1
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Shackleton CHL. Steroids and Mass Spectrometry: a personal story. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024:106608. [PMID: 39197538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Cedric H L Shackleton
- Research Scientist Emeritus UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, California, and Honorary Professor, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, UK
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2
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Wang D, Xiao H, Lv X, Chen H, Wei F. Mass Spectrometry Based on Chemical Derivatization Has Brought Novel Discoveries to Lipidomics: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-32. [PMID: 37782560 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2261130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipids, as one of the most important organic compounds in organisms, are important components of cells and participate in energy storage and signal transduction of living organisms. As a rapidly rising field, lipidomics research involves the identification and quantification of multiple classes of lipid molecules, as well as the structure, function, dynamics, and interactions of lipids in living organisms. Due to its inherent high selectivity and high sensitivity, mass spectrometry (MS) is the "gold standard" analysis technique for small molecules in biological samples. The combination chemical derivatization with MS detection is a unique strategy that could improve MS ionization efficiency, facilitate structure identification and quantitative analysis. Herein, this review discusses derivatization-based MS strategies for lipidomic analysis over the past decade and focuses on all the reported lipid categories, including fatty acids and modified fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sterols and saccharolipids. The functional groups of lipids mainly involved in chemical derivatization include the C=C group, carboxyl group, hydroxyl group, amino group, carbonyl group. Furthermore, representative applications of these derivatization-based lipid profiling methods were summarized. Finally, challenges and countermeasures of lipid derivatization are mentioned and highlighted to guide future studies of derivatization-based MS strategy in lipidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Huaming Xiao
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xin Lv
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Fang Wei
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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3
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Benachenhou S, Laroui A, Dionne O, Rojas D, Toupin A, Çaku A. Cholesterol alterations in fragile X syndrome, autism spectrum disorders and other neurodevelopmental disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 173:115-139. [PMID: 37993175 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a group of etiologically diverse diseases primarily associated with abnormal brain development, impaired cognition, and various behavioral problems. The majority of NDDs present a wide range of clinical phenotypes while sharing distinct cellular and biochemical alterations. Low plasma cholesterol levels have been reported in a subset of NNDs including, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and fragile X syndrome (FXS). The present review focuses on cholesterol metabolism and discusses the current evidence of lipid disruption in ASD, FXS, and other genetically related NDDs. The characterization of these common deficits might provide valuable insights into their underlying physiopathology and help identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérine Benachenhou
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Asma Laroui
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Dionne
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Daniela Rojas
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Amanda Toupin
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Artuela Çaku
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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4
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Lin J, de Rezende VL, de Aguiar da Costa M, de Oliveira J, Gonçalves CL. Cholesterol metabolism pathway in autism spectrum disorder: From animal models to clinical observations. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 223:173522. [PMID: 36717034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a persistent impairment of social skills, including aspects of perception, interpretation, and response, combined with restricted and repetitive behavior. ASD is a complex and multifactorial condition, and its etiology could be attributed to genetic and environmental factors. Despite numerous clinical and experimental studies, no etiological factor, biomarker, and specific model of transmission have been consistently associated with ASD. However, an imbalance in cholesterol levels has been observed in many patients, more specifically, a condition of hypocholesterolemia, which seems to be shared between ASD and ASD-related genetic syndromes such as fragile X syndrome (FXS), Rett syndrome (RS), and Smith- Lemli-Opitz (SLO). Furthermore, it is known that alterations in cholesterol levels lead to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, impaired myelination and synaptogenesis. Thus, the aim of this review is to discuss the cholesterol metabolic pathways in the ASD context, as well as in genetic syndromes related to ASD, through clinical observations and animal models. In fact, SLO, FXS, and RS patients display early behavioral markers of ASD followed by cholesterol disturbances. Several studies have demonstrated the role of cholesterol in psychiatric conditions and how its levels modulate brain neurodevelopment. This review suggests an important relationship between ASD pathology and cholesterol metabolism impairment; thus, some strategies could be raised - at clinical and pre-clinical levels - to explore whether cholesterol metabolism disturbance has a generally adverse effect in exacerbating the symptoms of ASD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Lin
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Victória Linden de Rezende
