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Møller TC, Moo EV, Inoue A, Pedersen MF, Bräuner-Osborne H. Characterization of the real-time internalization of nine GPCRs reveals distinct dependence on arrestins and G proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119584. [PMID: 37714305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven transmembrane receptors that respond to external stimuli and undergo conformational changes to activate G proteins and modulate cellular processes leading to biological outcomes. To prevent overstimulation and prolonged exposure to stimuli, GPCRs are regulated by internalization. While the canonical GPCR internalization mechanism in mammalian cells is arrestin-dependent, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, more diverse GPCR internalization mechanisms have been described over the years. However, there is a lack of consistent methods used in the literature making it complicated to determine a receptor's internalization pathway. Here, we utilized a highly efficient time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) internalization assay to determine the internalization profile of nine distinct GPCRs representing the GPCR classes A, B and C and with different G protein coupling profiles. This technique, coupled with clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) engineered knockout cells allows us to effectively study the involvement of heterotrimeric G proteins and non-visual arrestins. We found that all the nine receptors internalized upon agonist stimulation in a concentration-dependent manner and six receptors showed basal internalization. Yet, there is no correlation between the receptor class and primary G protein coupling to the arrestin and G protein dependence for GPCR internalization. Overall, this study presents a platform for studying internalization that is applicable to most GPCRs and may even be extended to other membrane proteins. This method can be easily applicable to other endocytic machinery of interest and ultimately will lend itself towards the construction of comprehensive receptor internalization profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ee Von Moo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mie F Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Ramirez-Garcia PD, Veldhuis NA, Bunnett NW, Davis TP. Targeting endosomal receptors, a new direction for polymers in nanomedicine. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:5390-5399. [PMID: 37219363 PMCID: PMC10641892 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00156c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this perspective, we outline a new opportunity for exploiting nanoparticle delivery of antagonists to target G-protein coupled receptors localized in intracellular compartments. We discuss the specific example of antagonizing endosomal receptors involved in pain to develop long-lasting analgesics but also outline the broader application potential of this delivery approach. We discuss the materials used to target endosomal receptors and indicate the design requirements for future successful applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina D Ramirez-Garcia
- Dentistry Translational Research Center, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, 10010, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Nicholas A Veldhuis
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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3
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Xu R, Wan M, Shi X, Ma S, Zhang L, Yi P, Zhang R. A Rab10-ACAP1-Arf6 GTPases cascade modulates M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor trafficking and signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:87. [PMID: 36917255 PMCID: PMC11072986 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking processes regulate the G protein-coupled receptor activity. The muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are highly pursued drug targets for neurological diseases, but the cellular machineries that control the trafficking of these receptors remain largely elusive. Here, we revealed the role of the small GTPase Rab10 as a negative regulator for the post-activation trafficking of M4 mAChR and the underlying mechanism. We show that constitutively active Rab10 arrests the receptor within Rab5-positive early endosomes and significantly hinders the resensitization of M4-mediated Ca2+ signaling. Mechanistically, M4 binds to Rab10-GTP, which requires the motif 386RKKRQMAA393 (R386-A393) within the third intracellular loop. Moreover, Rab10-GTP inactivates Arf6 by recruiting the Arf6 GTPase-activating protein, ACAP1. Strikingly, deletion of the motif R386-A393 causes M4 to bypass the control by Rab10 and switch to the Rab4-facilitated fast recycling pathway, thus reusing the receptor. Therefore, Rab10 couples the cargo sorting and membrane trafficking regulation through cycle between GTP-bound and GDP-bound state. Our findings suggest a model that Rab10 binds to the M4 like a molecular brake and controls the receptor's transport through endosomes, thus modulating the signaling, and this regulation is specific among the mAChR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Xuemeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shumin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Rongying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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4
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Dos Santos Claro PA, Silbermins M, Inda C, Silberstein S. CRHR1 endocytosis: Spatiotemporal regulation of receptor signaling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 196:229-260. [PMID: 36813360 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) is crucial for basal and stress-initiated reactions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and extrahypothalamic brain circuits, where it acts as a neuromodulator to organize behavioral and humoral responses to stress. We review and describe cellular components and molecular mechanisms involved in CRH system signaling through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) CRHR1 and CRHR2, under the current view of GPCR signaling from the plasma membrane but also from intracellular compartments, which establish the bases of signal resolution in space and time. Focus is placed on latest studies of CRHR1 signaling in physiologically significant contexts of the neurohormone function that disclosed new mechanistic features of cAMP production and ERK1/2 activation. We also introduce in a brief overview the pathophysiological function of the CRH system, underlining the need for a complete characterization of CRHRs signaling to design new and specific therapies for stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Dos Santos Claro
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Micaela Silbermins
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Inda
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Octamer SRL, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Silberstein
