1
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Huang S, Zhang D, Yi X, Liu C, Jian C, Yu A. 3-AP inhibits the growth of human osteosarcoma by decreasing the activity of the iron-dependent pathway. Med Oncol 2023; 40:353. [PMID: 37952032 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP) has broad-spectrum antitumor activity. However, its role in osteosarcoma (OS) remains unclear. Therefore, this study explored the effects of 3-AP on OS in vitro and in vivo using three human OS cell lines (MG-63, U2-OS, and 143B) and a nude mice model generated by transplanting 143B cells. The cells and mice were treated with DMSO (control) or gradient concentrations of 3-AP. Then, various assays (e.g., cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting) were performed to assess cell viability and apoptosis levels, as well as γH2A.X (DNA damage correlation), ribonucleotide reductase catalytic subunit M1 and M2 (RRM1 and RRM2, respectively) protein levels (iron-dependent correlation). 3-AP time- and dose-dependably suppressed growth and induced apoptosis in all three OS cell lines, and ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) blocked these effects. Moreover, 3-AP decreased RRM2 and total ribonucleotide reductase (RRM1 plus RRM2) protein expression but significantly increased γH2A.X expression; treatment did not affect RRM1 expression. Again, FAC treatment attenuated these effects. In vivo, the number of apoptotic cells in the tumor slices increased in the 3-AP-treated mice compared to the control mice. 3-AP treatment also decreased Ki-67 and p21 expression, suggesting inhibited OS growth. Furthermore, the expression of RRM1, RRM2, and transferrin receptor protein 1 (i.e., Tfr1) indicated that 3-AP inhibited OS growth via an iron-dependent pathway. In conclusion, 3-AP exhibits anticancer activity in OS by decreasing the activity of iron-dependent pathways, which could be a promising therapeutic strategy for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzeyu Yi
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjiang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Jian
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aixi Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Chen C, Xue N, Liu K, He Q, Wang C, Guo Y, Tian J, Liu X, Pan Y, Chen G. USP12 promotes nonsmall cell lung cancer progression through deubiquitinating and stabilizing RRM2. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:1518-1530. [PMID: 37341611 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
RRM2 is the catalytic subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), which catalyzes de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) and plays critical roles in cancer cell proliferation. RRM2 protein level is controlled by ubiquitination mediated protein degradation system; however, its deubiquitinase has not been identified yet. Here we showed that ubiquitin-specific peptidase 12 (USP12) directly interacts with and deubiquitinates RRM2 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Knockdown of USP12 causes DNA replication stress and retards tumor growth in vivo and in vitro. Meanwhile, USP12 protein levels were positively correlated to RRM2 protein levels in human NSCLC tissues. In addition, high expression of USP12 was associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC patients. Therefore, our study reveals that USP12 is a RRM2 regulator and targeting USP12 could be considered as a potential therapeutical strategy for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ning Xue
- Department of Acupuncture, Jurong Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Kangshou Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yanguan Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Tian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xinjian Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission of China, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yunlong Pan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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3
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Chakraborty S, Mukherjee P, Sengupta R. Ribonucleotide reductase: Implications of thiol S-nitrosylation and tyrosine nitration for different subunits. Nitric Oxide 2022; 127:26-43. [PMID: 35850377 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is a multi-subunit enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in the production of deoxyribonucleotides essential for DNA synthesis and repair. The active RNR complex is composed of multimeric R1 and R2 subunits. The RNR catalysis involves the formation of tyrosyl radicals in R2 subunits and thiyl radicals in R1 subunits. Despite the quaternary structure and cofactor diversity, all the three classes of RNR have a conserved cysteine residue at the active site which is converted into a thiyl radical that initiates the substrate turnover, suggesting that the catalytic mechanism is somewhat similar for all three classes of the RNR enzyme. Increased RNR activity has been associated with malignant transformation, cancer cell growth, and tumorigenesis. Efforts concerning the understanding of RNR inhibition in designing potent RNR inhibitors/drugs as well as developing novel approaches for antibacterial, antiviral treatments, and cancer therapeutics with improved radiosensitization have been made in clinical research. This review highlights the precise and potent roles of NO in RNR inhibition by targeting both the subunits. Under nitrosative stress, the thiols of the R1 subunits have been found to be modified by S-nitrosylation and the tyrosyl radicals of the R2 subunits have been modified by nitration. In view of the recent advances and progresses in the field of nitrosative modifications and its fundamental role in signaling with implications in health and diseases, the present article focuses on the regulations of RNR activity by S-nitrosylation of thiols (R1 subunits) and nitration of tyrosyl residues (R2 subunits) which will further help in designing new drugs and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surupa Chakraborty
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, 700135, West Bengal, India
| | - Prerona Mukherjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, 700135, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, 700135, West Bengal, India.
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4
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Alqahtani SS, Koltai T, Ibrahim ME, Bashir AHH, Alhoufie STS, Ahmed SBM, Molfetta DD, Carvalho TMA, Cardone RA, Reshkin SJ, Hifny A, Ahmed ME, Alfarouk KO. Role of pH in Regulating Cancer Pyrimidine Synthesis. J Xenobiot 2022; 12:158-180. [PMID: 35893264 PMCID: PMC9326563 DOI: 10.3390/jox12030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication is a fundamental aspect of cancer, and replication is about reproducing all the elements and structures that form a cell. Among them are DNA, RNA, enzymes, and coenzymes. All the DNA is doubled during each S (synthesis) cell cycle phase. This means that six billion nucleic acids must be synthesized in each cycle. Tumor growth, proliferation, and mutations all depend on this synthesis. Cancer cells require a constant supply of nucleotides and other macromolecules. For this reason, they must stimulate de novo nucleotide synthesis to support nucleic acid provision. When deregulated, de novo nucleic acid synthesis is controlled by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that enable increased synthesis and cell proliferation. Furthermore, cell duplication must be achieved swiftly (in a few hours) and in the midst of a nutrient-depleted and hypoxic environment. This also means that the enzymes participating in nucleic acid synthesis must work efficiently. pH is a critical factor in enzymatic efficiency and speed. This review will show that the enzymatic machinery working in nucleic acid synthesis requires a pH on the alkaline side in most cases. This coincides with many other pro-tumoral factors, such as the glycolytic phenotype, benefiting from an increased intracellular pH. An increased intracellular pH is a perfect milieu for high de novo nucleic acid production through optimal enzymatic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Saeed Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Muntaser E. Ibrahim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan; (M.E.I.); (A.H.H.B.)