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Maiara de Aguiar da Costa
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jade de Oliveira
- Laboratory for Research in Metabolic Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cinara Ludvig Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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5
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Delahunty I, Li J, Jiang W, Lee C, Yang X, Kumar A, Liu Z, Zhang W, Xie J. 7-Dehydrocholesterol Encapsulated Polymeric Nanoparticles As a Radiation-Responsive Sensitizer for Enhancing Radiation Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200710. [PMID: 35304816 PMCID: PMC9068268 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutics that can be activated by radiation in situ to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy are highly desirable. Herein, 7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), a biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol, as a radiosensitizer, exploiting its ability to propagate the free radical chain reaction is explored. The studies show that 7-DHC can react with radiation-induced reactive oxygen species and in turn promote lipid peroxidation, double-strand breaks, and mitochondrial damage in cancer cells. For efficient delivery, 7-DHC is encapsulated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles, forming 7-DHC@PLGA NPs. When tested in CT26 tumor bearing mice, 7-DHC@PLGA NPs significantly enhanced the efficacy of radiotherapy, causing complete tumor eradication in 30% of the treated animals. After treatment, 7-DHC is converted to cholesterol, causing no detectable side effects or hypercalcemia. 7-DHC@PLGA NPs represent a radiation-responsive sensitizer with great potential in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Delahunty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jianwen Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Chaebin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xueyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Weizhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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6
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Miyamoto S, Lima RS, Inague A, Viviani LG. Electrophilic oxysterols: generation, measurement and protein modification. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:416-440. [PMID: 33494620 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1879387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of mammalian plasma membranes. Alterations in sterol metabolism or oxidation have been linked to various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Unsaturated sterols are vulnerable to oxidation induced by singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species. This process yields reactive sterol oxidation products, including hydroperoxides, epoxides as well as aldehydes. These oxysterols, in particular those with high electrophilicity, can modify nucleophilic sites in biomolecules and affect many cellular functions. Here, we review the generation and measurement of reactive sterol oxidation products with emphasis on cholesterol hydroperoxides and aldehyde derivatives (electrophilic oxysterols) and their effects on protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alex Inague
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas G Viviani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Neuro-oxysterols and neuro-sterols as ligands to nuclear receptors, GPCRs, ligand-gated ion channels and other protein receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3176-3193. [PMID: 32621622 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is the most cholesterol rich organ in the body containing about 25% of the body's free cholesterol. Cholesterol cannot pass the blood-brain barrier and be imported or exported; instead, it is synthesised in situ and metabolised to oxysterols, oxidised forms of cholesterol, which can pass the blood-brain barrier. 24S-Hydroxycholesterol is the dominant oxysterol in the brain after parturition, but during development, a myriad of other oxysterols are produced, which persist as minor oxysterols after birth. During both development and in later life, sterols and oxysterols interact with a variety of different receptors, including nuclear receptors, membrane bound GPCRs, the oxysterol/sterol sensing proteins INSIG and SCAP, and the ligand-gated ion channel NMDA receptors found in nerve cells. In this review, we summarise the different oxysterols and sterols found in the CNS whose biological activity is transmitted via these different classes of protein receptors. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
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8
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Sottero B, Rossin D, Staurenghi E, Gamba P, Poli G, Testa G. Omics analysis of oxysterols to better understand their pathophysiological role. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:55-71. [PMID: 31141713 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High amounts of cholesterol have been definitely associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases, including metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. In all these pathologies the exacerbation of pro-oxidant and inflammatory responses is a consistent feature. In this scenario, species derived from enzymatic and non-enzymatic cholesterol oxidation, namely oxysterols, are strongly suspected to play a primary role. The consideration of these bioactive lipids is therefore helpful in investigating pathological mechanisms and may also acquire clinical value for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. For this purpose and considering that a great number of oxysterols may be present together in the body, the employment of lipidomics technology certainly represents a powerful strategy for the simultaneous detection and characterization of these compounds in biological specimens. In this review, we will discuss the applicability of the lipidomics approach in the study of the association between oxysterols and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sottero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Italy.