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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5
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Vacchini A, Maffioli E, Di Silvestre D, Cancellieri C, Milanesi S, Nonnis S, Badanai S, Mauri P, Negri A, Locati M, Tedeschi G, Borroni EM. Phosphoproteomic mapping of CCR5 and ACKR2 signaling properties. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1060555. [PMID: 36483536 PMCID: PMC9723398 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1060555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
ACKR2 is an atypical chemokine receptor which is structurally uncoupled from G proteins and is unable to activate signaling pathways used by conventional chemokine receptors to promote cell migration. Nonetheless, ACKR2 regulates inflammatory and immune responses by shaping chemokine gradients in tissues via scavenging inflammatory chemokines. To investigate the signaling pathways downstream to ACKR2, a quantitative SILAC-based phosphoproteomic analysis coupled with a systems biology approach with network analysis, was carried out on a HEK293 cell model expressing either ACKR2 or its conventional counterpart CCR5. The model was stimulated with the common agonist CCL3L1 for short (3 min) and long (30 min) durations. As expected, many of the identified proteins are known to participate in conventional signal transduction pathways and in the regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics. However, our analyses revealed unique phosphorylation and network signatures, suggesting roles for ACKR2 other than its scavenger activity. In conclusion, the mapping of phosphorylation events at a holistic level indicated that conventional and atypical chemokine receptors differ in signaling properties. This provides an unprecedented level of detail in chemokine receptor signaling and identifying potential targets for the regulation of ACKR2 and CCR5 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vacchini
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
| | - Elisa Maffioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Institute of Technologies in Biomedicine, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | | | - Samantha Milanesi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
| | - Simona Nonnis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | | | | | - Armando Negri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
- CIMAINA, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Monica Borroni
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
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6
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Li J, Remington JM, Liao C, Parsons RL, Schneebeli S, Braas KM, May V, Brewer M. GPCR Intracellular Loop Regulation of Beta-Arrestin-Mediated Endosomal Signaling Dynamics. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1358-1373. [PMID: 35538393 PMCID: PMC9311399 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are currently appreciated to be routed to diverse cellular platforms to generate both G protein-dependent and -independent signals. The latter has been best studied with respect to β-arrestin-associated receptor internalization and trafficking to signaling endosomes for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. However, how GPCR structural and conformational variants regulate endosomal ERK signaling dynamics, which can be central in neural development, plasticity, and disease processes, is not well understood. Among class B GPCRs, the PACAP-selective PAC1 receptor is unique in the expression of variants that can contain intracellular loop 3 (ICL3) cassette inserts. The nervous system expresses preferentially the PAC1Null (no insert) and PAC1Hop (28-amino acid Hop insert) receptor variants. Our molecular modeling and signaling studies revealed that the PAC1Null and PAC1Hop receptor variants can associate with β-arrestin differentially, resulting in enhanced receptor internalization and ERK activation for the PAC1Hop variant. The study amplifies our understandings of GPCR intracellular loop structure/function relationships with the first example of how the duration of endosomal ERK activation can be guided by ICL3. The results provide a framework for how changes in GPCR variant expression can impact developmental and homeostatic processes and may be contributory to maladaptive neuroplasticity underlying chronic pain and stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Jacob M Remington
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Chenyi Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Rodney L Parsons
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Severin Schneebeli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Karen M Braas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Matthias Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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7
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Cholesterol-dependent endocytosis of GPCRs: implications in pathophysiology and therapeutics. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:1007-1017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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8
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Joseph MD, Tomas Bort E, Grose RP, McCormick PJ, Simoncelli S. Quantitative Super-Resolution Imaging for the Analysis of GPCR Oligomerization. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101503. [PMID: 34680136 PMCID: PMC8533726 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to form homo- and hetero- oligomers which are considered critical to modulate their function. However, studying the existence and functional implication of these complexes is not straightforward as controversial results are obtained depending on the method of analysis employed. Here, we use a quantitative single molecule super-resolution imaging technique named qPAINT to quantify complex formation within an example GPCR. qPAINT, based upon DNA-PAINT, takes advantage of the binding kinetics between fluorescently labelled DNA imager strands to complementary DNA docking strands coupled to protein targeting antibodies to quantify the protein copy number in nanoscale dimensions. We demonstrate qPAINT analysis via a novel pipeline to study the oligomerization of the purinergic receptor Y2 (P2Y2), a rhodopsin-like GPCR, highly expressed in the pancreatic cancer cell line AsPC-1, under control, agonistic and antagonistic conditions. Results reveal that whilst the density of P2Y2 receptors remained unchanged, antagonistic conditions displayed reduced percentage of oligomers, and smaller numbers of receptors in complexes. Yet, the oligomeric state of the receptors was not affected by agonist treatment, in line with previous reports. Understanding P2Y2 oligomerization under agonistic and antagonistic conditions will contribute to unravelling P2Y2 mechanistic action and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D. Joseph
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK;
| | - Elena Tomas Bort
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (E.T.B.); (R.P.G.)
