Role of NADPH oxidase/ROS in pro-inflammatory mediators-induced airway and pulmonary diseases

Opportunities and Challenges of Soy Proteins with Different Processing Applications

Soybean meal (SBM) is a prevailing plant protein supplement in animal diets because of its nutritional value and availability. This review paper explores the significance of SBM and processed soy products, emphasizing their nutritional and bioactive components, such as isoflavones and soyasaponins. These compounds are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and are associated with a reduced prevalence of chronic diseases. However, the presence of antinutritional compounds in SBM presents a significant challenge. The paper evaluates various processing methods, including ethanol/acid wash, enzyme treatment, and fermentation, which are aimed at enhancing the nutritional value of soy products. It highlights the significance to maintain a balance between nutritional enhancement and the preservation of beneficial bioactive compounds, emphasizing the importance of different processing techniques to fully exploit the health benefits of soy-based products. Therefore, this review illuminates the complex balance between nutritional improvement, bioactive compound preservation, and the overall health implications of soy products.

Cadmium-induced lung injury is associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, and altered SIRT1 and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling; protective role of the melatonin agonist agomelatine

Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous heavy metal extensively employed in manufacturing polyvinyl chloride, batteries, and other industries. Acute lung injury has been directly connected to Cd exposure. Agomelatine (AGM), a melatonin analog, is a drug licensed for treating severe depression. This study evaluated the effect of AGM against Cd-induced lung injury in rats. AGM was administered in a dose of 25 mg/kg/day orally, while cadmium chloride (CdCl2) was injected intraperitoneally in a dose of 1.2 mg/kg to induce lung injury. Pre-treatment with AGM remarkably ameliorated Cd-induced lung histopathological abrasions. AGM decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, suppressed NDAPH oxidase, and boosted the antioxidants. AGM increased Nrf2, GCLC, HO-1, and TNXRD1 mRNA, as well as HO-1 activity and downregulated Keap1. AGM downregulated Bax and caspase-3 and upregulated Bcl-2, SIRT1, and FOXO3 expression levels in the lung. In conclusion, AGM has a protective effect against Cd-induced lung injury via its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects mediated via regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and SIRT1/FOXO3 signaling.

Development of an Intelligent Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Dual-Drug Delivery Nanoplatform for Enhanced Precise Therapy of Acute Lung Injury

Introduction

Acute lung injury (ALI) and its most severe form acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are commonly occurring devastating conditions that seriously threaten the respiratory system in critically ill patients. The current treatments improve oxygenation in patients with ALI/ARDS in the short term, but do not relieve the clinical mortality of patients with ARDS.

Purpose

To develop the novel drug delivery systems that can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of ALI/ARDS and impede adverse effects of drugs.

Methods

Based on the key pathophysiological process of ARDS that is the disruption of the pulmonary endothelial barrier, bilirubin (Br) and atorvastatin (As) were encapsulated into an intelligent reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive nanocarrier DSPE-TK-PEG (DPTP) to form nanoparticles (BA@DPTP) in which the thioketal bonds could be triggered by high ROS levels in the ALI tissues.

Results

BA@DPTP could accumulate in inflammatory pulmonary sites through passive targeting strategy and intelligently release Br and As only in the inflammatory tissue via ROS-responsive bond, thereby enhancing the drugs effectiveness and markedly reducing side effects. BA@DPTP effectively inhibited NF-κB signaling and NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis in mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. BA@DPTP not only protected mice with lipopolysaccharide-induced ALI and retained the integrity of the pulmonary structure, but also reduced ALI-related mortality.

Conclusion

This study combined existing drugs with nano-targeting strategies to develop a novel drug-targeting platform for the efficient treatment of ALI/ARDS.

Pt-Black-Modified (Hemi)spherical AFM Sensors: In Situ Imaging of Light-Driven Hydrogen Peroxide Evolution

In this work, we present (hemi)spherical atomic force microscopy (AFM) sensors for the detection of hydrogen peroxide. Platinum-black (Pt-B) was electrodeposited onto conductive colloidal AFM probes or directly at recessed microelectrodes located at the end of a tipless cantilever, resulting in electrocatalytically active cantilever-based sensors that have a small geometric area but, due to the porosity of the films, exhibit a large electroactive surface area. Focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy tomography revealed the porous 3D structure of the deposited Pt-B. Given the accurate positioning capability of AFM, these probes are suitable for local in situ sensing of hydrogen peroxide and at the same time can be used for (electrochemical) force spectroscopy measurements. Detection limits for hydrogen peroxide in the nanomolar range (LOD = 68 ± 7 nM) were obtained. Stability test and first in situ proof-of-principle experiments to achieve the electrochemical imaging of hydrogen peroxide generated at a microelectrode and at photocatalytically active structured poly(heptazine imide) films are demonstrated. Force spectroscopic data of the photocatalyst films were recorded in ambient conditions, in solution, and by applying a potential, which demonstrates the versatility of these novel Pt-B-modified spherical AFM probes.

Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of leukemia and lymphoma in a pooled European cohort

Leukemia and lymphoma are the two most common forms of hematologic malignancy, and their etiology is largely unknown. Pathophysiological mechanisms suggest a possible association with air pollution, but little empirical evidence is available. We aimed to investigate the association between long-term residential exposure to outdoor air pollution and risk of leukemia and lymphoma. We pooled data from four cohorts from three European countries as part of the "Effects of Low-level Air Pollution: a Study in Europe" (ELAPSE) collaboration. We used Europe-wide land use regression models to assess annual mean concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC) and ozone (O3) at residences. We also estimated concentrations of PM2.5 elemental components: copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn); sulfur (S); nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), silicon (Si) and potassium (K). We applied Cox proportional hazards models to investigate the associations. Among the study population of 247,436 individuals, 760 leukemia and 1122 lymphoma cases were diagnosed during 4,656,140 person-years of follow-up. The results showed a leukemia hazard ratio (HR) of 1.13 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.01-1.26) per 10 μg/m3 NO2, which was robust in two-pollutant models and consistent across the four cohorts and according to smoking status. Sex-specific analyses suggested that this association was confined to the male population. Further, the results showed increased lymphoma HRs for PM2.5 (HR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.02-1.34) and potassium content of PM2.5, which were consistent in two-pollutant models and according to sex. Our results suggest that air pollution at the residence may be associated with adult leukemia and lymphoma.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging biomaterials for anti-inflammatory diseases: from mechanism to therapy

Inflammation is a fundamental defensive response to harmful stimuli, but the overactivation of inflammatory responses is associated with most human diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a class of chemicals that are generated after the incomplete reduction of molecular oxygen. At moderate levels, ROS function as critical signaling molecules in the modulation of various physiological functions, including inflammatory responses. However, at excessive levels, ROS exert toxic effects and directly oxidize biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, further exacerbating the development of inflammatory responses and causing various inflammatory diseases. Therefore, designing and manufacturing biomaterials that scavenge ROS has emerged an important approach for restoring ROS homeostasis, limiting inflammatory responses and protecting the host against damage. This review systematically outlines the dynamic balance of ROS production and clearance under physiological conditions. We focus on the mechanisms by which ROS regulate cell signaling proteins and how these cell signaling proteins further affect inflammation. Furthermore, we discuss the use of potential and currently available-biomaterials that scavenge ROS, including agents that were engineered to reduce ROS levels by blocking ROS generation, directly chemically reacting with ROS, or catalytically accelerating ROS clearance, in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Finally, we evaluate the challenges and prospects for the controlled production and material design of ROS scavenging biomaterials.

