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Han LW, Gao C, Zhang Y, Wang J, Mao Q. Transport of Bupropion and its Metabolites by the Model CHO and HEK293 Cell Lines. Drug Metab Lett 2020; 13:25-36. [PMID: 30488806 DOI: 10.2174/1872312813666181129101507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bupropion (BUP) is widely used as an antidepressant and smoking cessation aid. There are three major pharmacologically active metabolites of BUP, Erythrohydrobupropion (EB), Hydroxybupropion (OHB) and Threohydrobupropion (TB). At present, the mechanisms underlying the overall disposition and systemic clearance of BUP and its metabolites have not been well understood, and the role of transporters has not been studied. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate whether BUP and its active metabolites are substrates of the major hepatic uptake and efflux transporters. METHOD CHO or HEK293 cell lines or plasma membrane vesicles that overexpress OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, OATP4A1, OCT1, BCRP, MRP2 or P-gp were used in cellular or vesicle uptake and inhibition assays. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to quantify transport activity. RESULTS BUP and its major active metabolites were actively transported into the CHO or HEK293 cells overexpressing OATP1B1, OATP1B3 or OATP2B1; however, such cellular active uptake could not be inhibited at all by prototypical inhibitors of any of the OATP transporters. These compounds were not transported by OCT1, BCRP, MRP2 or P-gp either. These results suggest that the major known hepatic transporters likely play a minor role in the overall disposition and systemic clearance of BUP and its active metabolites in humans. We also demonstrated that BUP and its metabolites were not transported by OATP4A1, an uptake transporter on the apical membrane of placental syncytiotrophoblasts, suggesting that OATP4A1 is not responsible for the transfer of BUP and its metabolites from the maternal blood to the fetal compartment across the placental barrier in pregnant women. CONCLUSION BUP and metabolites are not substrates of the major hepatic transporters tested and thus these hepatic transporters likely do not play a role in the overall disposition of the drug. Our results also suggest that caution should be taken when using the model CHO and HEK293 cell lines to evaluate potential roles of transporters in drug disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyrialle W Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Chunying Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Qingcheng Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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Bhattacharya C, Kirby D, Van Stipdonk M, Stratford RE. Comparison of In Vitro Stereoselective Metabolism of Bupropion in Human, Monkey, Rat, and Mouse Liver Microsomes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 44:261-274. [PMID: 30298475 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant and smoking cessation aid associated with wide intersubject variability. This study compared the formation kinetics of three phase I metabolites (hydroxybupropion, threohydrobupropion, and erythrohydrobupropion) in human, marmoset, rat, and mouse liver microsomes. The objective was to establish suitability and limitations for subsequent use of nonclinical species to model bupropion central nervous system (CNS) disposition in humans. METHODS Hepatic microsomal incubations were conducted separately for the R- and S-bupropion enantiomers, and the formation of enantiomer-specific metabolites was determined using LC-MS/MS. Intrinsic formation clearance (CLint) of metabolites across the four species was determined from the formation rate versus substrate concentration relationship. RESULTS The total clearance of S-bupropion was higher than that of R-bupropion in monkey and human liver microsomes. The contribution of hydroxybupropion to the total racemic bupropion clearance was 38%, 62%, 17%, and 96% in human, monkey, rat, and mouse, respectively. In the same species order, threohydrobupropion contributed 53%, 23%, 17%, and 3%, and erythrohydrobupropion contributed 9%, 14%, 66%, and 1.3%, respectively, to racemic bupropion clearance. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that phase I metabolism in monkeys best approximates that observed in humans, and support the preferred use of this species to investigate possible pharmacokinetic factors that influence the CNS disposition of bupropion and contribute to its high intersubject variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrali Bhattacharya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Danielle Kirby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Michael Van Stipdonk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Robert E Stratford
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA. .,Indiana University School of Medicine, Research II, Suite 480, 950 W. Walnut St, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5188, USA. .,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Wang Y, Han Y, Xu P, Guo B, Li W, Wang X. The metabolism distribution and effect of imidacloprid in chinese lizards (Eremias argus) following oral exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 165:476-483. [PMID: 30218971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Systematically evaluation of the metabolism, distribution and effect of imidacloprid in Chinese lizards (Eremias argus) were carried out following oral exposure. Imidacloprid-olefin-guanidine was prone to accumulate in the brain and caused potential neurotoxicity. Percutaneous and excretory excretions were the primary ways for the elimination of imidacloprid and its metabolites. Liver was the main site for hydroxy reduction and nitro-reduction metabolism of imidacloprid. The metabolism of imidacloprid was a complex process in which many metabolic enzymes participated. Aldehyde oxidase and CYP2C9 were the key enzymes in nitro-reduction process. CYP3A4 dominated the process of hydroxylation and desaturation. The increase in Glutathione S-transferase expression may be related to the removal of imidacloprid, but also related to the oxidative stress reaction that imidacloprid may cause in tissues, especially in the kidney. The findings enrich and supplement the knowledge of the environmental fate of imidacloprid in reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghuan Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Yongtao Han