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Richard P. Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (E.T.B.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Peter J. McCormick
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Sabrina Simoncelli
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK;
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Correspondence:
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9
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Fréchette L, Degrandmaison J, Binda C, Boisvert M, Côté L, Michaud T, Lalumière MP, Gendron L, Parent JL. Identification of the interactome of the DP1 receptor for Prostaglandin D 2: Regulation of DP1 receptor signaling and trafficking by IQGAP1. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129969. [PMID: 34352343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms governing localization, trafficking and signaling of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are critical in cell function. Protein-protein interactions are determinant in these processes. However, there are very little interacting proteins known to date for the DP1 receptor for prostaglandin D2. METHODS We performed LC-MS/MS analyses of the DP1 receptor interactome in HEK293 cells. To functionally validate our LC-MS/MS data, we studied the implications of the interaction with the IQGAP1 scaffold protein in the trafficking and signaling of DP1. RESULTS In addition to expected interacting proteins such as heterotrimeric G protein subunits, we identified proteins involved in signaling, trafficking, and folding localized in various cell compartments. Endogenous DP1-IQGAP1 co-immunoprecipitation was observed in colon cancer HT-29 cells. The interaction was augmented by DP1 agonist activation in HEK293 cells and GST-pulldown assays showed that IQGAP1 binds to intracellular loops 2 and 3 of DP1. Co-localization of the two proteins was observed by confocal microscopy at the cell periphery and in intracellular vesicles in the basal state. PGD2 treatment resulted in the redistribution of the DP1-IQGAP1 co-localization in the perinuclear vicinity. DP1 receptor internalization was promoted by overexpression of IQGAP1, while it was diminished by IQGAP1 knockdown with DsiRNAs. DP1-mediated ERK1/2 activation was augmented and sustained overtime by overexpression of IQGAP1 when compared to DP1 expressed alone. IQGAP1 knockdown decreased ERK1/2 activation by DP1 stimulation. Interestingly, ERK1/2 signaling by DP1 was increased when IQGAP2 was silenced, while it was impaired by IQGAP3 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Our findings define the putative DP1 interactome, a patho-physiologically important receptor, and validated the interaction with IQGAP1 in DP1 function. Our data also reveal that IQGAP proteins may differentially regulate GPCR signaling. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The identified putative DP1-interacting proteins open multiple lines of research in DP1 and GPCR biology in various cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Fréchette
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jade Degrandmaison
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Chantal Binda
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Marilou Boisvert
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurie Côté
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Michaud
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Lalumière
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Gendron
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Département d'Anesthésiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Parent
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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10
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Abstract
Gonadotropins are glycoprotein sex hormones regulating development and reproduction and bind to specific G protein–coupled receptors expressed in the gonads. Their effects on multiple signaling cascades and intracellular events have recently been characterized using novel technological and scientific tools. The impact of allosteric modulators on gonadotropin signaling, the role of sugars linked to the hormone backbone, the detection of endosomal compartments supporting signaling modules, and the dissection of different effects mediated by these molecules are areas that have advanced significantly in the last decade. The classic view providing the exclusive activation of the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and the steroidogenic pathway by these hormones has been expanded with the addition of novel signaling cascades as determined by high-resolution imaging techniques. These new findings provided new potential therapeutic applications. Despite these improvements, unanswered issues of gonadotropin physiology, such as the intrinsic pro-apoptotic potential to these hormones, the existence of receptors assembled as heteromers, and their expression in extragonadal tissues, remain to be studied. Elucidating these issues is a challenge for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
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11