Reactive Oxygen Species and Strategies for Antioxidant Intervention in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening pulmonary condition characterized by the sudden onset of respiratory failure, pulmonary edema, dysfunction of endothelial and epithelial barriers, and the activation of inflammatory cascades. Despite the increasing number of deaths attributed to ARDS, a comprehensive therapeutic approach for managing patients with ARDS remains elusive. To elucidate the pathological mechanisms underlying ARDS, numerous studies have employed various preclinical models, often utilizing lipopolysaccharide as the ARDS inducer. Accumulating evidence emphasizes the pivotal role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathophysiology of ARDS. Both preclinical and clinical investigations have asserted the potential of antioxidants in ameliorating ARDS. This review focuses on various sources of ROS, including NADPH oxidase, uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase, cytochrome P450, and xanthine oxidase, and provides a comprehensive overview of their roles in ARDS. Additionally, we discuss the potential of using antioxidants as a strategy for treating ARDS.

Gossypin mitigates oxidative damage by downregulating the molecular signaling pathway in oleic acid-induced acute lung injury

One of the leading causes of acute lung injury, which is linked to a high death rate, is pulmonary fat embolism. Increases in proinflammatory cytokines and the production of free radicals are related to the pathophysiology of acute lung injury. Antioxidants that scavenge free radicals play a protective role against acute lung injury. Gossypin has been proven to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we compared the role of Gossypin with the therapeutically used drug Dexamethasone in the acute lung injury model caused by oleic acid in rats. Thirty rats were divided into five groups; Sham, Oleic acid model, Oleic acid+Dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg), Oleic acid+Gossypin (10 and 20 mg/kg). Two hours after pretreatment with Dexamethasone or Gossypin, the acute lung injury model was created by injecting 1 g/kg oleic acid into the femoral vein. Three hours following the oleic acid injection, rats were decapitated. Lung tissues were extracted for histological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, PCR, and SEM imaging assessment. The oleic acid injection caused an increase in lipid peroxidation and catalase activity, pathological changes in lung tissue, decreased superoxide dismutase activity, and glutathione level, and increased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 expression. However, these changes were attenuated after treatment with Gossypin and Dexamethasone. By reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and attenuating oxidative stress, Gossypin pretreatment provides a new target that is equally effective as dexamethasone in the treatment of oleic acid-induced acute lung injury.

A review of the pathophysiology and the role of ion channels on bronchial asthma

Asthma is one of the main non-communicable chronic diseases and affects a huge portion of the population. It is a multifactorial disease, classified into several phenotypes, being the allergic the most frequent. The pathophysiological mechanism of asthma involves a Th2-type immune response, with high concentrations of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E, eosinophilia, hyperreactivity and airway remodeling. These mechanisms are orchestrated by intracellular signaling from effector cells, such as lymphocytes and eosinophils. Ion channels play a fundamental role in maintaining the inflammatory response on asthma. In particular, transient receptor potential (TRP), stock-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCs), Ca2+-activated K+ channels (IKCa and BKCa), calcium-activated chloride channel (TMEM16A), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (PIEZO1) and purinergic P2X receptor (P2X). The recognition of the participation of these channels in the pathological process of asthma is important, as they become pharmacological targets for the discovery of new drugs and/or pharmacological tools that effectively help the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up of this disease, as well as the more specific mechanisms involved in worsening asthma.

Exploring redox imbalance and inflammation for asthma therapy

BACKGROUND

Asthma is a prolonged inflammatory disorder of the airways, that affects an estimated 300 million people worldwide. Asthma is triggered by numerous endogenous and exogenous stimuli with symptoms like wheezing, cough, short of breath, chest tightening, airway obstruction, and hyperreactivity observed in patients.

OBJECTIVE

The review seeks to identify targets of redox imbalance and inflammation that could be explored to create effective treatments for asthma.

METHODS

The methodology involved a search and review of literature relating to asthma pathogenesis, redox homeostasis, and inflammation.

RESULTS

 Eosinophils and neutrophils are involved in asthma pathogenesis. These inflammatory cells generate high levels of endogenous oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, which could result in redox imbalance in the airways of asthmatics. Redox imbalance occurs when the antioxidant systems becomes overwhelmed resulting in oxidative stress. Oxidative stress and inflammation have been linked with asthma inflammation and severity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) cause lung inflammation by activating nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), activator protein-1, as well as additional transcription factors. These factors stimulate cytokine production which ultimately activates inflammatory cells in the bronchi, causing lung cellular injury and destruction. ROS/RNS is also produced by these inflammatory cells to eradicate invading bacteria. Antioxidant treatments for asthma have not yet been fully explored.

CONCLUSION

Redox and inflammatory processes are viable targets that could be explored to create better therapy for asthma.

Advances in the pharmacological study of Chinese herbal medicine to alleviate diabetic nephropathy by improving mitochondrial oxidative stress

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the serious complications of diabetes mellitus, primarily arising from type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and can progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end stage renal disease (ESRD). The pathogenesis of DN involves various factors such as hemodynamic changes, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and lipid metabolism disorders. Increasing attention is being given to DN caused by oxidative stress in the mitochondrial pathway, prompting researchers to explore drugs that can regulate these target pathways. Chinese herbal medicine, known for its accessibility, rich historical usage, and remarkable efficacy, has shown promise in ameliorating renal injury caused by DN by modulating oxidative stress in the mitochondrial pathway. This review aims to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of DN. Firstly, we outline the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction impairs DN, focusing on outlining the damage to mitochondria by oxidative stress. Subsequently, we describe the process by which formulas, herbs and monomeric compounds protect the kidney by ameliorating oxidative stress in the mitochondrial pathway. Finally, the rich variety of Chinese herbal medicine, combined with modern extraction techniques, has great potential, and as we gradually understand the pathogenesis of DN and research techniques are constantly updated, there will be more and more promising therapeutic targets and herbal drug candidates. This paper aims to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of DN.

Protocatechuic Acid and Syringin from Saussurea neoserrata Nakai Attenuate Prostaglandin Production in Human Keratinocytes Exposed to Airborne Particulate Matter

Saussurea neoserrata Nakai offers a reliable and efficient source of antioxidants that can help alleviate adverse skin reactions triggered by air pollutants. Air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM), have the ability to infiltrate the skin and contribute to the higher occurrence of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory ailments. Individuals with compromised skin barriers are particularly susceptible to the impact of PM since it can be absorbed more readily through the skin. This study investigated the impact of protocatechuic acid and syringin, obtained from the n-BuOH extract of S. neoserrata Nakai, on the release of PGE₂ and PGD₂ induced by PM₁₀. Additionally, it examined the gene expression of the synthesis of PGE₂ and PGD₂ in human keratinocytes. The findings of this research highlight the potential of utilizing safe and efficient plant-derived antioxidants in dermatological and cosmetic applications to mitigate the negative skin reactions caused by exposure to air pollution.

Metformin Counteracts the Deleterious Effects of Methylglyoxal on Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Eosinophilic Inflammation and Remodeling

Exposure to methylglyoxal (MGO) increases the levels of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and reactive-oxygen species (ROS) in mouse airways, exacerbating the inflammatory responses. Metformin scavenges MGO in plasma of diabetic individuals. We investigated if amelioration by metformin of eosinophilic inflammation reflects its ability to inactivate MGO. Male mice received 0.5% MGO for 12 weeks together or not with 2-week treatment with metformin. Inflammatory and remodeling markers were evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and/or lung tissues of ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged mice. MGO intake elevated serum MGO levels and MGO immunostaining in airways, which were reduced by metformin. The infiltration of inflammatory cells and eosinophils and levels of IL-4, IL-5 and eotaxin significantly increased in BALF and/or lung sections of MGO-exposed mice, which were reversed by metformin. The increased mucus production and collagen deposition by MGO exposure were also significantly decreased by metformin. In MGO group, the increases of RAGE and ROS levels were fully counteracted by metformin. Superoxide anion (SOD) expression was enhanced by metformin. In conclusion, metformin counteracts OVA-induced airway eosinophilic inflammation and remodeling, and suppresses the RAGE-ROS activation. Metformin may be an option of adjuvant therapy to improve asthma in individuals with high levels of MGO.