| | - Adil H. H. Bashir
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan; (M.E.I.); (A.H.H.B.)
| | - Sari T. S. Alhoufie
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Samrein B. M. Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK;
| | - Daria Di Molfetta
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.D.M.); (T.M.A.C.); (R.A.C.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Tiago M. A. Carvalho
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.D.M.); (T.M.A.C.); (R.A.C.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Rosa Angela Cardone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.D.M.); (T.M.A.C.); (R.A.C.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Stephan Joel Reshkin
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.D.M.); (T.M.A.C.); (R.A.C.); (S.J.R.)
| | | | - Mohamed E. Ahmed
- Research Center, Zamzam University College, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
| | - Khalid Omer Alfarouk
- Research Center, Zamzam University College, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
- Alfarouk Biomedical Research LLC, Temple Terrace, FL 33617, USA
- Hala Alfarouk Cancer Center, Khartoum 11123, Sudan
- Correspondence:
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5
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Safiarian MS, Watson RA, Lieberman RL, Barry BA, Offenbacher AR. E. coli Ribonucleotide Reductase β2 Subunit Inactivation by Triapine Occurs through Binding of a Triapine-Fe(II) Adduct. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9020-9025. [PMID: 34516127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), which supplies the building blocks for DNA biosynthesis and its repair, has been linked to human diseases and is emerging as a therapeutic target. Here, we present a mechanistic investigation of triapine (3AP), a clinically relevant small molecule that inhibits the tyrosyl radical within the RNR β2 subunit. Solvent kinetic isotope effects reveal that proton transfer is not rate-limiting for inhibition of Y122· of E. coli RNR β2 by the pertinent 3AP-Fe(II) adduct. Vibrational spectroscopy further demonstrates that unlike inhibition of the β2 tyrosyl radical by hydroxyurea, a carboxylate containing proton wire is not at play. Binding measurements reveal a low nanomolar affinity (Kd ∼ 6 nM) of 3AP-Fe(II) for β2. Taken together, these data should prompt further development of RNR inactivators based on the triapine scaffold for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Safiarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - R Atlee Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Bridgette A Barry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Adam R Offenbacher
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
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6
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Inhibiting RRM2 to enhance the anticancer activity of chemotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110996. [PMID: 33227712 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RRM2, the small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, is identified as a tumor promotor and therapeutic target. It is common to see the overexpression of RRM2 in chemo-resistant cancer cells and patients. RRM2 mediates the resistance of many chemotherapeutic drugs and could become the predictor for chemosensitivity and prognosis. Therefore, inhibition of RRM2 may be an effective means to enhance the anticancer activity of chemotherapy. This review tries to discuss the mechanisms of RRM2 overexpression and the role of RRM2 in resistance to chemotherapy. Additionally, we compile the studies on small interfering RNA targets RRM2, RRM2 inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, and other ways that could overcome the resistance of chemotherapy or exert synergistic anticancer activity with chemotherapy through the expression inhibition or the enzyme inactivation of RRM2.
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7
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Liu X, Peng J, Zhou Y, Xie B, Wang J. Silencing RRM2 inhibits multiple myeloma by targeting the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2159-2166. [PMID: 31322175 PMCID: PMC6691237 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2) is one of the two subunits that comprise ribonucleotide reductase (RR), the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ribonucleotide 5'‑diphosphates into 2'‑deoxyribonucleotides, which are required for DNA synthesis. RRM2 is a stress response factor important for the development of several tumors. However, its role in multiple myeloma (MM) remains to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the role of RRM2 in MM. The expression of RRM2 in patients with MM was analyzed using the Oncomine database. The results demonstrated that RRM2 expression was higher in MM compared with healthy subjects. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot results revealed that RRM2 expression was decreased following transfection with a small interfering RNA targeting RRM2 into NCI‑H929 cells. RR activity and Cell Counting Kit‑8 assays demonstrated that RRM2 silencing reduced RR activity and inhibited cell proliferation. Annexin V‑propidium iodide staining indicated that the percentage of apoptotic NCI‑H929 cells was increased following RRM2 silencing compared with that in the control group. Increased phosphorylation of H2AX indicated that RRM2 silencing may activate the DNA‑damage response pathway in NCI‑H929 cells. Western blot analysis revealed that protein levels of the apoptosis‑associated factor Bcl‑2 were reduced, whereas Bax, cleaved caspase‑3 and cleaved poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase 1 were upregulated following RRM2 silencing compared with the control group. In addition, the results demonstrated that RRM2 silencing may inhibit target gene expression in the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway by increasing the phosphorylation of glucose synthase kinase 3β. These findings indicated that RRM2 may be involved in the proliferation and apoptosis of MM cells via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that RRM2 may represent a novel therapeutic target for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Jiamin Peng
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Yayun Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Bei Xie
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Jianchao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
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8
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Heffeter P, Pape VFS, Enyedy ÉA, Keppler BK, Szakacs G, Kowol CR. Anticancer Thiosemicarbazones: Chemical Properties, Interaction with Iron Metabolism, and Resistance Development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1062-1082. [PMID: 29334758 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE During the past decades, thiosemicarbazones were clinically developed for a variety of diseases, including tuberculosis, viral infections, malaria, and cancer. With regard to malignant diseases, the class of α-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones, and here especially 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (Triapine), was intensively developed in multiple clinical phase I/II trials. Recent Advances: Very recently, two new derivatives, namely COTI-2 and di-2-pyridylketone 4-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (DpC) have entered phase I evaluation. Based on the strong metal-chelating/metal-interacting properties of thiosemicarbazones, interference with the cellular iron (and copper) homeostasis is assumed to play an important role in their biological activity. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we summarize and analyze the data on the interaction of (α-N-heterocyclic) thiosemicarbazones with iron, with the special aim of bridging the current knowledge on their mode of action from chemistry to (cell) biology. In addition, we highlight the difference to classical iron(III) chelators such as desferrioxamine (DFO), which are used for the treatment of iron overload. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We want to emphasize that thiosemicarbazones are not solely removing iron from the cells/organism. In contrast, they should be considered as iron-interacting drugs influencing diverse biological pathways in a complex and multi-faceted mode of action. Consequently, in addition to the discussion of physicochemical properties (e.g., complex stability, redox activity), this review contains an overview on the diversity of cellular thiosemicarbazone targets and drug resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Heffeter