| | - Daniela Rossin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Erica Staurenghi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Italy
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9
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Fliesler SJ, Peachey NS, Herron J, Hines KM, Weinstock NI, Ramachandra Rao S, Xu L. Prevention of Retinal Degeneration in a Rat Model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1286. [PMID: 29352199 PMCID: PMC5775248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS) is a recessive human disease caused by defective cholesterol (CHOL) synthesis at the level of DHCR7 (7-dehydrocholesterol reductase), which normally catalyzes the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) to CHOL. Formation and abnormal accumulation of 7DHC and 7DHC-derived oxysterols occur in SLOS patients and in rats treated with the DHCR7 inhibitor AY9944. The rat SLOS model exhibits progressive and irreversible retinal dysfunction and degeneration, which is only partially ameliorated by dietary CHOL supplementation. We hypothesized that 7DHC-derived oxysterols are causally involved in this retinal degeneration, and that blocking or reducing their formation should minimize the phenotype. Here, using the SLOS rat model, we demonstrate that combined dietary supplementation with CHOL plus antioxidants (vitamins E and C, plus sodium selenite) provides better outcomes than dietary CHOL supplementation alone with regard to preservation of retinal structure and function and lowering 7DHC-derived oxysterol formation. These proof-of-principle findings provide a translational, pre-clinical framework for designing clinical trials using CHOL-antioxidant combination therapy as an improved therapeutic intervention over the current standard of care for the treatment of SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Fliesler
- Research Service, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, and Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo- The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA. .,SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Neal S Peachey
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Josi Herron
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nadav I Weinstock
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo- The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sriganesh Ramachandra Rao
- Research Service, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, and Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo- The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA.,SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Abstract
Signaling pathways direct organogenesis, often through concentration-dependent effects on cells. The hedgehog pathway enables cells to sense and respond to hedgehog ligands, of which the best studied is sonic hedgehog. Hedgehog signaling is essential for development, proliferation, and stem cell maintenance, and it is a driver of certain cancers. Lipid metabolism has a profound influence on both hedgehog signal transduction and the properties of the ligands themselves, leading to changes in the strength of hedgehog signaling and cellular functions. Here we review the evolving understanding of the relationship between lipids and hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Blassberg
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - John Jacob
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (NDCN), Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. .,Department of Neurology, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. .,Milton Keynes University Hospital, Standing Way, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, MK6 5LD, UK.
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11
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Ayciriex S, Djelti F, Alves S, Regazzetti A, Gaudin M, Varin J, Langui D, Bièche I, Hudry E, Dargère D, Aubourg P, Auzeil N, Laprévote O, Cartier N. Neuronal Cholesterol Accumulation Induced by Cyp46a1 Down-Regulation in Mouse Hippocampus Disrupts Brain Lipid Homeostasis. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:211. [PMID: 28744197 PMCID: PMC5504187 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment in cholesterol metabolism is associated with many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the lipid alterations underlying neurodegeneration and the connection between altered cholesterol levels and AD remains not fully understood. We recently showed that cholesterol accumulation in hippocampal neurons, induced by silencing Cyp46a1 gene expression, leads to neurodegeneration with a progressive neuronal loss associated with AD-like phenotype in wild-type mice. We used a targeted and non-targeted lipidomics approach by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry to further characterize lipid modifications associated to neurodegeneration and cholesterol accumulation induced by CYP46A1 inhibition. Hippocampus lipidome of normal mice was profiled 4 weeks after cholesterol accumulation due to Cyp46a1 gene expression down-regulation at the onset of neurodegeneration. We showed that major membrane lipids, sphingolipids and specific enzymes involved in phosphatidylcholine and sphingolipid metabolism, were rapidly increased in the hippocampus of AAV-shCYP46A1 injected mice. This lipid accumulation was associated with alterations in the lysosomal cargoe, accumulation of phagolysosomes and impairment of endosome-lysosome trafficking. Altogether, we demonstrated that inhibition of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase, key enzyme of cholesterol metabolism leads to a complex dysregulation of lipid homeostasis. Our results contribute to dissect the potential role of lipids in severe neurodegenerative diseases like AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ayciriex
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8638 COMETE, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Fathia Djelti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1169, CHU Bicêtre Paris SudLe Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,CEA Fontenay aux RosesFontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Sandro Alves
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1169, CHU Bicêtre Paris SudLe Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,CEA Fontenay aux RosesFontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Anne Regazzetti