Composite nanofibrous dressing loaded with Prussian blue and heparin for anti-inflammation therapy and diabetic wound healing

Diabetic ulcer is a severe complication of diabetes that can lead to amputation due to the overproduction of pro-inflammatory factors and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, a composite nanofibrous dressing was developed by combining Prussian blue nanocrystals (PBNCs) and heparin sodium (Hep) through electrospinning, electrospraying, and chemical deposition. The nanofibrous dressing (PPBDH) was designed to take advantage of the excellent pro-inflammatory factor-adsorbing capability of Hep and the ROS-scavenging capabilities of PBNCs, resulting in synergistic treatment. It is worth noting that the nanozymes were firmly anchored to the fiber surfaces through slight polymer swelling caused by the solvent during electrospinning, thereby guaranteeing the preservation of the enzyme-like activity levels of PBNCs. The PPBDH dressing was found to be effective in reducing intracellular ROS levels, protecting cells from ROS-induced apoptosis, and capturing excessive pro-inflammatory factors, including chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Furthermore, a chronic wound healing evaluation conducted in vivo demonstrated that the PPBDH dressing was able to effectively alleviate the inflammatory response and accelerate wound healing. This research presents an innovative approach to fabricate nanozyme hybrid nanofibrous dressings, which have great potential in accelerating the healing of chronic and refractory wounds with uncontrolled inflammation.

Fisetin alleviates cellular senescence through PTEN mediated inhibition of PKCδ-NOX1 pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a key risk factor of cellular senescence and age-related diseases, and protein kinase C (PKC) has been shown to activate NADPH oxidases (NOXs), which generate ROS. Although PKC activation induces oxidative stress, leading to the cellular dysfunction in various cell types, the correlation between PKC and senescence has not been reported in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). Several studies have indicated cellular senescence is accompanied by phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss and that an interaction exists between PTEN and PKC. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether PTEN and PKC are associated with VSMC senescence and to investigate the mechanism involved. We found hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) decreased PTEN expression and increased PKCδ phosphorylation. Moreover, H₂O₂ upregulated the NOX1 subunits, p22^phox and p47^phox, and induced VSMC senescence via p53-p21 signaling pathway. We identified PKCδ activation contributed to VSMC senescence through activation of NOX1 and ROS production. However, fisetin inhibited cellular senescence induced by the PTEN-PKCδ-NOX1-ROS signaling pathway, and this anti-aging effect was attributed to reduced ROS production caused by suppressing NOX1 activation. These results suggest that the PTEN-PCKδ signaling pathway is directly related to senescence via NOX1 activation and that the downregulation of PKCδ by flavonoids provides a potential means of treating age-associated diseases.

Interaction of high temperature and NO2 exposure on asthma risk: In vivo experimental evidence of inflammation and oxidative stress

Allergic asthma is a complicated respiratory disease with many concerns. Mounting epidemiological evidence linked temperature (T) and NO2 with allergic asthma, yet toxicological studies remain scarce. We conducted an in vivo study to explore toxicological evidence in T-NO2 interaction on allergic asthma, to investigate underlying toxicological mechanisms. 90 male Balb/c mice were randomly and equally divided into 6 groups including saline control, ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized, OVA + 35 °C, OVA + NO2, OVA + 35 °C + NO2, and OVA + 35 °C + NO2 + capsazepine (CZP), adopting treatment for 38 days. We measured pulmonary functions of inspiratory resistance (Ri), expiratory resistance (Re) and airway compliance (Cldyn), serum protein biomarkers, indexes of pulmonary inflammation, histopathological changes and protective effects of CZP. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was aggravated by high T (35 °C) and NO2 (5 ppm) co-exposure with a series of aggravating asthmatic symptoms including airway wall thickening, lumen stenosis, goblet cell proliferation, mucus hypersecretion, and subepithelial fibrotic hyperplasia, providing evidence in the toxicological impact of high T-NO2 interaction. The biomarkers of serum immune functions (Total-IgE, OVA-sIgE and IL-4), pro-inflammation (IL-6 and TNF-α), oxidative stress cytokines (8-OHdG, ROS and MDA), airway resistance (Ri and Re), and TRPV1 expression significantly increased, while IFN-γ, GSH and airway compliance (Cldyn) significantly decreased with co-exposure to high T and NO2. We observed that CZP addition significantly ameliorated these toxicological effects and biomarker levels induced by heat-NO2 interaction. Our results suggest a toxicity of heat-NO2 interaction on asthma with clear mechanisms, which can be ameliorated by CZP, indicating that both oxidative stress and TRPV1 expression may be primarily responsible for asthma of heat-NO2-induced toxicity.

Innovative graph analysis method to assess gene expression modulation after fine particles exposures of 3D human airway epithelia

Environmental particles have dramatic consequences for health, especially for the most vulnerable people, such as asthmatics. To better understand the impact on gene expression modulation of fine particles (PM2.5-0.3) from different emission sources, a 3D-airway model, a human bronchial epithelium (MucilAir-HF™) reconstructed from primary cells from healthy (EpiH) or asthmatic (EpiA) donors, was used. Repeated air-liquid exposures were performed, and epithelia were sacrificed to extract RNAs and assess gene expression. Data were analyzed according to the emission sources, physiological status, and exposure doses using a recent model consisting in a graph analysis on pairwise expression ratio. The results were compared with those from the classical ΔΔCt method. The graph analysis method proved to have better statistical properties than the classical ΔΔCt method and demonstrated that repeated PM2.5-0.3 exposures induced a dose-dependent up-regulation of the metabolic gene (CYP1B1) and a down-regulation of the inflammation gene (CXCL10). These modulations were greater for "industrial" than for "urban traffic" fine particles, and the effects were found to be greater after exposure of EpiA than EpiH, thus emphasizing the importance of the epithelium's physiological status in sensitivity to particles. Our study is original in terms of the experimental conditions and the graphical statistical analysis model established. The results highlight the importance of particle chemistry on the modulation of cellular and molecular responses, which may vary according to the individual's vulnerability.

Novel Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Immune Thrombocytopenia

Lower-than-normal platelet counts are a hallmark of the acquired autoimmune illness known as immune thrombocytopenia, which can affect both adults and children. Immune thrombocytopenia patients' care has evolved significantly in recent years, but the disease's diagnosis has not, and it is still only clinically achievable with the elimination of other causes of thrombocytopenia. The lack of a valid biomarker or gold-standard diagnostic test, despite ongoing efforts to find one, adds to the high rate of disease misdiagnosis. However, in recent years, several studies have helped to elucidate a number of features of the disease's etiology, highlighting how the platelet loss is not only caused by an increase in peripheral platelet destruction but also involves a number of humoral and cellular immune system effectors. This made it possible to identify the role of immune-activating substances such cytokines and chemokines, complement, non-coding genetic material, the microbiome, and gene mutations. Furthermore, platelet and megakaryocyte immaturity indices have been emphasized as new disease markers, and prognostic signs and responses to particular types of therapy have been suggested. Our review's goal was to compile information from the literature on novel immune thrombocytopenia biomarkers, markers that will help us improve the management of these patients.