- 1 Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria .,2 Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research," Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika F S Pape
- 3 Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary .,4 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva A Enyedy
- 5 Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- 2 Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research," Vienna, Austria .,6 Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Gergely Szakacs
- 1 Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria .,3 Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian R Kowol
- 2 Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research," Vienna, Austria .,6 Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
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9
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Gatti A, Habtemariam A, Romero-Canelón I, Song JI, Heer B, Clarkson GJ, Rogolino D, Sadler PJ, Carcelli M. Half-Sandwich Arene Ruthenium(II) and Osmium(II) Thiosemicarbazone Complexes: Solution Behavior and Antiproliferative Activity. Organometallics 2018; 37:891-899. [PMID: 29681675 PMCID: PMC5908187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, and antiproliferative activity of organo-osmium(II) and organo-ruthenium(II) half-sandwich complexes [(η6-p-cym)Os(L)Cl]Cl (1 and 2) and [(η6-p-cym)Ru(L)Cl]Cl (3 and 4), where L = N-(2-hydroxy)-3-methoxybenzylidenethiosemicarbazide (L1) or N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzylidene)-3-phenylthiosemicarbazide (L2), respectively. X-ray crystallography showed that all four complexes possess half-sandwich pseudo-octahedral "three-legged piano-stool" structures, with a neutral N,S-chelating thiosemicarbazone ligand and a terminal chloride occupying three coordination positions. In methanol, E/Z isomerization of the coordinated thiosemicarbazone ligand was observed, while in an aprotic solvent like acetone, partial dissociation of the ligand occurs, reaching complete displacement in a more coordinating solvent like DMSO. In general, the complexes exhibited good activity toward A2780 ovarian, A2780Cis cisplatin-resistant ovarian, A549 lung, HCT116 colon, and PC3 prostate cancer cells. In particular, ruthenium complex 3 does not present cross-resistance with the clinical drug cisplatin in the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line. The complexes were more active than the free thiosemicarbazone ligands, especially in A549 and HCT116 cells with potency improvements of up to 20-fold between organic ligand L1 and ruthenium complex 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gatti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
and CIRCMSB (Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei
Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici), University
of Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ji-Inn Song
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Bindy Heer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Dominga Rogolino
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
and CIRCMSB (Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei
Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici), University
of Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Carcelli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
and CIRCMSB (Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei
Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici), University
of Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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10
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Bonaccorso C, Grasso G, Musso N, Barresi V, Condorelli DF, La Mendola D, Rizzarelli E. Water soluble glucose derivative of thiocarbohydrazone acts as ionophore with cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 182:92-102. [PMID: 29452884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel water-soluble ionophore based on the thiocarbohydrazone moiety conjugated with glucose (GluTch) was synthesized through a simple two-step procedure. Structural elucidation was carried out in water solution by means of various spectroscopic techniques (NMR, UV-Vis, and CD), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations. The flexible nature of the thiocarbohydrazone moiety of the new glycoderivative compound induced both different coordination motifs and stoichiometry towards copper and zinc. Cytotoxicity assays of the ligands on the human normal keratinocyte NCTC-2544, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and PC-3 human prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines demonstrated that i) higher activity on cancer cells growth inhibition compared to a normal cell line; ii) the introduction of the glucose unit does not alter the cytotoxic activity of the underivatized ionophore ligand and iii) the presence of copper ion improves the activity of the thiocarbohydrazones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Bonaccorso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici, via Celso Ulpiani, 27, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giulia Grasso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini (IBB-CNR), Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Sez. Biochimica Medica, via S. Sofia 64, I-95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenza Barresi
- Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Sez. Biochimica Medica, via S. Sofia 64, I-95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele F Condorelli
- Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Sez. Biochimica Medica, via S. Sofia 64, I-95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici, via Celso Ulpiani, 27, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici, via Celso Ulpiani, 27, 70125 Bari, Italy
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11
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Bomfim Filho LF, Barbosa RS, Burgos C. AE, Rodrigues BL, Teixeira LR. New isoxazole(3,5)substituted thiosemicarbazone: Synthesis, crystal structure and spectroscopic studies of the binding mode to protein and calf thymus DNA. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Thiosemicarbazone derivatives, thiazolyl hydrazones, effectively inhibit leukemic tumor cell growth: Down-regulation of ribonucleotide reductase activity and synergism with arabinofuranosylcytosine. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:53-62. [PMID: 28716444 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular growth inhibition exerted by thiosemicarbazones is mainly attributed to down-regulation of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) activity, with RNR being responsible for the rate-limiting step of de novo DNA synthesis. In this study, we investigated the antineoplastic effects of three newly synthesized thiosemicarbazone derivatives, thiazolyl hydrazones, in human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. The cytotoxicity of compounds alone and in combination with arabinofuranosylcytosine (AraC) was determined by growth inhibition assays. Effects on deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) concentrations were quantified by HPLC, and the incorporation of radio-labeled 14C-cytidine into nascent DNA was measured using a beta counter. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed by FACS, and protein levels of RNR subunits and checkpoint kinases were evaluated by Western blotting. VG12, VG19, and VG22 dose-dependently decreased intracellular dNTP concentrations, impaired cell cycle progression and, consequently, inhibited the growth of HL-60 cells. VG19 also lowered the protein levels of RNR subunits R1 and R2 and significantly diminished the incorporation of radio-labeled 14C-cytidine, being equivalent to an inhibition of DNA synthesis. Combination of thiazolyl hydrazones with AraC synergistically potentiated the antiproliferative effects seen with each drug alone and might therefore improve conventional chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of human malignancies such as acute promyelocytic or chronic myelogenous leukemia.
