1
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Tang LWT, Shi Y, Sharma R, Obach RS. The Drug-Drug Interaction between Erlotinib and OSI-930 Is Mediated through Aldehyde Oxidase Inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:1020-1028. [PMID: 38889967 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The propensity for aldehyde oxidase (AO) substrates to be implicated in drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is not well understood due to the dearth of potent inhibitors that elicit in vivo inhibition of AO. Although there is only one reported instance of DDI that has been ascribed to the inhibition of AO to date, the supporting evidence for this clinical interaction is rather tenuous, and its veracity has been called into question. Our group recently reported that the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib engendered potent time-dependent inhibition of AO with inactivation kinetic constants in the same order of magnitude as its free circulating plasma concentrations. At the same time, it was previously reported that the concomitant administration of erlotinib with the investigational drug OSI-930 culminated in a an approximately twofold increase in its systemic exposure. Although the basis underpinning this interaction remains unclear, the structure of OSI-930 contains a quinoline motif that is amenable to oxidation at the electrophilic carbon adjacent to the nitrogen atom by molybdenum-containing hydroxylases like AO. In this study, we conducted metabolite identification that revealed that OSI-930 undergoes AO metabolism to a mono-oxygenated 2-oxo metabolite and assessed its formation kinetics in human liver cytosol. Additionally, reaction phenotyping in human hepatocytes revealed that AO contributes nearly 50% to the overall metabolism of OSI-930. Finally, modeling the interaction between erlotinib and OSI-930 using a mechanistic static model projected an ∼1.85-fold increase in the systemic exposure of OSI-930, which accurately recapitulated clinical observations. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study delineates an aldehyde oxidase (AO) metabolic pathway in the investigational drug OSI-930 for the first time and confirmed that it represented a major route of metabolism through reaction phenotyping in human hepatocytes. Our study provided compelling mechanistic and modeling evidence for the first instance of an AO-mediated clinical drug-drug interaction stemming from the in vivo inhibition of the AO-mediated quinoline 2-oxidation pathway in OSI-930 by erlotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Wei Tat Tang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Raman Sharma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
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2
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Öeren M, Walton PJ, Suri J, Ponting DJ, Hunt PA, Segall MD. Predicting Regioselectivity of AO, CYP, FMO, and UGT Metabolism Using Quantum Mechanical Simulations and Machine Learning. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14066-14081. [PMID: 36239985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unexpected metabolism in modification and conjugation phases can lead to the failure of many late-stage drug candidates or even withdrawal of approved drugs. Thus, it is critical to predict the sites of metabolism (SoM) for enzymes, which interact with drug-like molecules, in the early stages of the research. This study presents methods for predicting the isoform-specific metabolism for human AOs, FMOs, and UGTs and general CYP metabolism for preclinical species. The models use semi-empirical quantum mechanical simulations, validated using experimentally obtained data and DFT calculations, to estimate the reactivity of each SoM in the context of the whole molecule. Ligand-based models, trained and tested using high-quality regioselectivity data, combine the reactivity of the potential SoM with the orientation and steric effects of the binding pockets of the different enzyme isoforms. The resulting models achieve κ values of up to 0.94 and AUC of up to 0.92.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Öeren
- Optibrium Limited, Cambridge Innovation Park, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K
| | - Peter J Walton
- Optibrium Limited, Cambridge Innovation Park, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K.,School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - James Suri
- Optibrium Limited, Cambridge Innovation Park, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K.,School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - David J Ponting
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, U.K
| | - Peter A Hunt
- Optibrium Limited, Cambridge Innovation Park, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K
| | - Matthew D Segall
- Optibrium Limited, Cambridge Innovation Park, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, U.K
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3
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Rendić SP, Crouch RD, Guengerich FP. Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2145-2246. [PMID: 35648190 PMCID: PMC9159052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic reactions of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and other (general) chemicals catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), and molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), including roles as substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the enzymes. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group (i.e., drugs, “general chemicals,” natural products, and physiological compounds) are discussed. We identified a higher fraction of bioactivation reactions for FMO enzymes compared to other enzymes, predominately involving drugs and general chemicals. With MAO enzymes, physiological compounds predominate as substrates, and some products lead to unwanted side effects or illness. AOX and XOR enzymes are molybdenum hydroxylases that catalyze the oxidation of various heteroaromatic rings and aldehydes and the reduction of a number of different functional groups. While neither of these two enzymes contributes substantially to the metabolism of currently marketed drugs, AOX has become a frequently encountered route of metabolism among drug discovery programs in the past 10–15 years. XOR has even less of a role in the metabolism of clinical drugs and preclinical drug candidates than AOX, likely due to narrower substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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4
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Non-cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics: Focus on the regulation of gene expression and enzyme activity. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108020. [PMID: 34637840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative metabolism is one of the major biotransformation reactions that regulates the exposure of xenobiotics and their metabolites in the circulatory system and local tissues and organs, and influences their efficacy and toxicity. Although cytochrome (CY)P450s play critical roles in the oxidative reaction, extensive CYP450-independent oxidative metabolism also occurs in some xenobiotics, such as aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, monoamine oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, or aldehyde dehydrogenase-dependent oxidative metabolism. Drugs form a large portion of xenobiotics and are the primary target of this review. The common reaction mechanisms and roles of non-CYP450 enzymes in metabolism, factors affecting the expression and activity of non-CYP450 enzymes in terms of inhibition, induction, regulation, and species differences in pharmaceutical research and development have been summarized. These non-CYP450 enzymes are detoxifying enzymes, although sometimes they mediate severe toxicity. Synthetic or natural chemicals serve as inhibitors for these non-CYP450 enzymes. However, pharmacokinetic-based drug interactions through these inhibitors have rarely been reported in vivo. Although multiple mechanisms participate in the basal expression and regulation of non-CYP450 enzymes, only a limited number of inducers upregulate their expression. Therefore, these enzymes are considered non-inducible or less inducible. Overall, this review focuses on the potential xenobiotic factors that contribute to variations in gene expression levels and the activities of non-CYP450 enzymes.