The isothiocyanate sulforaphane prevents mitochondrial impairment and neuroinflammation in the human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y and in the mouse microglial BV2 cells: role for heme oxygenase-1

Sulforaphane (SFN) promotes protective effects in different cell types. Nonetheless, it remains to be clarified by which mechanism SFN exerts benefits in mammalian cells. Mitochondria are a major source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reactive species in nucleated cells. Mitochondrial impairment result in cellular redox biology disruption, bioenergetic status collapse, and inflammation. Evidence suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a role in neurological disorders. Since a cure was not discovered yet to some of these diseases, investigating strategies to promote mitochondrial protection is pharmacologically relevant and may improve life quality of patients suffering from these maladies. Natural molecules, such as SFN, are potent inducers of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and, consequently, stimulate the expression of genes whose products, such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), induce cytoprotective actions in mammalian tissues. In this work, we investigated whether SFN (5 µM) would be capable to prevent the dysfunctions caused by chlorpyrifos (CPF) on the human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, we examined the effects of a pretreatment with SFN at the same concentration on the mouse microglial BV2 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in an experimental model of neuroinflammation. SFN prevented the mitochondrial impairment and the neuroinflammation caused by the chemical stressors in both cell types. Inhibition of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) suppressed the mitochondrial protection and anti-inflammatory action afforded by SFN in this experimental model. Overall, SFN promoted cytoprotection by a mechanism dependent on the HO-1 enzyme in the SH-SY5Y and BV2 cells.

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in emphysema: Comparison of inflammatory markers changes in response to intratracheal and systemic delivery method

Cytokines are the most important inflammatory mediators and are well-known as the main cause of emphysema. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) as a cell-based treatment strategy could play a pivotal role in lung regeneration through anti-inflammatory and paracrine properties. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to the comparison of inflammation markers' improvement in response to the intratracheal and systemic delivery method of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in emphysema. Forty-eight rats were divided into five groups including Control, Elastase (25 IU/kg, Intratracheal, at day first and 10th), Elastase+PBS, Intratracheal cell therapy (1 ×10^7, at day 28th), and Systemic cell therapy groups (1 ×10^7, Jugular vein, at day 28th). After 3 weeks, the blood gas analysis (PO₂, PCO₂ and pH), fibrinogen level, and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were measured in all groups. In addition, inflammatory genes expression, and concentration levels of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, and TGF-β,) were evaluated using Real-time PCR and Elisa kits, respectively. The statistical analysis of our data shows that local administration leads to more significant treatment efficacy with decreased inflammation parameters such as WBC count and pro-inflammatory cytokines in comparison with systemic treatment. Besides, these results were approved by more reduction of CRP and fibrinogen concentration levels in blood samples of intra-tracheal AMSCs-treated rats compare with the systemic group. Moreover, the improvement in histopathology indexes of the local administrated group was significantly better than the systemic group. Accordingly, the obtained results suggest local administration as the most efficacious route for mesenchymal stem cells delivery in patients with emphysema.

Theophylline Attenuates BLM-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting Th17 Differentiation

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and refractory interstitial lung disease. Although there are two approved drugs for IPF, they were not able to completely cure the disease. Therefore, the development of new drugs is required for the effective treatment of IPF. In this study, we investigated the effect of theophylline, which has long been used for the treatment of asthma, on pulmonary fibrosis. The administration of theophylline attenuated the fibrotic changes of lung tissues and improved mechanical pulmonary functions in bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Theophylline treatment suppressed IL-17 production through inhibiting cytokines controlling Th17 differentiation; TGF-β, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-23. The inhibition of IL-6 and IL-1β by theophylline is mediated by suppressing BLM-induced ROS production and NF-κB activation in epithelial cells. We further demonstrated that theophylline inhibited TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in epithelial cells through suppressing the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and AKT. The inhibitory effects of theophylline on the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and AKT were recapitulated in BLM-treated lung tissues. Taken together, these results demonstrated that theophylline prevents pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting Th17 differentiation and TGF-β signaling.

Choline and trimethylamine N-oxide impair metabolic activation of and platelet response to clopidogrel through activation of the NOX/ROS/Nrf2/CES1 pathway

BACKGROUND

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbe-generated metabolite, elicits thrombotic events by enhancing platelet reactivity; however, no studies have reported the effects of TMAO on the metabolism of and response to clopidogrel.

OBJECTIVES

To determine whether choline and TMAO could significantly impair metabolic activation of and platelet response to clopidogrel in choline- or TMAO-fed mice and the mechanisms involved.

METHODS

Male mice were fed with vehicle control (Ctrl), TMAO, choline alone or in combination with 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, or ML385 for 14 days and then treated with Ctrl or a single oral dose of clopidogrel. Plasma TMAO, protein levels of clopidogrel-metabolizing enzymes in the liver, plasma concentrations of clopidogrel and its metabolites, and adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation and activation were measured. In addition, HepG2 cells were treated with Ctrl or TMAO alone or in combination with N-acetyl-L-cysteine, ML385, or apocynin, and CES1, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Nrf2 protein levels were measured, respectively.

RESULTS

TMAO significantly increased Ces1 protein expression and activity and clopidogrel hydrolysis in the liver as well as intracellular ROS and CES1 levels and Nrf2 nucleus translocation in HepG2 cells but decreased the formation of clopidogrel active metabolite and impaired platelet response to clopidogrel. Furthermore, concomitant use of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, or ML385 effectively reversed choline- or TMAO-induced impairment of inhibition of platelet aggregation by clopidogrel in mice, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Choline and TMAO impair the metabolic activation of and platelet response to clopidogrel through the activation of the NOX-dependent ROS/Nrf2/CES1 pathway, suggesting novel strategies for overcoming clopidogrel resistance from bench to bedside.

Gold nanoparticles application to the treatment of brain dysfunctions related to metabolic diseases: evidence from experimental studies

Nanotechnology is an emerging and expanding technology worldwide. The manipulation of materials on a nanometric scale generates new products with unique properties called nanomaterials. Due to its significant expansion, nanotechnology has been applied in several fields of study, including developing materials for biomedical applications, i.e., nanomedicine. The use of nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, in nanomedicine, is promising and has been associated with pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and therapeutic advantages. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs). AuNPs' biomedical application is extensively investigated due to their high biocompatibility, simple preparation, catalytic, and redox properties. Experimental studies have pointed out critical therapeutic actions related to AuNPs in different pathophysiological contexts, mainly due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Thus, in this review, we will discuss the main experimental findings related to the therapeutic properties of AuNPs in metabolic, neurodegenerative diseases, and ultimately brain dysfunctions related to metabolic diseases.

Impacts of combined exposure to formaldehyde and PM2.5 at ambient concentrations on airway inflammation in mice

Asthma is a respiratory disease that can be exacerbated by certain environmental factors. Both formaldehyde (FA) and PM_2.5, the most common indoor and outdoor air pollutants in mainland China, are closely associated with the onset and development of asthma. To date, however, there is very little report available on whether there is an exacerbating effect of combined exposure to FA and PM_2.5 at ambient concentrations. In this study, asthmatic mice were exposed to 1 mg/m³ FA, 1 mg/kg PM_2.5, or a combination of 0.5 mg/m³ FA and 0.5 mg/kg PM_2.5, respectively. Results demonstrated that both levels of oxidative stress and inflammation were significantly increased, accompanied by an obvious decline in lung function. Further, the initial activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB that intensified the immune imbalance of asthmatic mice were found to be visibly mitigated following the administration of SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Noteworthily, it was found that combined exposure to the two at ambient concentrations could significantly worsen asthma than exposure to each of the two alone at twice the ambient concentration. This suggests that combined exposure to formaldehyde and PM_2.5 at ambient concentrations may have a synergistic effect, thus causing more severe damage in asthmatic mice. In general, this work has revealed that the combined exposure to FA and PM_2.5 at ambient concentrations can synergistically aggravate asthma via the p38 MAPK pathway in mice.