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Peng Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Baoyuan Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Xiangyun Wang
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Agricultural Products Quality Standard, 198 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
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Nanovskaya TN, Oncken C, Fokina VM, Feinn RS, Clark SM, West H, Jain SK, Ahmed MS, Hankins GDV. Bupropion sustained release for pregnant smokers: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 216:420.e1-420.e9. [PMID: 27890648 PMCID: PMC5376363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.11.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bupropion is used to treat depression during pregnancy. However, its usefulness as a smoking cessation aid for pregnant women is not fully known. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the preliminary efficacy of bupropion sustained release for smoking cessation during pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial. Pregnant women who smoked daily received individualized behavior counseling and were randomly assigned to a 12 week, twice-a-day treatment with 150 mg bupropion sustained release or placebo. The primary study objectives were to determine whether bupropion sustained release reduces nicotine withdrawal symptoms on the quit date and during the treatment period compared with placebo and whether it increases 7 day point prevalence abstinence at the end of the treatment period and at the end of pregnancy. RESULTS Subjects in the bupropion (n = 30) and placebo (n = 35) groups were comparable in age, smoking history, number of daily smoked cigarettes, and nicotine dependence. After controlling for maternal age and race, bupropion sustained release reduced cigarette cravings (1.5 ± 1.1 vs 2.1 ± 1.2, P = .02) and total nicotine withdrawal symptoms (3.8 ± 4.3 vs 5.4 ± 5.1, P = .028) during the treatment period. Administration of bupropion sustained release reduced tobacco exposure, as determined by levels of carbon monoxide in exhaled air (7.4 ± 6.4 vs 9.1 ± 5.8, P = .053) and concentrations of cotinine in urine (348 ± 384 ng/mL vs 831 ± 727 ng/mL, P = .007) and increased overall abstinence rates during treatment (19% vs 2%, P = .003). However, there was no significant difference in 7 day point prevalence abstinence rates between the 2 groups at the end of medication treatment (17% vs 3%, P = .087) and at the end of pregnancy (10% vs 3%, P = .328). CONCLUSION Individual smoking cessation counseling along with the twice-daily use of 150 mg bupropion sustained release increased smoking cessation rates and reduced cravings and total nicotine withdrawal symptoms during the treatment period. However, there was no significant difference in abstinence rates between groups at the end of medication treatment and at the end of pregnancy, likely because of the small sample size. A larger study is needed to confirm these findings and to examine the potential benefit/ risk ratio of bupropion sustained release for smoking cessation during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Nanovskaya
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX
| | - Cheryl Oncken
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | - Valentina M Fokina
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX
| | - Richard S Feinn
- Quinnipiac University, Frank H Netter, MD, School of Medicine, North Haven, CT
| | - Shannon M Clark
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX
| | - Holly West
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX
| | - Sunil K Jain
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX
| | - Mahmoud S Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX
| | - Gary D V Hankins
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX
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Ilekis JV, Tsilou E, Fisher S, Abrahams VM, Soares MJ, Cross JC, Zamudio S, Illsley NP, Myatt L, Colvis C, Costantine MM, Haas DM, Sadovsky Y, Weiner C, Rytting E, Bidwell G. Placental origins of adverse pregnancy outcomes: potential molecular targets: an Executive Workshop Summary of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215:S1-S46. [PMID: 26972897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although much progress is being made in understanding the molecular pathways in the placenta that are involved in the pathophysiology of pregnancy-related disorders, a significant gap exists in the utilization of this information for the development of new drug therapies to improve pregnancy outcome. On March 5-6, 2015, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health sponsored a 2-day workshop titled Placental Origins of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Potential Molecular Targets to begin to address this gap. Particular emphasis was given to the identification of important molecular pathways that could serve as drug targets and the advantages and disadvantages of targeting these particular pathways. This article is a summary of the proceedings of that workshop. A broad number of