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5
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Mota C, Diniz A, Coelho C, Santos-Silva T, Esmaeeli M, Leimkühler S, Cabrita EJ, Marcelo F, Romão MJ. Interrogating the Inhibition Mechanisms of Human Aldehyde Oxidase by X-ray Crystallography and NMR Spectroscopy: The Raloxifene Case. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13025-13037. [PMID: 34415167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human aldehyde oxidase (hAOX1) is mainly present in the liver and has an emerging role in drug metabolism, since it accepts a wide range of molecules as substrates and inhibitors. Herein, we employed an integrative approach by combining NMR, X-ray crystallography, and enzyme inhibition kinetics to understand the inhibition modes of three hAOX1 inhibitors-thioridazine, benzamidine, and raloxifene. These integrative data indicate that thioridazine is a noncompetitive inhibitor, while benzamidine presents a mixed type of inhibition. Additionally, we describe the first crystal structure of hAOX1 in complex with raloxifene. Raloxifene binds tightly at the entrance of the substrate tunnel, stabilizing the flexible entrance gates and elucidating an unusual substrate-dependent mechanism of inhibition with potential impact on drug-drug interactions. This study can be considered as a proof-of-concept for an efficient experimental screening of prospective substrates and inhibitors of hAOX1 relevant in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Mota
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.,UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Diniz
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.,UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Coelho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.,UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Teresa Santos-Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.,UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mariam Esmaeeli
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Silke Leimkühler
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eurico J Cabrita
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.,UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filipa Marcelo
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.,UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria João Romão
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.,UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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6
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Soltani S, Hallaj-Nezhadi S, Rashidi MR. A comprehensive review of in silico approaches for the prediction and modulation of aldehyde oxidase-mediated drug metabolism: The current features, challenges and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113559. [PMID: 34119831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The importance of aldehyde oxidase (AOX) in drug metabolism necessitates the development and application of the in silico rational drug design methods as an integral part of drug discovery projects for the early prediction and modulation of AOX-mediated metabolism. The current study represents an up-to-date and thorough review of in silico studies of AOX-mediated metabolism and modulation methods. In addition, the challenges and the knowledge gap that should be covered have been discussed. The importance of aldehyde oxidase (AOX) in drug metabolism is a hot topic in drug discovery. Different strategies are available for the modulation of the AOX-mediated metabolism of drugs. Application of the rational drug design methods as an integral part of drug discovery projects is necessary for the early prediction of AOX-mediated metabolism. The current study represents a comprehensive review of AOX molecular structure, AOX-mediated reactions, AOX substrates, AOX inhibition, approaches to modify AOX-mediated metabolism, prediction of AOX metabolism/substrates/inhibitors, and the AOX related structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Furthermore, an up-to-date and thorough review of in silico studies of AOX metabolism has been carried out. In addition, the challenges and the knowledge gap that should be covered in the scientific literature have been discussed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaieh Soltani
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Pharmacy Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Hallaj-Nezhadi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Pharmacy Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rashidi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute and Pharmacy faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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7