Isolation and Identification of Anti-Inflammatory Peptide from Goose Blood Hydrolysate to Ameliorate LPS-Mediated Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in RAW264.7 Macrophages

This study was designed to isolate an anti-inflammatory activity oligopeptide from goose blood (GBP) for ameliorating LPS-mediated inflammation response and oxidative stress in RAW264.7 macrophages. In this study, GBP was isolated by tangential flow ultrafiltration system (TFUS) combined with size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ion exchange chromatography (IEC), and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC), and then identified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The experiment results indicated that the amino acid sequence of oligopeptide with the best anti-inflammatory activity was IIe-Val-Tyr-Pro-Trp-Thr-Gln-Arg (IVYPWTQR), which had a molecular weight of 1062.5720 Da, and was derived from haemoglobin subunit beta OS in goose blood. In addition, IVYPWTQR was confirmed to have satisfactory stability and maintained high anti-inflammatory activity in a simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The mechanism by which the IVYPWTQR protected against LPS-mediated inflammation response was attributed to downregulating the TLR4/NF-kB/iNOS pathway. Moreover, IVYPWTQR ameliorated oxidative stress damage in inflammatory state was attributed to activating antioxidant defence system, which was regulated by Keap-1/NRF2/HO-1 signalling pathway for decreasing the accumulation of reactive oxide species (ROS). In summary, these results indicated GBP could serve as a potential functional factor for prevention and improvement of inflammation mediated by LPS and provided an affordable dietary intervention strategy to prevent inflammation.

The Relationship between Reactive Oxygen Species and the cGAS/STING Signaling Pathway in the Inflammaging Process

During Inflammaging, a dysregulation of the immune cell functions is generated, and these cells acquire a senescent phenotype with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS. This increase in pro-inflammatory molecules contributes to the chronic inflammation and oxidative damage of biomolecules, classically observed in the Inflammaging process. One of the most critical oxidative damages is generated to the host DNA. Damaged DNA is located out of the natural compartments, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, and is present in the cell's cytoplasm. This DNA localization activates some DNA sensors, such as the cGAS/STING signaling pathway, that induce transcriptional factors involved in increasing inflammatory molecules. Some of the targets of this signaling pathway are the SASPs. SASPs are secreted pro-inflammatory molecules characteristic of the senescent cells and inducers of ROS production. It has been suggested that oxidative damage to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA generates activation of the cGAS/STING pathway, increasing ROS levels induced by SASPs. These additional ROS increase oxidative DNA damage, causing a loop during the Inflammaging. However, the relationship between the cGAS/STING pathway and the increase in ROS during Inflammaging has not been clarified. This review attempt to describe the potential connection between the cGAS/STING pathway and ROS during the Inflammaging process, based on the current literature, as a contribution to the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that occur and contribute to the development of the considered adaptative Inflammaging process during aging.

Lung Pneumonitis and Fibrosis in Cancer Therapy: A Review on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

Fibrosis and pneumonitis are the most important side effects of lung tissue following cancer therapy. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy by some drugs, such as bleomycin, can induce pneumonitis and fibrosis. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy also may induce pneumonitis and fibrosis to a lesser extent compared to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Activation of lymphocytes by immunotherapy or infiltration of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and mast cells following chemo/radiation therapy can induce pneumonitis. Furthermore, the polarization of macrophages toward M2 cells and the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines stimulate fibrosis. Lung fibrosis and pneumonitis may also be potentiated by some other changes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), oxidative stress, reduction/oxidation (redox) responses, renin-angiotensin system, and the upregulation of some inflammatory mediators such as a nuclear factor of kappa B (NF-κB), inflammasome, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Damages to the lung vascular system and the induction of hypoxia also can induce pulmonary injury following chemo/radiation therapy. This review explains various mechanisms of the induction of pneumonitis and lung fibrosis following cancer therapy. Furthermore, the targets and promising agents to mitigate lung fibrosis and pneumonitis will be discussed.

TSLP regulates mitochondrial ROS-induced mitophagy via histone modification in human monocytes

Background

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a Th2-like cytokine involved in asthma pathogenesis. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production can lead to airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness and remodeling. Mitophagy, followed by ROS production, is the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy and often occurs in defective mitochondria. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effects of TSLP on ROS production and mitophagy in human monocytes and to investigate the underlying mechanisms, including epigenetic regulation.

Results

TSLP induced ROS generation, and the effects were reversed by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in THP-1 cells. Transmission electron microscopy images showed donut-shaped mitochondria that lost the cristae ultrastructure after TSLP stimulation. A decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased MTCO2 expression, and increased mitochondrial DNA release after TSLP stimulation were found. TSLP enhanced mitochondrial complex I and complex II/III activity and increased mitochondrial copy numbers and the expression of the complex II SHDA gene. TSLP-induced SHDA expression was inhibited by the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor anacardic acid (AA) and the histone methyltransferase inhibitor methylthioadenosine (MTA), and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that TSLP enhanced H3 acetylation, H4 acetylation, and H3K4 and H3K36 trimethylation in the SHDA promoter. Confocal laser microscopy showed that TSLP treatment increased the signals of the mitophagy-related proteins PINK1, LC3, phospho-parkin and phospho-ubiquitin, and pretreatment with AA and MTA reduced TSLP-induced PINK1 and LC3 accumulation in mitochondria. Western blot analysis showed that TSLP significantly increased phosphor-AMPK signal intensity, and the effects were inhibited by the antioxidant NAC. The increased signal intensities of the mitophagy-related proteins PINK1, Parkin and LC3 I/II were decreased by dorsomorphin, an AMPK inhibitor. TSLP decreased M1-related cytokine CXCL-10 production and increased M2-related cytokine CCL-1 and CCL-22 production, which was suppressed by the mitophagy inhibitor Mdivi-1 and PINK1 gene knockdown.

Conclusions

Epithelial-derived TSLP regulates ROS production and mitophagy through AMPK activation and histone modification and alters M1/M2 chemokine expression in human monocytes.

Graphical Abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00767-w.

Dual Oxidase 2 (DUOX2) as a Proteomic Biomarker for Predicting Treatment Response to Chemoradiation Therapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: Using High-Throughput Proteomic Analysis and Machine Learning Algorithm

High-throughput mass-spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analysis was performed using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsy samples obtained before treatment from 13 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), who were treated with concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT) followed by surgery. Patients were divided into complete responder (CR) and non-complete responder (nCR) groups. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of 79 independent FFPE tissue samples was performed to validate the predictive ability of proteomic biomarker candidates. A total of 3637 proteins were identified, and the expression of 498 proteins was confirmed at significantly different levels (differentially expressed proteins—DEPs) between two groups. In Gene Ontology enrichment analyses, DEPs enriched in biological processes in the CR group included proteins linked to cytoskeletal organization, immune response processes, and vesicle-associated protein transport processes, whereas DEPs in the nCR group were associated with biosynthesis, transcription, and translation processes. Dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) was selected as the most predictive biomarker in machine learning algorithm analysis. Further IHC validation ultimately confirmed DUOX2 as a potential biomarker for predicting the response of nCR to CCRT. In conclusion, this study suggests that the treatment response to RT may be affected by the pre-treatment tumor microenvironment. DUOX2 is a potential biomarker for the early prediction of nCR after CCRT.

Targeting an Initiator Allergen Provides Durable and Expansive Protection against House Dust Mite Allergy

Whereas treatment of allergic diseases such as asthma relies largely on the targeting of dysregulated effector pathways, the conceptually attractive alternative of preventing them by a pharmaceutical, at-source intervention has been stymied until now by uncertainties about suitable targets and the challenges facing drug design. House dust mites (HDMs) are globally significant triggers of allergy. Group 1 HDM allergens, exemplified by Der p 1, are cysteine proteases. Their degradome has a strong disease linkage that underlies their status as risk and initiator allergens acting directly and through bystander effects on other allergens. Our objective was to test whether target-selective inhibitors of group 1 HDM allergens might provide a viable route to novel therapies. Using structure-directed design to optimize a series of pyruvamides, we undertook the first examination of whether pharmaceutically developable inhibitors of group 1 allergens might offer protection against HDM exposure. Developability criteria included durable inhibition of clinically relevant signals after a single aerosolized dose of the drug. The compounds suppressed acute airway responses of rats and mice when challenged with an HDM extract representing the HDM allergome. Inhibitory effects operated through a miscellany of downstream pathways involving, among others, IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, chemokines, and dendritic cells. IL-13 and eosinophil recruitment, indices of Th2 pathway activation, were strongly attenuated. The surprisingly expansive benefits arising from a unique at-source intervention suggest a novel approach to multiple allergic diseases in which HDMs play prominent roles and encourage exploration of these pharmaceutically developable molecules in a clinical setting.