topics were covered that ranged from basic placental biology to clinical trials. This included research in the basic biology of placentation, such as trophoblast migration and spiral artery remodeling, and trophoblast sensing and response to infectious and noninfectious agents. Research findings in these areas will be critical for the formulation of the development of future treatments and the development of therapies for the prevention of a number of pregnancy disorders of placental origin that include preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and uterine inflammation. Research was also presented that summarized ongoing clinical efforts in the United States and in Europe that has tested novel interventions for preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction, including agents such as oral arginine supplementation, sildenafil, pravastatin, gene therapy with virally delivered vascular endothelial growth factor, and oxygen supplementation therapy. Strategies were also proposed to improve fetal growth by the enhancement of nutrient transport to the fetus by modulation of their placental transporters and the targeting of placental mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress to improve placental health. The roles of microRNAs and placental-derived exosomes, as well as messenger RNAs, were also discussed in the context of their use for diagnostics and as drug targets. The workshop discussed the aspect of safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of potential existing and new therapeutics that will need to be determined, especially in the context of the unique pharmacokinetic properties of pregnancy and the hurdles and pitfalls of the translation of research findings into practice. The workshop also discussed novel methods of drug delivery and targeting during pregnancy with the use of macromolecular carriers, such as nanoparticles and biopolymers, to minimize placental drug transfer and hence fetal drug exposure. In closing, a major theme that developed from the workshop was that the scientific community must change their thinking of the pregnant woman and her fetus as a vulnerable patient population for which drug development should be avoided, but rather be thought of as a deprived population in need of more effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Ilekis
- Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Ekaterini Tsilou
- Obstetric and Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Susan Fisher
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Vikki M Abrahams
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, CT
| | - Michael J Soares
- Institute of Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - James C Cross
- Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stacy Zamudio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - Nicholas P Illsley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - Leslie Myatt
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Christine Colvis
- Therapeutics Discovery Program, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Maged M Costantine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - David M Haas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Carl Weiner
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Erik Rytting
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Gene Bidwell
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
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Effect of CYP2B6*6 on Steady-State Serum Concentrations of Bupropion and Hydroxybupropion in Psychiatric Patients. Ther Drug Monit 2015; 37:589-93. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Rytting E, Wang X, Vernikovskaya DI, Zhan Y, Bauer C, Abdel-Rahman SM, Ahmed MS, Nanovskaya TN. Metabolism and disposition of bupropion in pregnant baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1773-9. [PMID: 25097227 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent in vitro data obtained in our laboratory revealed similarities between baboons and humans in the biotransformation of bupropion (BUP) by both hepatic and placental microsomes. These data supported the use of baboons to study BUP biotransformation during pregnancy. The aim of this investigation was to determine the pharmacokinetics of BUP in baboons during pregnancy and postpartum, as well as fetal exposure to the drug after intravenous administration. Pregnant baboons (n = 5) received a single intravenous bolus dose of bupropion hydrochloride (1 mg/kg) at gestational ages 94-108 days (midpregnancy), 142-156 days (late pregnancy), and 6 weeks postpartum. Blood and urine samples were collected for 12 and 24 hours, respectively. The concentrations of BUP, hydroxybupropion (OH-BUP), threohydrobupropion, and erythrohydrobupropion in plasma were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Relative to the postpartum period, the average midpregnancy clearance of BUP trended higher (3.6 ± 0.15 versus 2.7 ± 0.28 l/h per kg) and the average C(max) (294 ± 91 versus 361 ± 64 ng/ml) and the area under the curve (AUC) of BUP values (288 ± 22 versus 382 ± 42 h·ng/ml) trended lower. AUC(OH-BUP) also tended to be lower midpregnancy compared with postpartum (194 ± 76 versus 353 ± 165 h·ng/ml). Whereas the observed trend toward increased clearance of BUP during baboon pregnancy could be associated with a pregnancy-induced increase in its biotransformation, the trend toward increased renal elimination of OH-BUP may overshadow any corresponding change in the hydroxylation activity of CYP2B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Rytting
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (E.R., X.W., D.I.V., Y.Z., M.S.A., T.N.N.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas (C.B.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri (S.M.A.-R.)