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Sposini S, De Pascali F, Richardson R, Sayers NS, Perrais D, Yu HN, Palmer S, Nataraja S, Reiter E, Hanyaloglu AC. Pharmacological Programming of Endosomal Signaling Activated by Small Molecule Ligands of the Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:593492. [PMID: 33329002 PMCID: PMC7734412 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.593492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) with pivotal roles in reproduction. One key mechanism dictating the signal activity of GPCRs is membrane trafficking. After binding its hormone FSH, FSHR undergoes internalization to very early endosomes (VEEs) for its acute signaling and sorting to a rapid recycling pathway. The VEE is a heterogeneous compartment containing the Adaptor Protein Phosphotyrosine Interacting with Pleckstrin homology Domain and Leucine Zipper 1 (APPL1) with distinct functions in regulating endosomal Gαs/cAMP signaling and rapid recycling. Low molecular weight (LMW) allosteric FSHR ligands were developed for use in assisted reproductive technology yet could also provide novel pharmacological tools to study FSHR. Given the critical nature of receptor internalization and endosomal signaling for FSHR activity, we assessed whether these compounds exhibit differential abilities to alter receptor endosomal trafficking and signaling within the VEE. Two chemically distinct LMW agonists (benzamide, termed B3 and thiazolidinone, termed T1) were employed. T1 was able to induce a greater level of cAMP than FSH and B3. As cAMP signaling drives gonadotrophin hormone receptor recycling, rapid exocytic events were evaluated at single event resolution. Strikingly, T1 was able to induce a 3-fold increase in recycling events compared to FSH and two-fold more compared to B3. As T1-induced internalization was only marginally greater, the dramatic increase in recycling and cAMP signaling may be due to additional mechanisms. All compounds exhibited a similar requirement for receptor internalization to increase cAMP and proportion of FSHR endosomes with active Gαs, suggesting regulation of cAMP signaling induced by T1 may be altered. APPL1 plays a central role for GPCRs targeted to the VEE, and indeed, loss of APPL1 inhibited FSH-induced recycling and increased endosomal cAMP signaling. While T1-induced FSHR recycling was APPL1-dependent, its elevated cAMP signaling was only partially increased following APPL1 knockdown. Unexpectedly, B3 altered the dependence of FSHR to APPL1 in an opposing manner, whereby its endosomal signaling was negatively regulated by APPL1, while B3-induced FSHR recycling was APPL1-independent. Overall, FSHR allosteric compounds have the potential to re-program FSHR activity via altering engagement with VEE machinery and also suggests that these two distinct functions of APPL1 can potentially be selected pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sposini
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francesco De Pascali
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Tours, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Rachel Richardson
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh S. Sayers
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Perrais
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Henry N. Yu
- CanWell Pharma Inc., Wellesley, MA, United States
| | - Stephen Palmer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Eric Reiter
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Tours, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Aylin C. Hanyaloglu
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Guo J, Ding H, Lv Z, Jiao J, Wang H, Ji Y. Down-regulation effects of IFN-α on p11, 5-htr1b and 5-HTR4 protein levels were affected by NH4CL or MG132 treatment in SH-sy5y cells. J Biosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Weinberg ZY, Crilly SE, Puthenveedu MA. Spatial encoding of GPCR signaling in the nervous system. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 57:83-89. [PMID: 30708280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several GPCRs, including receptors previously thought to signal primarily from the cell surface, have been recently shown to signal from many intracellular compartments. This raises the idea that signaling by any given receptor is spatially encoded in the cell, with distinct sites of signal origin dictating distinct downstream consequences. We will discuss recent developments that address this novel facet of GPCR physiology, focusing on the spatial segregation of signaling from the cell surface, endosomes, and the Golgi by receptors relevant to the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Y Weinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stephanie E Crilly
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Manojkumar A Puthenveedu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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14
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Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a promiscuous peptide, similar to many other members of the calcitonin family of peptides. The potential of CGRP to act on many different receptors with differing affinities and efficacies makes deciphering the signalling from the CGRP receptor a challenging task for researchers.Although it is not a typical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), in that it is composed not just of a GPCR, the CGRP receptor activates many of the same signalling pathways common for other GPCRs. This includes the family of G proteins and a variety of protein kinases and transcription factors. It is now also clear that in addition to the initiation of cell-surface signalling, GPCRs, including the CGRP receptor, also activate distinct signalling pathways as the receptor is trafficking along the endocytic conduit.Given CGRP's characteristic of activating multiple GPCRs, we will first consider the complex of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) as the CGRP receptor. We will discuss the discovery of the CGRP receptor components, the molecular mechanisms controlling its internalization and post-endocytic trafficking (recycling and degradation) and the diverse signalling cascades that are elicited by this receptor in model cell lines. We will then discuss CGRP-mediated signalling pathways in primary cells pertinent to migraine including neurons, glial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.Investigation of all the CGRP- and CGRP receptor-mediated signalling cascades is vital if we are to fully understand CGRP's role in migraine and will no doubt unearth new targets for the treatment of migraine and other CGRP-driven diseases.