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13
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Bacher F, Dömötör O, Enyedy ÉA, Filipović L, Radulović S, Smith GS, Arion VB. Complex formation reactions of gallium(III) and iron(III/II) with l-proline-thiosemicarbazone hybrids: A comparative study. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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The Cell Killing Mechanisms of Hydroxyurea. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7110099. [PMID: 27869662 PMCID: PMC5126785 DOI: 10.3390/genes7110099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyurea is a well-established inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase that has a long history of scientific interest and clinical use for the treatment of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. It is currently the staple drug for the management of sickle cell anemia and chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Due to its reversible inhibitory effect on DNA replication in various organisms, hydroxyurea is also commonly used in laboratories for cell cycle synchronization or generating replication stress. However, incubation with high concentrations or prolonged treatment with low doses of hydroxyurea can result in cell death and the DNA damage generated at arrested replication forks is generally believed to be the direct cause. Recent studies in multiple model organisms have shown that oxidative stress and several other mechanisms may contribute to the majority of the cytotoxic effect of hydroxyurea. This review aims to summarize the progress in our understanding of the cell-killing mechanisms of hydroxyurea, which may provide new insights towards the improvement of chemotherapies that employ this agent.
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15
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Bacher F, Dömötör O, Chugunova A, Nagy NV, Filipović L, Radulović S, Enyedy ÉA, Arion VB. Strong effect of copper(II) coordination on antiproliferative activity of thiosemicarbazone-piperazine and thiosemicarbazone-morpholine hybrids. Dalton Trans 2016; 44:9071-90. [PMID: 25896351 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01076d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazones and three different heterocyclic pharmacophores were combined to prepare thiosemicarbazone–piperazine mPip-FTSC (HL1) and mPip-dm-FTSC (HL2), thiosemicarbazone–morpholine Morph-FTSC (HL3) and Morph-dm-FTSC (HL4), thiosemicarbazone–methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate hybrids mPyrr-FTSC (HL5) and mPyrr-dm-FTSC (HL6) as well as their copper(II) complexes [CuCl(mPipH-FTSC-H)]Cl (1 + H)Cl, [CuCl(mPipH-dm-FTSC-H)]Cl (2 + H)Cl, [CuCl(Morph-FTSC-H)] (3), [CuCl(Morph-dm-FTSC-H)] (4), [CuCl(mPyrr-FTSC-H)(H2O)] (5) and [CuCl(mPyrr-dm-FTSC-H)(H2O)] (6). The substances were characterized by elemental analysis, one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy (HL1–HL6), ESI mass spectrometry, IR and UV–vis spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction (1–5). All compounds were prepared in an effort to generate potential antitumor agents with an improved therapeutic index. In addition, the effect of structural alterations with organic hybrids on aqueous solubility and copper(II) coordination ability was investigated. Complexation of ligands HL2 and HL4 with copper(II) was studied in aqueous solution by pH-potentiometry, UV–vis spectrophotometry and EPR spectroscopy. Proton dissociation processes of HL2 and HL4 were also characterized in detail and microscopic constants for the Z/E isomers were determined. While the hybrids HL5, HL6 and their copper(II) complexes 5 and 6 proved to be insoluble in aqueous solution, precluding antiproliferative activity studies, the thiosemicarbazone–piperazine and thiosemicarbazone–morpholine hybrids HL1–HL4, as well as copper(II) complexes 1–4 were soluble in water enabling cytotoxicity assays. Interestingly, the metal-free hybrids showed very low or even a lack of cytotoxicity (IC50 values > 300 μM) in two human cancer cell lines HeLa (cervical carcinoma) and A549 (alveolar basal adenocarcinoma), whereas their copper(II) complexes were cytotoxic showing IC50 values from 25.5 to 65.1 μM and 42.8 to 208.0 μM, respectively in the same human cancer cell lines after 48 h of incubation. However, the most sensitive for HL4 and complexes 1–4 proved to be the human cancer cell line LS174 (colon carcinoma) as indicated by the calculated IC50 values varying from 13.1 to 17.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bacher
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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16
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Liu X, Xu Z, Hou C, Wang M, Chen X, Lin Q, Song R, Lou M, Zhu L, Qiu Y, Chen Z, Yang C, Zhu W, Shao J. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by targeting ribonucleotide reductase M2 protein. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 103:118-28. [PMID: 26774458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a key factor for hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) regulates the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates biosynthesis and serves as a target for anti-cancer therapy. Here, we demonstrate that RR is essential for HBV replication and the viral covalently-closed-circular DNA (cccDNA) synthesis in host liver cells. By performing computer-assisted virtual screening against the crystal structure of RR small subunit M2 (RRM2), osalmid, was identified as a potential RRM2-targeting compound. Osalmid was shown to be 10-fold more active in inhibiting RR activity than hydroxyurea, and significantly inhibited HBV DNA and cccDNA synthesis in HepG2.2.15 cells. In contrast, hydroxyurea and the RR large subunit (RRM1)-inhibitory drug gemcitabine showed little selective activity against HBV replication. In addition, osalmid also was shown to possess potent activity against a 3TC-resistant HBV strain, suggesting utility in treating drug-resistant HBV infections. Interestingly, osalmid showed synergistic effects with lamivudine (3TC) in vitro and in vivo without significant toxicity, and was shown to inhibit RR activity in vivo, thus verifying its in vivo function. Furthermore, 4-cyclopropyl-2-fluoro-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) benzamide (YZ51), a novel derivative of osalmid, showed higher efficacy than osalmid with more potent RR inhibitory activity. These results suggest that RRM2 might be targeted for HBV inhibition, and the RRM2-targeting compound osalmid and its derivative YZ51 could be a novel class of anti-HBV candidates with potential use for hepatitis B and HBV-related HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Central Laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chuanwei Hou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinhuan Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qinghui Lin
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meng Lou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yunqing Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chunhao Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jimin Shao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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17