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Paragas EM, Choughule K, Jones JP, Barr JT. Enzyme Kinetics, Pharmacokinetics, and Inhibition of Aldehyde Oxidase. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:257-284. [PMID: 34272698 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) has emerged as an important drug metabolizing enzyme over the last decade. Several compounds have failed in the clinic because the clearance or toxicity was underestimated by preclinical species. Human AO is much more active than rodent AO, and dogs do not have functional AO. Metabolic products from AO-catalyzed oxidation are generally nonreactive and often they have much lower solubility. AO metabolism is not limited to oxidation as AO can also catalyze reduction of oxygen and nitrite. Reduction of oxygen leads to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide radical anion and hydrogen peroxide. Reduction of nitrite leads to the formation of nitric oxide with potential pharmacological implications. AO is also reported to catalyze the reductive metabolism of nitro-compounds, N-oxides, sulfoxides, isoxazoles, isothiazoles, nitrite, and hydroxamic acids. These reductive transformations may cause toxicity due to the formation of reactive metabolites. Moreover, the inhibition kinetics are complex, and multiple probe substrates should be used when assessing the potential for DDIs. Finally, AO appears to be amenable to computational predictions of both regioselectivity and rates of reaction, which holds promise for virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erickson M Paragas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kanika Choughule
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - John T Barr
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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8
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Abbasi A, Joswig-Jones CA, Jones JP. Site-Directed Mutagenesis at the Molybdenum Pterin Cofactor Site of the Human Aldehyde Oxidase: Interrogating the Kinetic Differences Between Human and Cynomolgus Monkey. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1364-1371. [PMID: 33020066 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The estimation of the drug clearance by aldehyde oxidase (AO) has been complicated because of this enzyme's atypical kinetics and species and substrate specificity. Since human AO (hAO) and cynomolgus monkey AO (mAO) have a 95.1% sequence identity, cynomolgus monkeys may be the best species for estimating AO clearance in humans. Here, O6-benzylguanine (O6BG) and dantrolene were used under anaerobic conditions, as oxidative and reductive substrates of AO, respectively, to compare and contrast the kinetics of these two species through numerical modeling. Whereas dantrolene reduction followed the same linear kinetics in both species, the oxidation rate of O6BG was also linear in mAO and did not follow the already established biphasic kinetics of hAO. In an attempt to determine why hAO and mAO are kinetically distinct, we have altered the hAO V811 and F885 amino acids at the oxidation site adjacent to the molybdenum pterin cofactor to the corresponding alanine and leucine in mAO, respectively. Although some shift to a more monkey-like kinetics was observed for the V811A mutant, five more mutations around the AO cofactors still need to be investigated for this purpose. In comparing the oxidative and reductive rates of metabolism under anaerobic conditions, we have come to the conclusion that despite having similar rates of reduction (4-fold difference), the oxidation rate in mAO is more than 50-fold slower than hAO. This finding implies that the presence of nonlinearity in AO kinetics is dependent upon the degree of imbalance between the rates of oxidation and reduction in this enzyme. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although they have as much as 95.1% sequence identity, human and cynomolgus monkey aldehyde oxidase are kinetically distinct. Therefore, monkeys may not be good estimators of drug clearance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armina Abbasi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | | | - Jeffrey P Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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9
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Nimesulide increases the aldehyde oxidase activity of humans and rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:843-851. [PMID: 31913347 PMCID: PMC7471466 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of drugs are metabolized by aldehyde oxidase (AOX), but AOX-mediated drug interactions are seldom reported due to the lack of appropriate inhibitors and inducers. A recent study reported that nimesulide (NIM) could increase the liver injury risk of methotrexate. The latter was mainly metabolized by AOX to form hepatotoxic 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH MTX). Thus, we speculated that NIM could induce AOX. In this study, we investigated the potential induction of AOX activity by NIM using methotrexate as the probe substrate. Treatment of primary human and rat hepatocytes with NIM (20 μM) for 24 h caused a 2.0- and 3.1-fold, respectively, increase in 7-OH MTX formation. Oral administration of NIM (100 mg·kg−1·d−1, for 5 days) to rats significantly increased the systematic exposure (6.5-fold), liver distribution (2.5-fold), and excretion (5.2-fold for urinary excretion and 2.1-fold for fecal excretion) of 7-OH MTX. The 7-OH MTX formation in liver cytosol from rats pretreated with 20, 50, and 100 mg·kg−1·d−1 NIM for 5 days increased by 1.9-, 3.2-, and 3.7-fold, respectively, compared with that of rats pretreated with the vehicle. We revealed that the elevation of AOX activity was accompanied by an increase in AOX1 protein levels but not the corresponding mRNA levels. Collectively, our results demonstrate for the first time that NIM can increase the AOX activity of humans and rats, and may raise concerns regarding the risk of drug interactions between NIM and AOX substrates in clinical practice.