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Ulloa-Aguirre A, Reiter E, Crépieux P. FSH Receptor Signaling: Complexity of Interactions and Signal Diversity. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3020-3035. [PMID: 29982321 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
FSH is synthesized in the pituitary by gonadotrope cells. By binding to and interacting with its cognate receptor [FSH receptor (FSHR)] in the gonads, this gonadotropin plays a key role in the control of gonadal function and reproduction. Upon activation, the FSHR undergoes conformational changes leading to transduction of intracellular signals, including dissociation of G protein complexes into components and activation of several associated interacting partners, which concertedly regulate downstream effectors. The canonical Gs/cAMP/protein kinase A pathway, considered for a long time as the sole effector of FSHR-mediated signaling, is now viewed as one of several mechanisms employed by this receptor to transduce intracellular signals in response to the FSH stimulus. This complex network of signaling pathways allows for a fine-tuning regulation of the gonadotropic stimulus, where activation/inhibition of its multiple components vary depending on the cell context, cell developmental stage, and concentration of associated receptors and corresponding ligands. Activation of these multiple signaling modules eventually converge to the hormone-integrated biological response, including survival, proliferation and differentiation of target cells, synthesis and secretion of paracrine/autocrine regulators, and, at the molecular level, functional selectivity and differential gene expression. In this mini-review, we discuss the complexity of FSHR-mediated intracellular signals activated in response to ligand stimulation. A better understanding of the signaling pathways involved in FSH action might potentially influence the development of new therapeutic strategies for reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eric Reiter
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Crépieux
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signaling Systems Group, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
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Integration of GPCR Signaling and Sorting from Very Early Endosomes via Opposing APPL1 Mechanisms. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2855-2867. [PMID: 29212031 PMCID: PMC5732320 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytic trafficking is a critical mechanism for cells to decode complex signaling pathways, including those activated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Heterogeneity in the endosomal network enables GPCR activity to be spatially restricted between early endosomes (EEs) and the recently discovered endosomal compartment, the very early endosome (VEE). However, the molecular machinery driving GPCR activity from the VEE is unknown. Using luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) as a prototype GPCR for this compartment, along with additional VEE-localized GPCRs, we identify a role for the adaptor protein APPL1 in rapid recycling and endosomal cAMP signaling without impacting the EE-localized β2-adrenergic receptor. LHR recycling is driven by receptor-mediated Gαs/cAMP signaling from the VEE and PKA-dependent phosphorylation of APPL1 at serine 410. Receptor/Gαs endosomal signaling is localized to microdomains of heterogeneous VEE populations and regulated by APPL1 phosphorylation. Our study uncovers a highly integrated inter-endosomal communication system enabling cells to tightly regulate spatially encoded signaling. GPCRs that internalize to very early endosomes (VEEs) require APPL1 to recycle Receptor recycling is driven by cAMP/PKA to phosphorylate serine 410 on APPL1 cAMP signaling from GPCRs, such as LHR, occurs from distinct VEE microdomains APPL1 limits VEE cAMP signaling via opposing mechanisms required for GPCR sorting
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17
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Nguyen TMD, Filliatreau L, Klett D, Combarnous Y. Comparative effects of sub-stimulating concentrations of non-human versus human Luteinizing Hormones (LH) or chorionic gonadotropins (CG) on adenylate cyclase activation by forskolin in MLTC cells. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 261:23-30. [PMID: 29355532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have compared various Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Chorionic Gonadotropin (CG) preparations from non-human and human species in their ability to synergize with 10 µM forskolin (FSK) for cyclic AMP intracellular accumulation, in MLTC cells. LH from rat pituitary as well as various isoforms of pituitary ovine, bovine, porcine, equine and human LHs and equine and human CG were studied. In addition, recombinant human LH and CG were also compared with the natural human and non-human hormones. Sub-stimulating concentrations of all LHs and CGs (2-100 pM) were found to stimulate cyclic AMP accumulation in MLTC cells in the presence of an also non-stimulating FSK concentration (10 µM). Like rat LH, the most homologous available hormone for mouse MLTC cells, all non-human LHs and CG exhibit a strong potentiating effect on FSK response. The human, natural and recombinant hLH and hCG also do so but in addition, they were found to elicit a permissive effect on FSK stimulation. Indeed, when incubated alone with MLTC cells at non-stimulating concentrations (2-70 pM) hLH and hCG permit, after being removed, a dose-dependent cyclic AMP accumulation with 10 µM FSK. Our data show a clearcut difference between human LH and CG compared to their non-human counterparts on MLTC cells adenylate cyclase activity control. This points out the risk of using hCG as a reference ligand for LHR in studies using non-human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Mong Diep Nguyen
