P Pinton
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Mangiferin induces cell death against rhabdomyosarcoma through sustained oxidative stress. Integr Med Res 2014; 4:66-75. [PMID: 28664112 PMCID: PMC5481771 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) is the most prevalent type of cancer among children. The present study aimed to investigate cell death induced by mangiferin in RD cells. METHODS The Inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of mangiferin was determined by an MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay. Cell death induced by mangiferin against RD cells was determined through lactate dehydrogenase and nitric oxide release, intracellular calcium levels, reactive oxygen species generation, antioxidant status, mitochondrial calcium level, and mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining was performed to determine early/late apoptotic event. RESULTS Mangiferin induced cell death in RD cells with an IC50 value of 70 μM. The cytotoxic effect was reflected in a dose-dependent increase in lactate dehydrogenase leakage and nitric oxide release during mangiferin treatment. Mangiferin caused dose dependent increase in reactive oxygen species generation, intracellular calcium levels with subsequent decrease in antioxidant status (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione) and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in RD cells. Further data from fluorescence microscopy suggest that mangiferin caused cell shrinkage and nuclear condensation along with the occurrence of a late event of apoptosis. CONCLUSION Results of the present study shows that mangiferin can act as a promising chemopreventive agent against RD by inducing sustained oxidative stress.
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Gastaldello A, Gami P, Callaghan H, Campanella M. Mitochondrial translocator protein modulates metabolism and pharmacologically induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2010. [PMCID: PMC2875601 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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16
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Ferrari D, Pinton P, Campanella M, Callegari MG, Pizzirani C, Rimessi A, Di Virgilio F, Pozzan T, Rizzuto R. Functional and structural alterations in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria during apoptosis triggered by C2-ceramide and CD95/APO-1/FAS receptor stimulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 391:575-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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