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (E.R., X.W., D.I.V., Y.Z., M.S.A., T.N.N.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas (C.B.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri (S.M.A.-R.)
| | - Daria I Vernikovskaya
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (E.R., X.W., D.I.V., Y.Z., M.S.A., T.N.N.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas (C.B.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri (S.M.A.-R.)
| | - Ying Zhan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (E.R., X.W., D.I.V., Y.Z., M.S.A., T.N.N.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas (C.B.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri (S.M.A.-R.)
| | - Cassondra Bauer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (E.R., X.W., D.I.V., Y.Z., M.S.A., T.N.N.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas (C.B.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri (S.M.A.-R.)
| | - Susan M Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (E.R., X.W., D.I.V., Y.Z., M.S.A., T.N.N.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas (C.B.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri (S.M.A.-R.)
| | - Mahmoud S Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (E.R., X.W., D.I.V., Y.Z., M.S.A., T.N.N.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas (C.B.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri (S.M.A.-R.)
| | - Tatiana N Nanovskaya
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas (E.R., X.W., D.I.V., Y.Z., M.S.A., T.N.N.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas (C.B.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri (S.M.A.-R.)
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Meyer A, Vuorinen A, Zielinska AE, Strajhar P, Lavery GG, Schuster D, Odermatt A. Formation of threohydrobupropion from bupropion is dependent on 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1671-8. [PMID: 23804523 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bupropion is widely used for treatment of depression and as a smoking-cessation drug. Despite more than 20 years of therapeutic use, its metabolism is not fully understood. While CYP2B6 is known to form hydroxybupropion, the enzyme(s) generating erythro- and threohydrobupropion have long remained unclear. Previous experiments using microsomal preparations and the nonspecific inhibitor glycyrrhetinic acid suggested a role for 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) in the formation of both erythro- and threohydrobupropion. 11β-HSD1 catalyzes the conversion of inactive glucocorticoids (cortisone, prednisone) to their active forms (cortisol, prednisolone). Moreover, it accepts several other substrates. Here, we used for the first time recombinant 11β-HSD1 to assess its role in the carbonyl reduction of bupropion. Furthermore, we applied human, rat, and mouse liver microsomes and a selective inhibitor to characterize species-specific differences and to estimate the relative contribution of 11β-HSD1 to bupropion metabolism. The results revealed 11β-HSD1 as the major enzyme responsible for threohydrobupropion formation. The reaction was stereoselective and no erythrohydrobupropion was formed. Human liver microsomes showed 10 and 80 times higher activity than rat and mouse liver microsomes, respectively. The formation of erythrohydrobupropion was not altered in experiments with microsomes from 11β-HSD1-deficient mice or upon incubation with 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, indicating the existence of another carbonyl reductase that generates erythrohydrobupropion. Molecular docking supported the experimental findings and suggested that 11β-HSD1 selectively converts R-bupropion to threohydrobupropion. Enzyme inhibition experiments suggested that exposure to bupropion is not likely to impair 11β-HSD1-dependent glucocorticoid activation but that pharmacological administration of cortisone or prednisone may inhibit 11β-HSD1-dependent bupropion metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Meyer
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Chen H, Soroka D, Zhu Y, Sang S. Metabolism of ginger component [6]-shogaol in liver microsomes from mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:865-76. [PMID: 23322474 PMCID: PMC3815528 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE There are limited data on the metabolism of [6]-shogaol (6S), a major bioactive component of ginger. This study demonstrates metabolism of 6S in liver microsomes from mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human. METHODS AND RESULTS The in vitro metabolism of 6S was compared among five species using liver microsomes from mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human. Following incubations with 6S, three major reductive metabolites 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-4-decen-3-ol (M6), 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-ol (M9), and 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-one (M11), as well as two new oxidative metabolites (1E,4E)-1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-deca-1,4-dien-3-one (M14) and (E)-1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-dec-1-en-3-one (M15) were found in all species. The kinetic parameters of M6 in liver microsomes from each respective species were quantified using Michaelis-Menten theory. A broad CYP-450 inhibitor, 1-aminobenzotriazole, precluded the formation of oxidative metabolites, M14 and M15, and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, an aldo-keto reductase inhibitor, eradicated the formation of the reductive metabolites M6, M9, and M11 in all species. Metabolites M14 and M15 were tested for cancer cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis and both showed substantial activity, with M14 displaying greater potency than 6S. CONCLUSION We conclude that 6S is metabolized extensively in mammalian species mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human, and that there are significant interspecies differences to consider when planning preclinical trials toward 6S chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Chen
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
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