- INRA, CNRS, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France; Qui Nhon University, Viet Nam
| | - Laura Filliatreau
- INRA, CNRS, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Danièle Klett
- INRA, CNRS, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Combarnous
- INRA, CNRS, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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18
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Sayers N, Hanyaloglu AC. Intracellular Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Trafficking and Signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:653. [PMID: 30450081 PMCID: PMC6225286 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Models of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling have dramatically altered over the past two decades. Indeed, GPCRs such as the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) have contributed to these new emerging models. We now understand that receptor signaling is highly organized at a spatial level, whereby signaling not only occurs from the plasma membrane but distinct intracellular compartments. Recent studies in the role of membrane trafficking and spatial organization of GPCR signaling in regulating gonadotropin hormone receptor activity has identified novel intracellular compartments, which are tightly linked with receptor signaling and reciprocally regulated by the cellular trafficking machinery. Understanding the impact of these cell biological mechanisms to physiology and pathophysiology is emerging for certain GPCRs. However, for FSHR, the potential impact in both health and disease and the therapeutic possibilities of these newly identified systems is currently unknown, but offers the potential to reassess prior strategies, or unveil novel opportunities, in targeting this receptor.
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19
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Ulloa-Aguirre A, Zariñán T, Jardón-Valadez E, Gutiérrez-Sagal R, Dias JA. Structure-Function Relationships of the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:707. [PMID: 30555414 PMCID: PMC6281744 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) plays a crucial role in reproduction. This structurally complex receptor is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily of membrane receptors. As with the other structurally similar glycoprotein hormone receptors (the thyroid-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone-chorionic gonadotropin hormone receptors), the FSHR is characterized by an extensive extracellular domain, where binding to FSH occurs, linked to the signal specificity subdomain or hinge region. This region is involved in ligand-stimulated receptor activation whereas the seven transmembrane domain is associated with receptor activation and transmission of the activation process to the intracellular loops comprised of amino acid sequences, which predicate coupling to effectors, interaction with adapter proteins, and triggering of downstream intracellular signaling. In this review, we describe the most important structural features of the FSHR intimately involved in regulation of FSHR function, including trafficking, dimerization, and oligomerization, ligand binding, agonist-stimulated activation, and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
| | - Teresa Zariñán
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Jardón-Valadez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Lerma, Lerma, Mexico
| | - Rubén Gutiérrez-Sagal
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - James A. Dias
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor: Advances and Remaining Challenges. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 338:1-58. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Ranjan R, Dwivedi H, Baidya M, Kumar M, Shukla AK. Novel Structural Insights into GPCR-β-Arrestin Interaction and Signaling. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:851-862. [PMID: 28651823 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are major signal recognition and transmission units in the plasma membrane. The interaction of activated and phosphorylated GPCRs with the multifunctional adaptor proteins β-arrestins (βarrs) is crucial for regulation of their signaling and functional outcomes. Over the past few years, a range of structural, biochemical, and cellular studies have revealed novel insights into GPCR-βarr interaction and signaling. Some of these findings have come as a surprise and therefore have the potential to significantly refine the conceptual framework of the GPCR-βarr system. Here we discuss these recent advances with particular emphasis on biphasic GPCR-βarr interaction, the formation of GPCR-G-protein-βarr supercomplexes, and receptor-specific conformational signatures in βarrs. We also underline the emerging research areas that are likely to be at the center stage of investigations in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Ranjan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Hemlata Dwivedi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Mithu Baidya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India.
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