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8638 COMETE, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Mathieu Gaudin
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8638 COMETE, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris DescartesParis, France.,Division Métabolisme, Technologie ServierOrléans, France
| | - Jennifer Varin
- Génétique, Physiopathologie et Approches Thérapeutiques des Maladies Héréditaires du Système Nerveux, EA7331, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Langui
- Plate-forme d'Imagerie Cellulaire Pitié Salpêtrière, Hôpital Pitié-SalpêtrièreParis, France
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Génétique, Physiopathologie et Approches Thérapeutiques des Maladies Héréditaires du Système Nerveux, EA7331, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eloise Hudry
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General HospitalCharlestown, MA, United States
| | - Delphine Dargère
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8638 COMETE, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Patrick Aubourg
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1169, CHU Bicêtre Paris SudLe Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,CEA Fontenay aux RosesFontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Nicolas Auzeil
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8638 COMETE, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Olivier Laprévote
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8638 COMETE, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris DescartesParis, France.,Service de Toxicologie Biologique, Hôpital LariboisièreParis, France
| | - Nathalie Cartier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1169, CHU Bicêtre Paris SudLe Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,CEA Fontenay aux RosesFontenay aux Roses, France
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12
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Gillberg C, Fernell E, Kočovská E, Minnis H, Bourgeron T, Thompson L, Allely CS. The role of cholesterol metabolism and various steroid abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders: A hypothesis paper. Autism Res 2017; 10:1022-1044. [PMID: 28401679 PMCID: PMC5485071 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Based on evidence from the relevant research literature, we present a hypothesis that there may be a link between cholesterol, vitamin D, and steroid hormones which subsequently impacts on the development of at least some of the "autisms" [Coleman & Gillberg]. Our hypothesis, driven by the peer reviewed literature, posits that there may be links between cholesterol metabolism, which we will refer to as "steroid metabolism" and findings of steroid abnormalities of various kinds (cortisol, testosterone, estrogens, progesterone, vitamin D) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Further research investigating these potential links is warranted to further our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying ASD. Autism Res 2017. © 2017 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1022-1044. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Elisabeth Fernell
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Eva Kočovská
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute58 Turner StreetE1 2ABLondon
| | - Helen Minnis
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, RHSC YorkhillGlasgowScotlandG3 8SJUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions UnitParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéHuman Genetics and Cognitive FunctionsParisFrance
- FondaMental FoundationCréteilFrance
| | - Lucy Thompson
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, RHSC YorkhillGlasgowScotlandG3 8SJUnited Kingdom
| | - Clare S. Allely
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- School of Health SciencesUniversity of SalfordManchesterEngland
- Honorary Research Fellow in the College of MedicalVeterinary and Life Sciences affiliated to the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Glasgow
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Griffiths WJ, Abdel-Khalik J, Crick PJ, Ogundare M, Shackleton CH, Tuschl K, Kwok MK, Bigger BW, Morris AA, Honda A, Xu L, Porter NA, Björkhem I, Clayton PT, Wang Y. Sterols and oxysterols in plasma from Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome patients. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:77-87. [PMID: 26976653 PMCID: PMC5018427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a severe autosomal recessive disorder resulting from defects in the cholesterol synthesising enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (Δ7-sterol reductase, DHCR7, EC 1.3.1.21) leading to a build-up of the cholesterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) in tissues and blood plasma. Although the underling enzyme deficiency associated with SLOS is clear there are likely to be multiple mechanisms responsible for SLOS pathology. In an effort to learn more of the aetiology of SLOS we have analysed plasma from SLOS patients to search for metabolites derived from 7-DHC which may be responsible for some of the pathology. We have identified a novel hydroxy-8-dehydrocholesterol, which is either 24- or 25-hydroxy-8-dehydrocholesterol and also the known metabolites 26-hydroxy-8-dehydrocholesterol, 4-hydroxy-7-dehydrocholesterol, 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one and 7α,8α-epoxycholesterol. None of these metabolites are detected in control plasma at quantifiable levels (0.5ng/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Peter J Crick
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Michael Ogundare
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | - Karin Tuschl
- Centre for Translational Omics, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mei Kwun Kwok
- Centre for Translational Omics, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Brian W Bigger
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 1PT, UK
| | - Andrew A Morris
- Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Akira Honda
- Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1Chuoh, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter T Clayton
- Centre for Translational Omics, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Yuqin Wang