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Bacher F, Dömötör O, Kaltenbrunner M, Mojović M, Popović-Bijelić A, Gräslund A, Ozarowski A, Filipovic L, Radulović S, Enyedy ÉA, Arion VB. Effects of terminal dimethylation and metal coordination of proline-2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone hybrids on lipophilicity, antiproliferative activity, and hR2 RNR inhibition. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:12595-609. [PMID: 25391085 DOI: 10.1021/ic502239u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The nickel(II), copper(II), and zinc(II) complexes of the proline-thiosemicarbazone hybrids 3-methyl-(S)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate-2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (L-Pro-FTSC or (S)-H2L(1)) and 3-methyl-(R)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate-2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (D-Pro-FTSC or (R)-H2L(1)), as well as 3-methyl-(S)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate-2-formylpyridine 4,4-dimethyl-thiosemicarbazone (dm-L-Pro-FTSC or (S)-H2L(2)), namely, [Ni(L-Pro-FTSC-2H)]2 (1), [Ni(D-Pro-FTSC-2H)]2 (2), [Ni(dm-L-Pro-FTSC-2H)]2 (3), [Cu(dm-L-Pro-FTSC-2H)] (6), [Zn(L-Pro-FTSC-2H)] (7), and [Zn(D-Pro-FTSC-2H)] (8), in addition to two previously reported, [Cu(L-Pro-FTSC-2H)] (4), [Cu(D-Pro-FTSC-2H)] (5), were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, one- and two-dimensional (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, circular dichroism, UV-vis, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Compounds 1-3, 6, and 7 were also studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Magnetic properties and solid-state high-field electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of 2 over the range of 50-420 GHz were investigated. The complex formation processes of L-Pro-FTSC with nickel(II) and zinc(II) were studied in aqueous solution due to the excellent water solubility of the complexes via pH potentiometry, UV-vis, and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The results of the antiproliferative activity in vitro showed that dimethylation improves the cytotoxicity and hR2 RNR inhibition. Therefore, introduction of more lipophilic groups into thiosemicarbazone-proline backbone becomes an option for the synthesis of more efficient cytotoxic agents of this family of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bacher
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Serda M, Kalinowski DS, Rasko N, Potůčková E, Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz A, Musiol R, Małecki JG, Sajewicz M, Ratuszna A, Muchowicz A, Gołąb J, Šimůnek T, Richardson DR, Polanski J. Exploring the anti-cancer activity of novel thiosemicarbazones generated through the combination of retro-fragments: dissection of critical structure-activity relationships. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110291. [PMID: 25329549 PMCID: PMC4199632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiosemicarbazones (TSCs) are an interesting class of ligands that show a diverse range of biological activity, including anti-fungal, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects. Our previous studies have demonstrated the potent in vivo anti-tumor activity of novel TSCs and their ability to overcome resistance to clinically used chemotherapeutics. In the current study, 35 novel TSCs of 6 different classes were designed using a combination of retro-fragments that appear in other TSCs. Additionally, di-substitution at the terminal N4 atom, which was previously identified to be critical for potent anti-cancer activity, was preserved through the incorporation of an N4-based piperazine or morpholine ring. The anti-proliferative activity of the novel TSCs were examined in a variety of cancer and normal cell-types. In particular, compounds 1d and 3c demonstrated the greatest promise as anti-cancer agents with potent and selective anti-proliferative activity. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that the chelators that utilized “soft” donor atoms, such as nitrogen and sulfur, resulted in potent anti-cancer activity. Indeed, the N,N,S donor atom set was crucial for the formation of redox active iron complexes that were able to mediate the oxidation of ascorbate. This further highlights the important role of reactive oxygen species generation in mediating potent anti-cancer activity. Significantly, this study identified the potent and selective anti-cancer activity of 1d and 3c that warrants further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Serda
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Silesia, Poland
| | - Danuta S. Kalinowski
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nathalie Rasko
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eliška Potůčková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Silesia, Poland
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics and Silesian Interdisciplinary Centre for Education and Research, University of Silesia, Katowice, Silesia, Poland
| | - Robert Musiol
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Silesia, Poland
| | - Jan G. Małecki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Silesia, Poland
| | | | - Alicja Ratuszna
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics and Silesian Interdisciplinary Centre for Education and Research, University of Silesia, Katowice, Silesia, Poland
| | - Angelika Muchowicz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Mazovia, Poland
| | - Jakub Gołąb
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Mazovia, Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Mazovia, Poland
| | - Tomáš Šimůnek
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Des R. Richardson
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (JP); (DRR)
| | - Jaroslaw Polanski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Silesia, Poland
- * E-mail: (JP); (DRR)
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19
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Matesanz AI, Hernández C, Souza P. New bioactive 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis( p -chlorophenylthiosemicarbazone) ligand and its Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes: Synthesis, characterization, cytotoxic activity and DNA binding ability. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 138:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Aye Y, Li M, Long MJC, Weiss RS. Ribonucleotide reductase and cancer: biological mechanisms and targeted therapies. Oncogene 2014; 34:2011-21. [PMID: 24909171 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate DNA replication and repair is essential for proper development, growth and tumor-free survival in all multicellular organisms. A key requirement for the maintenance of genomic integrity is the availability of adequate and balanced pools of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), the building blocks of DNA. Notably, dNTP pool alterations lead to genomic instability and have been linked to multiple human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, susceptibility to viral infection and cancer. In this review, we discuss how a key regulator of dNTP biosynthesis in mammals, the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), impacts cancer susceptibility and serves as a target for anti-cancer therapies. Because RNR-regulated dNTP production can influence DNA replication fidelity while also supporting genome-protecting DNA repair, RNR has complex and stage-specific roles in carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, cancer cells are dependent on RNR for de novo dNTP biosynthesis. Therefore, elevated RNR expression is a characteristic of many cancers, and an array of mechanistically distinct RNR inhibitors serve as effective agents for cancer treatment. The dNTP metabolism machinery, including RNR, has been exploited for therapeutic benefit for decades and remains an important target for cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Aye
- 1] Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA [2] Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - M J C Long
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - R S Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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21