Environmentally relevant dose of the endocrine disruptor tributyltin disturbs redox balance in female thyroid gland

Tributyltin (TBT) is an endocrine disruptor used as a biocide in nautical paints. Even though many TBT effects in marine species are known, data in mammals are scarce, especially regarding the thyroid gland. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a subchronic exposure to TBT on thyroid oxidative stress of female Wistar rats. Rats received vehicle (control group), 200 or 1000 ng TBT/kg body weight/day for 40 days. After euthanasia, one part of the thyroids were collected in order to assess iodide uptake; activity and/or mRNA expression of thyroperoxidase (TPO) and dual oxidases (DUOXs); activity and/or mRNA expression of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and NADPH oxidase 4 (CAT, GPx, SOD and NOX4); 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) expression and total thiol groups levels; and mRNA expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ). The remaining part of the thyroid was processed for morphological analysis of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and for collagen deposition. Iodide uptake was not changed with treatments. TPO activity and expression were increased in the TBT1000 group (259.81% and 95.17%). The activity, but not mRNA, of CAT (17.36% TBT200; 27.10% TBT1000) and GPx (29.24% TBT200; 28.97% TBT1000) were decreased by TBT. SOD and NADPH oxidase activity, as well as thiol group and 4-HNE levels remained unchanged. Interstitial collagen deposition increased in the TBT200 group (39.54%). The mRNA expression of ERα increased in TBT-treated rats (44.87% TBT200; 36.43% TBT1000), while protein expression was increased but not reaching significance (TBT1000, p = 0.056) by TBT. Therefore, our results show that TBT increases TPO expression and reduces antioxidant enzyme activities in the thyroid gland leading to oxidative stress. Some of these effects could be mediated by the ERα pathway.

Thymus vulgaris essential oil + tobramycin within nanostructured archaeolipid carriers: A new approach against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms

BACKGROUND

Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in the respiratory tract of patients with an excessive inflammatory context are difficult to eradicate. New medicines that simultaneously target biofilms and inflammation should be developed.

HYPOTHESIS

Co-delivery of Thymus vulgaris essential oil (EOT) and tobramycin (TB) by nanostructured archaeolipids carriers (NAC) could support nebulization as well as improve EOT and TB antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibiofilm activity.

METHODS

NAC_(EOT+TB) were prepared by loading EOT and TB in NAC having a compritol and miglyol core, covered with a shell of archaeolipids, extracted from the hyperhalophylic archaebacteria Halorubrum tebenquichense, and Tween 80. NAC_(EOT+TB) were structurally characterized, including DSC thermograms, Raman spectra, TB release profile, EOT volatilization and in vitro antioxidant activity. In addition, stability upon nebulization, autoclaving and storage were assessed. The antibiofilm activity on P. aeruginosa PAO1 established biofilm of NAC_(EOT+TB) and the cytotoxicity on human lung epithelial cells and macrophage were determined, as well as intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cytokines release on LPS stimulated cells.

RESULTS

NAC_(EOT+TB) showed a size of 197 ± 16 nm with PdI of 0.3 ± 0.1 and ζ Potential of -38 ± 3 mV. Structural characterization suggested that EOT was trapped in the compritol-miglyol core and TB was distributed between the surface of nanoparticles and free in solution. NAC_(EOT+TB) displayed a dual release profile of TB, a delayed release of EOT and improved EOTs in vitro antioxidant activity. While NAC_(EOT+TB) preserved its structural features after nebulization, autoclaving and 18 months of storage, carriers without archaeolipids gelled at room temperature and showed a significant increase of size after the same storage time. Below cytotoxic concentration, NAC_(EOT+TB) decreased bacteria viability and enhanced the disruption of established PAO1 biofilms compared to free TB and EOT. Also, the strong entrapment of EOT in NAC_(EOT+TB) delayed its volatilization, decreased intracellular ROS production and maintained its anti-inflammatory activity in LPS stimulated cells.

CONCLUSION

Combination of EOT + TB within NAC_(EOT+TB) result in a stable and nebulizable formulation that enhanced the antioxidant and anti-biofilm activity of free ingredients, improved their ability to decrease intracellular ROS and provided anti-inflammatory activity, at non-cytotoxic concentrations on eukaryotic cells.

Oleuropein ameliorated lung ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting TLR4 signaling cascade in alveolar macrophages

Lung ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common postoperative complication in patients with lung transplantation, pulmonary embolism, and cardiopulmonary bypass. Lung I/R injury is a sterile inflammatory process that leads to lung dysfunction, and is an important cause of patient death. Effectively alleviating lung I/R injury can thus improve the prognosis of patients. In this study, we created a mouse model of lung I/R injury by transient unilateral left pulmonary artery occlusion. 6-8 weeks male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to four groups: Sham, I/R, I/R + oleuropein (OLE) and OLE. OLE (50 mg/kg) was orally 24 h and 30 min before anesthesia. Measurement of lung pathohistological, isolated alveolar macrophages (AMs), inflammatory mediators, TLR4 and its downstream factors (MyD88, NF-κB) were performed. We then evaluated the ability of oleuropein (OLE) to ameliorate I/R-induced lung injury and explored the possible molecular mechanisms. OLE ameliorated I/R-induced lung injury and edema and decreased inflammatory factors in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. This protection required toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). OLE significantly inhibited I/R-induced expression of TLR4 and its downstream factors in lung tissue and alveolar macrophages. In addition, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α protein accumulated in TLR4-mediated lung I/R injury, and further induced the production of inflammatory factors. Collectively, these data suggest that OLE ameliorates I/R-induced lung injury. The mechanism responsible for its protective effect may involve inhibition of the I/R-induced inflammatory response by downregulating the TLR4 signaling cascade in AMs.

Mycophenolic Acid Induces the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Damage through Mitochondrial ROS

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) may cause gastrointestinal adverse effects by damaging the intestinal epithelial barrier, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is linked to tight junction (TJ) proteins and apoptosis, both of which cause abnormalities in intestinal barrier function. Mitochondria, one of the main sources of ROS and abnormally high levels of ROS are linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate whether MPA induces intestinal barrier dysfunction through regulation of the mitochondrial ROS. MPA-induced intestinal injury model in Kunming mice and Caco-2 cells. The effect of MPA on Caco-2 cell viability was measured by MTT; tissue diamine oxidase and endotoxin expression were determined by ELISA; expression of total proteins of ZO-1, occludin, Bax, Bcl-2, and mitochondrial proteins of Cytochrome C and Bax was measured by Western blot; and the localization of Cytochrome C with MitoTraker was observed by immunofluorescence staining. Caco-2 cell apoptosis, ROS levels, and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by flow cytometry, while intramitochondrial ROS levels were observed by MitoSOX fluorescence staining. The results showed that MPA increased intracellular and mitochondrial ROS production to promote oxidative stress and the antioxidant NAC effectively restored ZO-1 and occludin expressions, reduced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, we found that low concentrations of MPA caused mitochondrial damage, induced hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the translocation of Cytochrome C and Bax proteins from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. The mitochondrial protectant SS-31 reduces intracellular and intramitochondrial ROS, upregulates TJ, and reduces apoptosis. Our studies suggest that MPA-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in vivo and in vitro is mediated, at least in part, by impairing mitochondrial function and promoting oxidative stress.