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Sharif NF, Korade Z, Porter NA, Harrison FE. Oxidative stress, serotonergic changes and decreased ultrasonic vocalizations in a mouse model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 16:619-626. [PMID: 28220990 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is an inherited monogenic disorder in which mutations to the 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) reductase (Dhcr7) gene lead to deficits in cholesterol synthesis. As a result, many patients suffer from gross physiological and neurological deficits. The purpose of this study was to identify a potential abnormal behavioral phenotype in a compound mutant mouse model for Smith-Lemli-Opitz disease (Dhcr7 Δ3-5/T93M ) to further validate the model and to provide potential targets for future therapeutic interventions. We also sought to identify some of the underlying changes in brain function that may be responsible for behavioral differences among groups. The Dhcr7 compound mutant mice were smaller than their single mutant littermates. Both single and compound heterozygous mice made fewer ultrasonic vocalizations when separated from the dam, which may suggest a communication deficit in these animals. Striking increases of the highly oxidizable 7-DHC were observed in the compound mutant mice. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is the precursor to cholesterol and builds up because of decreased function of the mutated Dhcr7 enzyme. Additionally, several differences were noted in the serotonergic system including increased expression of the serotonin transporter and increased uptake of serotonin by isolated synaptosomes. We propose that changes to the oxidative environment during development can have a significant impact on the development of serotonergic function and that this contributes to behavioral differences observed in the mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Sharif
- Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Z Korade
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Present address: Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - N A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - F E Harrison
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Endogenous B-ring oxysterols inhibit the Hedgehog component Smoothened in a manner distinct from cyclopamine or side-chain oxysterols. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1604984113. [PMID: 27162362 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604984113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular lipids are speculated to act as key intermediates in Hedgehog signal transduction, but their precise identity and function remain enigmatic. In an effort to identify such lipids, we pursued a Hedgehog pathway inhibitory activity that is particularly abundant in flagellar lipids of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, resulting in the purification and identification of ergosterol endoperoxide, a B-ring oxysterol. A mammalian analog of ergosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), accumulates in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, a human genetic disease that phenocopies deficient Hedgehog signaling and is caused by genetic loss of 7-DHC reductase. We found that depleting endogenous 7-DHC with methyl-β-cyclodextrin treatment enhances Hedgehog activation by a pathway agonist. Conversely, exogenous addition of 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, a naturally occurring B-ring oxysterol derived from 7-DHC that also accumulates in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, blocked Hedgehog signaling by inhibiting activation of the essential transduction component Smoothened, through a mechanism distinct from Smoothened modulation by other lipids.
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Rondini EA, Pant A, Kocarek TA. Transcriptional Regulation of Cytosolic Sulfotransferase 1C2 by Intermediates of the Cholesterol Biosynthetic Pathway in Primary Cultured Rat Hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:429-41. [PMID: 26427720 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.226365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferase 1C2 (SULT1C2) is expressed in the kidney, stomach, and liver of rats; however, the mechanisms regulating expression of this enzyme are not known. We evaluated transcriptional regulation of SULT1C2 by mevalonate (MVA)-derived intermediates in primary cultured rat hepatocytes using several cholesterol synthesis inhibitors. Blocking production of mevalonate with the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor pravastatin (30 μM), reduced SULT1C2 mRNA content by ∼40% whereas the squalene synthase inhibitor squalestatin (SQ1, 0.1 μM), which causes accumulation of nonsterol isoprenoids, increased mRNA content by 4-fold. Treatment with MVA (10 mM) strongly induced SULT1C2 mRNA by 12-fold, and this effect was blocked by inhibiting squalene epoxidase but not by more distal cholesterol inhibitors, indicating the effects of MVA are mediated by postsqualene metabolites. Using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), we characterized the 5' end of SULT1C2 mRNA and used this information to generate constructs for promoter analysis. SQ1 and MVA increased reporter activity by ∼1.6- and 3-fold, respectively, from a construct beginning 49 base pairs (bp) upstream from the longest 5'-RACE product (-3140:-49). Sequence deletions from this construct revealed a hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF1) element (-2558), and mutation of this element reduced basal (75%) and MVA-induced (30%) reporter activity and attenuated promoter activation following overexpression of HNF1α or 1β. However, the effects of SQ1 were localized to a more proximal promoter region (-281:-49). Collectively, our findings demonstrate that cholesterol biosynthetic intermediates influence SULT1C2 expression in rat primary hepatocytes. Further, HNF1 appears to play an important role in mediating basal and MVA-induced SULT1C2 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Rondini
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Asmita Pant
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Thomas A Kocarek