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Minden MD, Hogge DE, Weir SJ, Kasper J, Webster DA, Patton L, Jitkova Y, Hurren R, Gronda M, Goard CA, Rajewski LG, Haslam JL, Heppert KE, Schorno K, Chang H, Brandwein JM, Gupta V, Schuh AC, Trudel S, Yee KWL, Reed GA, Schimmer AD. Oral ciclopirox olamine displays biological activity in a phase I study in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies. Am J Hematol 2014; 89:363-8. [PMID: 24273151 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The antimycotic ciclopirox olamine is an intracellular iron chelator that has anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. We developed an oral formulation of ciclopirox olamine and conducted the first-in-human phase I study of this drug in patients with relapsed or refractory hematologic malignancies (Trial registration ID: NCT00990587). Patients were treated with 5-80 mg/m² oral ciclopirox olamine once daily for five days in 21-day treatment cycles. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic companion studies were performed in a subset of patients. Following definition of the half-life of ciclopirox olamine, an additional cohort was enrolled and treated with 80 mg/m² ciclopirox olamine four times daily. Adverse events and clinical response were monitored throughout the trial. Twenty-three patients received study treatment. Ciclopirox was rapidly absorbed and cleared with a short half-life. Plasma concentrations of an inactive ciclopirox glucuronide metabolite were greater than those of ciclopirox. Repression of survivin expression was observed in peripheral blood cells isolated from patients treated once daily with ciclopirox olamine at doses greater than 10 mg/m², demonstrating biological activity of the drug. Dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicities were observed in patients receiving 80 mg/m² four times daily, and no dose limiting toxicity was observed at 40 mg/m² once daily. Hematologic improvement was observed in two patients. Once-daily dosing of oral ciclopirox olamine was well tolerated in patients with relapsed or refractory hematologic malignancies, and further optimization of dosing regimens is warranted in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Donna E. Hogge
- Division of Hematology and Leukemia/BMT; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Scott J. Weir
- University of Kansas Cancer Center; Kansas City Kansas
| | - Jim Kasper
- The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society; White Plains New York
| | | | | | - Yulia Jitkova
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Rose Hurren
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Marcela Gronda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Carolyn A. Goard
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Lian G. Rajewski
- Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization (BIO) Center; University of Kansas; Lawrence Kansas
| | - John L. Haslam
- Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization (BIO) Center; University of Kansas; Lawrence Kansas
| | - Kathleen E. Heppert
- Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization (BIO) Center; University of Kansas; Lawrence Kansas
| | - Kevin Schorno
- University of Kansas Cancer Center; Kansas City Kansas
| | - Hong Chang
- Department of Laboratory Hematology; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Joseph M. Brandwein
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Andre C. Schuh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Suzanne Trudel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Karen W. L. Yee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | | | - Aaron D. Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
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22
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Feng Y, McCulloch M, Xu Y. DEVELOPMENT OF A LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TRIAPINE, A RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE INHIBITOR, BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDY OF TRIAPINE COMPLEXATION REACTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.789804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Feng
- a Department of Chemistry , Cleveland State University , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
| | - Melissa McCulloch
- a Department of Chemistry , Cleveland State University , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
| | - Yan Xu
- a Department of Chemistry , Cleveland State University , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
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23
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Chen X, Xu Z, Zhang L, Liu H, Liu X, Lou M, Zhu L, Huang B, Yang CG, Zhu W, Shao J. The conserved Lys-95 charged residue cluster is critical for the homodimerization and enzyme activity of human ribonucleotide reductase small subunit M2. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:909-20. [PMID: 24253041 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.524546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) catalyzes the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides for DNA synthesis. Human RR small subunit M2 exists in a homodimer form. However, the importance of the dimer form to the enzyme and the related mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we tried to identify the interfacial residues that may mediate the assembly of M2 homodimer by computational alanine scanning based on the x-ray crystal structure. Co-immunoprecipitation, size exclusion chromatography, and RR activity assays showed that the K95E mutation in M2 resulted in dimer disassembly and enzyme activity inhibition. In comparison, the charge-exchanging double mutation of K95E and E98K recovered the dimerization and activity. Structural comparisons suggested that a conserved cluster of charged residues, including Lys-95, Glu-98, Glu-105, and Glu-174, at the interface may function as an ionic lock for M2 homodimer. Although the measurements of the radical and iron contents showed that the monomer (the K95E mutant) was capable of generating the diiron and tyrosyl radical cofactor, co-immunoprecipitation and competitive enzyme inhibition assays indicated that the disassembly of M2 dimer reduced its interaction with the large subunit M1. In addition, the immunofluorescent and fusion protein-fluorescent imaging analyses showed that the dissociation of M2 dimer altered its subcellular localization. Finally, the transfection of the wild-type M2 but not the K95E mutant rescued the G1/S phase cell cycle arrest and cell growth inhibition caused by the siRNA knockdown of M2. Thus, the conserved Lys-95 charged residue cluster is critical for human RR M2 homodimerization, which is indispensable to constitute an active holoenzyme and function in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhuan Chen
- From the Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Shao J, Liu X, Zhu L, Yen Y. Targeting ribonucleotide reductase for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1423-37. [PMID: 24083455 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.840293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) is a unique enzyme, because it is responsible for reducing ribonucleotides to their corresponding deoxyribonucleotides, which are the building blocks required for DNA replication and repair. Dysregulated RR activity is associated with genomic instability, malignant transformation and cancer development. The use of RR inhibitors, either as a single agent or combined with other therapies, has proven to be a promising approach for treating solid tumors and hematological malignancies. AREAS COVERED This review covers recent publications in the area of RR, which include: i) the structure, function and regulation of RR; ii) the roles of RR in cancer development; iii) the classification, mechanisms and clinical application of RR inhibitors for cancer therapy and iv) strategies for developing novel RR inhibitors in the future. EXPERT OPINION Exploring the possible nonenzymatic roles of RR subunit proteins in carcinogenesis may lead to new rationales for developing novel anticancer drugs. Updated information about the structure and holoenzyme models of RR will help in identifying potential sites in the protein that could be targets for novel RR inhibitors. Determining RR activity and subunit levels in clinical samples will provide a rational platform for developing personalized cancer therapies that use RR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Shao
- Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology , Hangzhou 310058 , China
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Aye Y, Long MJC, Stubbe J. Mechanistic studies of semicarbazone triapine targeting human ribonucleotide reductase in vitro and in mammalian cells: tyrosyl radical quenching not involving reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35768-35778. [PMID: 22915594 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.396911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triapine® (3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP)) is a drug in Phase II trials. One of its established cellular targets is the β(2) subunit of ribonucleotide reductase that requires a diferric-tyrosyl-radical [(Fe(III)(2)-Y·)(Fe(III)(2))] cofactor for de novo DNA biosynthesis. Several mechanisms for 3-AP inhibition of β(2) have been proposed; one involves direct iron chelation from β(2), whereas a second involves Y· destruction by reactive oxygen species formed in situ in the presence of O(2) and reductant by Fe(II)-(3-AP). Inactivation of β(2) can thus arise from cofactor destruction by loss of iron or Y·. In vitro kinetic data on the rates of (55)Fe and Y· loss from [((55)Fe(III)(2)-Y·)((55)Fe(III)(2))]-β(2) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions reveal that Y· loss alone is sufficient for rapid β(2) inactivation. Oxyblot(TM) and mass spectrometric analyses of trypsin-digested inhibited β(2), and lack of Y· loss from H(2)O(2) and O(2)(•) treatment together preclude reactive oxygen species involvement in Y· loss. Three mammalian cell lines treated with 5 μm 3-AP reveal Y· loss and β(2) inactivation within 30-min of 3-AP-exposure, analyzed by whole-cell EPR and lysate assays, respectively. Selective degradation of apo- over [(Fe(III)(2)-Y·)(Fe(III)(2))]-β(2) in lysates, similar iron-content in β(2) immunoprecipitated from 3-AP-treated and untreated [(55)Fe]-prelabeled cells, and prolonged (12 h) stability of the inhibited β(2) are most consistent with Y· loss being the predominant mode of inhibition, with β(2) remaining iron-loaded and stable. A model consistent with in vitro and cell-based biochemical studies is presented in which Fe(II)-(3-AP), which can be cycled with reductant, directly reduces Y· of the [(Fe(III)(2)-Y·)(Fe(III)(2))] cofactor of β(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimon Aye
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Marcus J C Long
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Biophysics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
| | - JoAnne Stubbe
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
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A phase I study of prolonged infusion of triapine in combination with fixed dose rate gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2012; 31:685-95. [PMID: 22847785 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9863-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prolonged exposure of cancer cells to triapine, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, followed by gemcitabine enhances gemcitabine activity in vitro. Fixed-dose-rate gemcitabine (FDR-G) has improved efficacy compared to standard-dose. We conducted a phase I trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and preliminary efficacy of prolonged triapine infusion followed by FDR-G. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Triapine was given as a 24-hour infusion, immediately followed by FDR-G (1000 mg/m(2) over 100-minute). Initially, this combination was administered days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle (Arm A, triapine starting dose 120 mg); but because of myelosuppression, it was changed to days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle (Arm B, starting dose of triapine 75 mg). Triapine steady-state concentrations (Css) and circulating ribonucleotide reductase M2-subunit (RRM2) were measured. RESULTS Thirty-six patients were enrolled. The MTD was determined to be triapine 90 mg (24-hour infusion) immediately followed by gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2) (100-minute infusion), every 2 weeks of a 4-week cycle. DLTs included grade 4 thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and neutropenia. The treatment was well tolerated with fatigue, nausea/vomiting, fever, transaminitis, and cytopenias being the most common toxicities. Among 30 evaluable patients, 1 had a partial response and 15 had stable disease. Triapine PK was similar, although more variable, compared to previous studies using doses normalized to body-surface-area. Steady decline in circulating levels of RRM2 may correlate with outcome. CONCLUSIONS This combination was well tolerated and showed evidence of preliminary activity in this heavily pretreated patient population, including prior gemcitabine failure.
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Martin LK, Grecula J, Jia G, Wei L, Yang X, Otterson GA, Wu X, Harper E, Kefauver C, Zhou BS, Yen Y, Bloomston M, Knopp M, Ivy SP, Grever M, Bekaii-Saab T. A dose escalation and pharmacodynamic study of triapine and radiation in patients with locally advanced pancreas cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 84:e475-81. [PMID: 22818416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Triapine, a novel inhibitor of the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RR), is a potent radiosensitizer. This phase 1 study, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, assessed the safety and tolerability of triapine in combination with radiation (RT) in patients with locally advanced pancreas cancer (LAPCA). METHODS AND MATERIALS We evaluated 3 dosage levels of triapine (24 mg/m2, 48 mg/m2, 72 mg/m2) administered with 50.4 Gy of RT in 28 fractions. Patients with LAPCA received triapine thrice weekly, every other week during the course of RT. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was assessed during RT and for 4 weeks after its completion. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and serum RR levels were evaluated as potential predictors for early response. RESULTS Twelve patients were treated. Four patients (1 nonevaluable) were enrolled at dosage level 1 (DL1), 3 patients at DL2, and 5 patients (2 nonevaluable) at DL3. No DLTs were observed, and the maximum tolerated dose was not reached. Two patients (17%) achieved partial response, and 6 patients (50%) had stable disease. One patient underwent R0 resection after therapy. Ninety-two percent of patients (100% at DL3) experienced freedom from local tumor progression. In 75% of patients who eventually experienced progression, metastases developed without local progression. RR levels did not seem to predict outcome. In 4 patients with available data, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging may predict early response or resistance to therapy. CONCLUSION The combination of triapine at 72 mg/m2 3 times weekly every other week and standard RT is tolerable with interesting activity in patients with LAPCA.