Transcriptomic Evidence That Switching from Tobacco to Electronic Cigarettes Does Not Reverse Damage to the Respiratory Epithelium

The health benefits of switching from tobacco to electronic cigarettes (ECs) are neither confirmed nor well characterized. To address this problem, we used RNA-seq analysis to compare the nasal epithelium transcriptome from the following groups (n = 3 for each group): (1) former smokers who completely switched to second generation ECs for at least 6 months, (2) current tobacco cigarette smokers (CS), and (3) non-smokers (NS). Group three included one former cigarette smoker. The nasal epithelial biopsies from the EC users vs. NS had a higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than biopsies from the CS vs. NS and CS vs. EC sets (1817 DEGs total for the EC vs. NS, 407 DEGs for the CS vs. NS, and 116 DEGs for the CS vs. EC comparison). In the EC vs. NS comparison, enriched gene ontology terms for the downregulated DEGs included cilium assembly and organization, whereas gene ontologies for upregulated DEGs included immune response, keratinization, and NADPH oxidase. Similarly, ontologies for cilium movement were enriched in the downregulated DEGs for the CS vs. NS group. Reactome pathway analysis gave similar results and also identified keratinization and cornified envelope in the upregulated DEGs in the EC vs. NS comparison. In the CS vs. NS comparison, the enriched Reactome pathways for upregulated DEGs included biological oxidations and several metabolic processes. Regulator effects identified for the EC vs. NS comparison were inflammatory response, cell movement of phagocytes and degranulation of phagocytes. Disease Ontology Sematic Enrichment analysis identified lung disease, mouth disease, periodontal disease and pulmonary fibrosis in the EC vs. NS comparison. Squamous metaplasia associated markers, keratin 10, keratin 13 and involucrin, were increased in the EC vs. NS comparison. Our transcriptomic analysis showed that gene expression profiles associated with EC use are not equivalent to those from non-smokers. EC use may interfere with airway epithelium recovery by promoting increased oxidative stress, inhibition of ciliogenesis, and maintaining an inflammatory response. These transcriptomic alterations may contribute to the progression of diseases with chronic EC use.

A pH-stable, mucin based nanoparticle system for the co-delivery of hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs

Biopolymer-based drug carriers are commonly used for the development of safe delivery systems. However, biopolymer-based systems are often highly sensitive to the acidic pH levels in the stomach and release most of their cargo before they have reached their point of destination. Such premature drug release combined with the resulting high dose requirements is not cost-efficient and comes with the risk of unwanted side effects on non-target tissues/organs. This problem can be mitigated by the mucin-based drug carriers developed here, which exhibit good stability at acidic pH levels as proven by dynamic light scattering and enzymatic degradation tests with pepsin. In addition, the mucin-based particles can deliver hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs simultaneously, which is demonstrated both with experiments performed under in vitro sink conditions and with drug transport tests involving eukaryotic cells as targets. As photo-induced cross-links covalently stabilize those particles, they can release their payload over time in a sustained manner. The drug carrier system introduced here combines good stability with high drug encapsulation efficiency and very good biocompatibility and thus may be valuable for a broad spectrum of applications in biological settings.

Shape Memory Polymer Foams with Phenolic Acid-Based Antioxidant Properties

Phenolic acids (PAs) are natural antioxidant agents in the plant kingdom that are part of the human diet. The introduction of naturally occurring PAs into the network of synthetic shape memory polymer (SMP) polyurethane (PU) foams during foam fabrication can impart antioxidant properties to the resulting scaffolds. In previous work, PA-containing SMP foams were synthesized to provide materials that retained the desirable shape memory properties of SMP PU foams with additional antimicrobial properties that were derived from PAs. Here, we explore the impact of PA incorporation on SMP foam antioxidant properties. We investigated the antioxidant effects of PA-containing SMP foams in terms of in vitro oxidative degradation resistance and cellular antioxidant activity. The PA foams showed surprising variability; p-coumaric acid (PCA)-based SMP foams exhibited the most potent antioxidant properties in terms of slowing oxidative degradation in H₂O₂. However, PCA foams did not effectively reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in short-term cellular assays. Vanillic acid (VA)- and ferulic acid (FA)-based SMP foams slowed oxidative degradation in H₂O₂ to lesser extents than the PCA foams, but they demonstrated higher capabilities for scavenging ROS to alter cellular activity. All PA foams exhibited a continuous release of PAs over two weeks. Based on these results, we hypothesize that PAs must be released from SMP foams to provide adequate antioxidant properties; slower release may enable higher resistance to long-term oxidative degradation, and faster release may result in higher cellular antioxidant effects. Overall, PCA, VA, and FA foams provide a new tool for tuning oxidative degradation rates and extending potential foam lifetime in the wound. VA and FA foams induced cellular antioxidant activity that could help promote wound healing by scavenging ROS and protecting cells. This work could contribute a wound dressing material that safely releases antimicrobial and antioxidant PAs into the wound at a continuous rate to ideally improve healing outcomes. Furthermore, this methodology could be applied to other oxidatively degradable biomaterial systems to enhance control over degradation rates and to provide multifunctional scaffolds for healing.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of the Indole-Derived N-Salicyloyltryptamine on Peritonitis and Joint Disability Induced by Carrageenan in Rodents

Purpose

To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of N-salicyloyltryptamine (NST) in experimental models of carrageenan (Cg)-induced peritonitis in mice, and evaluation of the effects of NST on Cg-induced joint disability in rats.

Methods

Female Swiss mice were submitted to Cg-induced peritonitis in mice or Cg-induced joint disability in rats after intraperitoneal injection of NST (100 or 200 mg/kg). Total leukocyte count, total protein concentration, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and catalase (CAT) activities, and nitrite (NO₂⁻) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) levels were determined.

Results

NST significantly decrease the migration of leukocytes to peritoneal exudate. Cg induces inflammatory responses mediated by expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results further showed that NST significantly decreased MPO and CAT activities, as well as reduced NO₂⁻ and TBARS levels, compared with the vehicle group. Animals treated with NST significantly reduced paw elevation time (PET) on the first hour after induction of joint injury, and this effect was sustained throughout the analysis.

Conclusion

NST presented anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in experimental models of carrageenan-induced peritonitis and joint disability in mice and rats, respectively, which may be related to the modulation of neutrophils migration as well as the involvement of antioxidant mechanisms.

Oxime derivative TFOBO promotes cell death by modulating reactive oxygen species and regulating NADPH oxidase activity in myeloid leukemia

Several derivatives derived from the oxime structure have been reported as potential anticancer agents in various cancers. Here, we first tested a novel oxime-containing derivative of 2-((2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)benzaldehyde oxime (TFOBO) to evaluate its anticancer effect in myeloid leukemic cells. Compared to (2-((2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)methanol (TFOPM), the oxime derivative TFOBO suppresses leukemic cell growth by significantly increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and cell death. Leukemic cells treated with TFOBO displayed apoptotic cell death, as indicated by nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, and annexin V staining. TFOBO increases Bax/Bcl2 levels, caspase9, and caspase3/7 activity and decreases mitochondrial membrane potential. ROS production was reduced by N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a ROS scavenger, diphenyleneiodonium chloride, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibitor, after exogenous TFOBO treatment. ROS inhibitors protect leukemic cells from TFOBO-induced cell death. Thus, our study findings suggest that TFOBO promotes apoptosis by modulating ROS and regulating NADPH oxidase activity. Collectively, the oxime-containing derivative TFOBO is a novel therapeutic drug for myeloid leukemia.