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Bianconi SE, Cross JL, Wassif CA, Porter FD. Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Clinical Aspects of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015; 3:267-280. [PMID: 25734025 PMCID: PMC4343216 DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1014472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS) is a malformation syndrome inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. It is due to a metabolic defect in the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, which leads to an accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol and frequently a deficiency of cholesterol. The syndrome is characterized by typical dysmorphic facial features, multiple malformations, and intellectual disability. AREAS COVERED In this paper we provide an overview of the clinical phenotype and discuss how the manifestations of the syndrome vary depending on the age of the patients. We then explore the underlying biochemical defect and pathophysiological alterations that may contribute to the many disease manifestations. Subsequently we explore the epidemiology and succinctly discuss population genetics as they relate to SLOS. The next section presents the diagnostic possibilities. Thereafter, the treatment and management as is standard of care are presented. EXPERT OPINION Even though the knowledge of the underlying molecular mutations and the biochemical alterations is being rapidly accumulated, there is currently no efficacious therapy addressing neurological dysfunction. We discuss the difficulty of treating this disorder, which manifests as a combination of a malformation syndrome and an inborn error of metabolism. A very important factor in developing new therapies is the need to rigorously establish efficacy in controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona E Bianconi
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, 10 Center Drive, Bld 10 Rm 9D42, Bethesda, MD 20892,
| | - Joanna L Cross
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, 10 Center Drive, Bld 10 CRC, Rm 1-3288, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Christopher A Wassif
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, 10 Center Drive, Bld 10 CRC, Rm 1-3288, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Forbes D Porter
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, 10 Center Drive, Bld 10, CRC, Rm 2571, Bethesda, MD 20892,
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Woods AG, Wormwood KL, Wetie AGN, Aslebagh R, Crimmins BS, Holsen TM, Darie CC. Autism spectrum disorder: an omics perspective. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 9:159-68. [PMID: 25311756 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Current directions in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research may require moving beyond genetic analysis alone, based on the complexity of the disorder, heterogeneity and convergence of genetic alterations at the cellular/functional level. Mass spectrometry (MS) has been increasingly used to study CNS disorders, including ASDs. Proteomic research using MS is directed at understanding endogenous protein changes that occur in ASD. This review focuses on how MS has been used to study ASDs, with particular focus on proteomic analysis. Other neurodevelopmental disorders have been investigated using MS, including fragile X syndrome (FXS) and Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS), genetic syndromes highly associated with ASD comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa G Woods
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA; SUNY Plattsburgh Neuropsychology Clinic and Psychoeducation Services, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
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Trace analysis of selected hormones and sterols in river sediments by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1364:117-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mass spectrometry for the study of autism and neurodevelopmental disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 806:525-44. [PMID: 24952201 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06068-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has been increasingly used to study central nervous system disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The first studies of ASD using MS focused on the identification of external toxins, but current research is more directed at understanding endogenous protein changes that occur in ASD (ASD proteomics). This chapter focuses on how MS has been used to study ASDs, with particular focus on proteomic analysis. Other neurodevelopmental disorders have been investigated using this technique, including genetic syndromes associated with autism such as fragile X syndrome and Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.
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Liu W, Xu L, Lamberson C, Haas D, Korade Z, Porter NA. A highly sensitive method for analysis of 7-dehydrocholesterol for the study of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. J Lipid Res 2013; 55:329-37. [PMID: 24259532 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d043877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a highly sensitive method for the detection of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), the biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol, based on its reactivity with 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD) in a Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. Samples of biological tissues and fluids with added deuterium-labeled internal standards were derivatized with PTAD and analyzed by LC-MS. This protocol permits fast processing of samples, short chromatography times, and high sensitivity. We applied this method to the analysis of cells, blood, and tissues from several sources, including human plasma. Another innovative aspect of this study is that it provides a reliable and highly reproducible measurement of 7-DHC in 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (Dhcr7)-HET mouse (a model for Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome) samples, showing regional differences in the brain tissue. We found that the levels of 7-DHC are consistently higher in Dhcr7-HET mice than in controls, with the spinal cord and peripheral nerve showing the biggest differences. In addition to 7-DHC, sensitive analysis of desmosterol in tissues and blood was also accomplished with this PTAD method by assaying adducts formed from the PTAD "ene" reaction. The method reported here may provide a highly sensitive and high throughput way to identify at-risk populations having errors in cholesterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
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