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Chapman TR, Kinsella TJ. Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors: a new look at an old target for radiosensitization. Front Oncol 2012; 1:56. [PMID: 22655252 PMCID: PMC3356024 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2011.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RR), the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis and repair of DNA, has been studied as a target for inhibition in the treatment of cancer for many years. While some researchers have focused on RR inhibitors as chemotherapeutic agents, particularly in hematologic malignancies, some of the most promising data has been generated in the field of radiosensitization. Early pre-clinical studies demonstrated that the addition of the first of these drugs, hydroxyurea, to ionizing radiation (IR) produced a synergistic effect in vitro, leading to a large number of clinical studies in the 1970–1980s. These studies, mainly in cervical cancer, initially produced a great deal of interest, leading to the incorporation of hydroxyurea in the treatment protocols of many institutions. However, over time, the conclusions from these studies have been called into question and hydroxyurea has been replaced in the standard of care of cervical cancer. Over the last 10 years, a number of well-done pre-clinical studies have greatly advanced our understanding of RR as a target. Those advances include the elucidation of the role of p53R2 and our understanding of the temporal relationship between the delivery of IR and the response of RR. At the same time, new inhibitors with increased potency and improved binding characteristics have been discovered, and pre-clinical and early clinical data look promising. Here we present a comprehensive review of the pre-clinical and clinical data in the field to date and provide some discussion of future areas of research.
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Targeting the Large Subunit of Human Ribonucleotide Reductase for Cancer Chemotherapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011; 4:1328-1354. [PMID: 23115527 PMCID: PMC3483043 DOI: 10.3390/ph4101328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) is a crucial enzyme in de novo DNA synthesis, where it catalyses the rate determining step of dNTP synthesis. RRs consist of a large subunit called RR1 (α), that contains two allosteric sites and one catalytic site, and a small subunit called RR2 (β), which houses a tyrosyl free radical essential for initiating catalysis. The active form of mammalian RR is an αnβm hetero oligomer. RR inhibitors are cytotoxic to proliferating cancer cells. In this brief review we will discuss the three classes of RR, the catalytic mechanism of RR, the regulation of the dNTP pool, the substrate selection, the allosteric activation, inactivation by ATP and dATP, and the nucleoside drugs that target RR. We will also discuss possible strategies for developing a new class of drugs that disrupts the RR assembly.
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Cappellacci L, Petrelli R, Franchetti P, Vita P, Kusumanchi P, Kumar M, Jayaram HN, Zhou B, Yen Y, Grifantini M. Synthesis and biological activity of novel N6-substituted and 2,N6-disubstituted adenine ribo- and 3′-C-methyl-ribonucleosides as antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1499-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Heli H, Mirtorabi S, Karimian K. Advances in iron chelation: an update. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:819-56. [PMID: 21449664 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.569493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress (caused by excess iron) can result in tissue damage, organ failure and finally death, unless treated by iron chelators. The causative factor in the etiology of a variety of disease states is the presence of iron-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can result in cell damage or which can affect the signaling pathways involved in cell necrosis-apoptosis or organ fibrosis, cancer, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular, hepatic or renal dysfunctions. Iron chelators can reduce oxidative stress by the removal of iron from target tissues. Equally as important, removal of iron from the active site of enzymes that play key roles in various diseases can be of considerable benefit to the patients. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on iron chelators used as therapeutic agents. The importance of iron in oxidative damage is discussed, along with the three clinically approved iron chelators. EXPERT OPINION A number of iron chelators are used as approved therapeutic agents in the treatment of thalassemia major, asthma, fungal infections and cancer. However, as our knowledge about the biochemistry of iron and its role in etiologies of seemingly unrelated diseases increases, new applications of the approved iron chelators, as well as the development of new iron chelators, present challenging opportunities in the areas of drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Heli
- Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Department of Chemistry, Fars, 7348113111, Iran
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Kolesar JM, Sachidanandam K, Schelman WR, Eickhoff J, Holen KD, Traynor AM, Alberti DB, Thomas JP, Chitambar CR, Wilding G, Antholine WE. Cytotoxic Evaluation of 3-Aminopyridine-2-Carboxaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone, 3-AP, in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Patients with Refractory Solid Tumors using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. Exp Ther Med 2010; 2:119-123. [PMID: 21373381 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2010.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: 3-AP (3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, 3-AP) is a metal chelator that potently inhibits the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, RR, which plays a key role in cell division and tumor progression. A sub-unit of RR has a non-heme iron and a tyrosine free radical, which are required for the enzymatic reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. The objective of the study was to determine whether 3-AP affects its targeted action by measuring EPR signals formed either directly or indirectly from low molecular weight ferric-3-AP chelates. METHODS: Peripheral blood lymphocytes were collected from patients with refractory solid tumors at baseline and at 2, 4.5 and 22 hours after 3-AP administration. EPR spectra were used to identify signals from high-spin Fe-transferrin, high-spin heme and low-spin iron or copper ions. RESULTS: An increase in Fe-transferrin signal was observed, suggesting blockage of Fe uptake. It is hypothesized that formation of reactive oxygen species by FeT(2) or CuT damage transferrin or the transferrin receptor. An increase in heme signal was also observed, which is a probable source of cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and potential apoptosis. In addition, increased levels of Fe and Cu were identified. CONCLUSION: These results, which were consistent with our earlier study validating 3-AP-mediated signals by EPR, provide valuable insights into the in vivo mechanism of action of 3-AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Kolesar
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave., Room K4/554, Madison, WI 53792-5669, United States
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Matesanz AI, Joie C, Souza P. Chemistry, antiproliferative activity and low nephrotoxicity of 3,5-diacetyl-1,2,4-triazol bis(4N-thiosemicarbazone) ligands and their platinum(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:7059-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c003007d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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