Protective effect and mechanism of loganin and morroniside on acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis

BACKGROUND

Loganin and morroniside are two iridoid glycosides with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumor effects. Whether they have effect on acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis are still unknown.

PURPOSE

To explore the potential effects of loganin and morroniside against acute lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis, and the underlying molecular mechanism.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Cell and animal models of acute lung injury were established by the induction of LPS. After intervention with loganin and morroniside, the pathological symptom of lung tissue was assessed, pro-inflammatory factors in cells and lung tissues were detected, NF- κB/STAT3 signaling pathway related proteins were detected by western blotting. Mice pulmonary fibrosis model was induced by bleomycin, pathological symptom was assessed by HE and Masson staining. Fibrosis related indicators were detected by qPCR or western blot. CD4+/CD8+ was detected by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

Loganin and morroniside relieved the pathological symptom of lung tissue in acute lung injury, pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α mRNA were inhibited. Expression of p-p65 and STAT3 in lung tissues were also downregulated. In addition, loganin and morroniside downregulated the expression of collagen fiber, hydroxyproline and TGF-β1, collagen I and α-SMA mRNA in lung tissues of pulmonary fibrosis model. This study proved that loganin and morroniside have protective effect on acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis, and may provide theoretical basis for the development of new clinical drugs.

Study on alleviate effect of Wuzhi capsule (Schisandra sphenanthera Rehder & E.H. Wilson extract) against mycophenolate mofetil-induced intestinal injury

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Schisandra sphenanthera Rehder & E.H. Wilson (S. sphenanthera) is a botanical medicine included in the 2020 edition of the ChP that has a variety of medicinal activities, including hepatoprotective, anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Wuzhi capsule (WZ) is a proprietary Chinese medicine made from an ethanolic extract of S. sphenanthera that is commonly used to treat drug-induced liver injury. However, there are no research reports exploring the effects of WZ on the prevention of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)-induced intestinal injury and its underlying mechanisms.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This experiment aimed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of WZ on MMF-induced intestinal injury in mice and its underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A mouse model of MMF-induced intestinal injury was established and treated with WZ during the 21-day experimental period. The pathological characteristics of the mouse ileum were observed. Tight junction (TJ) protein changes were observed after immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy, and ROS levels were measured by using DHE fluorescent dye and the TUNEL assay for apoptosis. The expression of p65, p-p65, IκBα, p-IκBα, the TJ proteins occludin and ZO-1 and the apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-3 were analysed by Western blot. Levels of DAO, ET, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, MDA and SOD were analysed by using kits.

RESULTS

MMF activated the NF-κB signaling pathway to cause intestinal inflammation, increased intestinal permeability, changed the expression of TJ protein in the intestinal epithelium, and increased oxidative stress and apoptosis levels. WZ significantly downregulated the expression of p-p65 and p-IκBα to relieve the inflammatory response, reduced intestinal permeability, maintained intestinal TJ protein expression, and reduced intestinal oxidative stress and apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

Our research suggested that MMF can cause intestinal injury; by contrast, WZ may exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and apoptosis-reducing effects to alleviate MMF-induced intestinal injury.

PM2.5 Exposure and Asthma Development: The Key Role of Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the endogenous antioxidant defense system, leading to cellular damage. Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory airway disease. The presence of asthma tends to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the antioxidant system in the lungs is insufficient to mitigate it. Therefore, asthma can lead to an exacerbation of airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation. PM2.5 exposure increases ROS levels. Meanwhile, the accumulation of ROS will further enhance the oxidative stress response, resulting in DNA, protein, lipid, and other cellular and molecular damage, leading to respiratory diseases. An in-depth study on the relationship between oxidative stress and PM2.5-related asthma is helpful to understand the pathogenesis and progression of the disease and provides a new direction for the treatment of the disease. This paper reviews the research progress of oxidative stress in PM2.5-induced asthma as well as highlights the therapeutic potentials of antioxidant approaches in treatment of asthma.

Damaging effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the ovarian cells of Bombyx mori

As a new type of biologically compatible material, TiO₂ NPs are widely used in the industry as additives, drug carriers, and components of skin care products. Due to their wide use, residual TiO₂ NPs in the environment are a safety concern that has attracted extensive attention. In this study, the ovarian cell line BmN of the model organism Bombyx mori was used to reveal the damaging effects of TiO₂ NPs exposure. The results demonstrated that TiO₂ NPs exhibited a dose-dependent effect on the relative cell viability, with significant toxic effects being observed above 20 mg/L. Oxidative damage analysis showed that ROS accumulated significantly in BmN cells after exposure to TiO₂ NPs (P ≤ 0.05) and induced DNA damage. Further analysis revealed that the transcriptional levels of key superoxide dismutase genes (SOD) decreased significantly, while the transcriptions of key genes of the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway (P38, MEK, ERK and REL) and the downstream inflammatory factor genes (IL6 and TNFSF5) were all significantly up-regulated (P ≤ 0.05). Overall, our results indicate that exposure to TiO₂ NPs leads to reduced transcription of antioxidant genes, accumulation of peroxides, and inflammation. These findings provide valuable data for the safety evaluation of environmental residues of TiO₂ NPs.

IL-33 regulates M1/M2 chemokine expression via mitochondrial redox-related mitophagy in human monocytes

Interleukin (IL)-33 is an epithelial-derived cytokine that enhances T helper (Th) 2 responses. Allergens and other agents induce IL-33 in asthma. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to airway inflammation. Mitophagy is the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy and often occurs in defective mitochondria, followed by ROS production. In the present study, we examined the effects of IL-33 on ROS production and mitophagy in human monocytes, and the detailed mechanisms were investigated. Human monocyte cell line THP-1 was pretreated with different concentrations of IL-33. ROS production was measured by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial involvement and the mitophagy and intercellular pathway activation were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, and confocal microscopy, and cytokine/chemokine concentrations were detected by ELISA. The data showed that IL-33 alone could induce ROS expression in THP-1 cells. The expression of complex II and V mRNA was increased in the presence of IL-33. The mitophagy-related proteins PINK1, Parkin, and LC3 were regulated by IL-33 through the AMPK pathway. IL-33 significantly decreased M1-related cytokines CXCL-10 and TNF-α production and significantly increased M2-related cytokine CCL-22 production. In conclusion, IL-33 induces ROS production and subsequently influences mitophagy through AMPK activation, altering the macrophage-polarization phenotype of monocytes.

Novel Selenium Peptides Obtained from Selenium-Enriched Cordyceps militaris Alleviate Neuroinflammation and Gut Microbiota Dysbacteriosis in LPS-Injured Mice

Increasing attention focuses on the relationship between neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The reports on the microbiota-gut-brain axis reveal that the regulation by gut microbiota is an effective way to intervene in neuroinflammation-related AD. In this study, two novel selenium peptides (Se-Ps), VPRKL(Se)M (Se-P1) and RYNA(Se)MNDYT (Se-P2), with neuroprotection effects were obtained from Se-enriched Cordyceps militaris. Se-P1 and Se-P2 pre-protection led to a 30 and 33% increase in the PC-12 cell viability compared to the damage group, respectively. Moreover, Se-Ps exhibited a significant pre-protection against LPS-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress in the colon and brain by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators (p < 0.05) and malondialdehyde, as well as promoting anti-inflammatory cytokine level and antioxidant enzyme activity (p < 0.05), which may alleviate the cognitive impairment in LPS-injured mice (p < 0.05). Se-Ps not only repaired the intestinal mucosa damage of LPS-injured mice but also had a positive effect on gut microbiota dysbacteriosis by increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus and Alistipes and decreasing the abundance of Akkermansia and Bacteroides. Collectively, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and regulating properties on gut microflora of Se-Ps contribute to their neuroprotection, supporting that Se-Ps could be a promising dietary supplement in the prevention and/or treatment of AD.