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10
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Terao M, Garattini E, Romão MJ, Leimkühler S. Evolution, expression, and substrate specificities of aldehyde oxidase enzymes in eukaryotes. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5377-5389. [PMID: 32144208 PMCID: PMC7170512 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.007741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidases (AOXs) are a small group of enzymes belonging to the larger family of molybdo-flavoenzymes, along with the well-characterized xanthine oxidoreductase. The two major types of reactions that are catalyzed by AOXs are the hydroxylation of heterocycles and the oxidation of aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. Different animal species have different complements of AOX genes. The two extremes are represented in humans and rodents; whereas the human genome contains a single active gene (AOX1), those of rodents, such as mice, are endowed with four genes (Aox1-4), clustering on the same chromosome, each encoding a functionally distinct AOX enzyme. It still remains enigmatic why some species have numerous AOX enzymes, whereas others harbor only one functional enzyme. At present, little is known about the physiological relevance of AOX enzymes in humans and their additional forms in other mammals. These enzymes are expressed in the liver and play an important role in the metabolisms of drugs and other xenobiotics. In this review, we discuss the expression, tissue-specific roles, and substrate specificities of the different mammalian AOX enzymes and highlight insights into their physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineko Terao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico Garattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria João Romão
- UCIBIO-Applied Biomolecular Sciences Unit, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Silke Leimkühler
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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11
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Zhao J, Cui R, Wang L, Chen Y, Fu Z, Ding X, Cui C, Yang T, Li X, Xu Y, Chen K, Luo X, Jiang H, Zheng M. Revisiting Aldehyde Oxidase Mediated Metabolism in Drug-like Molecules: An Improved Computational Model. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6523-6537. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongrong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lihao Wang
- Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yingjia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zunyun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tianbiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xutong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Shanghai EnnovaBio Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.,
Room 404, Building 2, Lane 720, Cailun Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Manevski N, King L, Pitt WR, Lecomte F, Toselli F. Metabolism by Aldehyde Oxidase: Drug Design and Complementary Approaches to Challenges in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10955-10994. [PMID: 31385704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) catalyzes oxidations of azaheterocycles and aldehydes, amide hydrolysis, and diverse reductions. AO substrates are rare among marketed drugs, and many candidates failed due to poor pharmacokinetics, interspecies differences, and adverse effects. As most issues arise from complex and poorly understood AO biology, an effective solution is to stop or decrease AO metabolism. This perspective focuses on rational drug design approaches to modulate AO-mediated metabolism in drug discovery. AO biological aspects are also covered, as they are complementary to chemical design and important when selecting the experimental system for risk assessment. The authors' recommendation is an early consideration of AO-mediated metabolism supported by computational and in vitro experimental methods but not an automatic avoidance of AO structural flags, many of which are versatile and valuable building blocks. Preferably, consideration of AO-mediated metabolism should be part of the multiparametric drug optimization process, with the goal to improve overall drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Manevski
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd King
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - William R Pitt
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Lecomte
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Toselli
- UCB BioPharma , Chemin du Foriest 1 , 1420 Braine-l'Alleud , Belgium
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13
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Cheshmazar N, Dastmalchi S, Terao M, Garattini E, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M. Aldehyde oxidase at the crossroad of metabolism and preclinical screening. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:428-452. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1667379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Narges Cheshmazar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mineko Terao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico Garattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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14
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Dalvie D, Di L. Aldehyde oxidase and its role as a drug metabolizing enzyme. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:137-180. [PMID: 31128989 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a cytosolic enzyme that belongs to the family of structurally related molybdoflavoproteins like xanthine oxidase (XO). The enzyme is characterized by broad substrate specificity and marked species differences. It catalyzes the oxidation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes and various heteroaromatic rings as well as reduction of several functional groups. The references to AO and its role in metabolism date back to the 1950s, but the importance of this enzyme in the metabolism of drugs has emerged in the past fifteen years. Several reviews on the role of AO in drug metabolism have been published in the past decade indicative of the growing interest in the enzyme and its influence in drug metabolism. Here, we present a comprehensive monograph of AO as a drug metabolizing enzyme with emphasis on marketed drugs as well as other xenobiotics, as substrates and inhibitors. Although the number of drugs that are primarily metabolized by AO are few, the impact of AO on drug development has been extensive. We also discuss the effect of AO on the systemic exposure and clearance these clinical candidates. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of drug discovery compounds involving AO with the focus on developmental candidates that were reported in the past five years with regards to pharmacokinetics and toxicity. While there is only one known report of AO-mediated clinically relevant drug-drug interaction (DDI), a detailed description of inhibitors and inducers of AO known to date has been presented here and the potential risks associated with DDI. The increasing recognition of the importance of AO has led to significant progress in predicting the site of AO-mediated metabolism using computational methods. Additionally, marked species difference in expression of AO makes it is difficult to predict human clearance with high confidence. The progress made towards developing in vivo, in vitro and in silico approaches for predicting AO metabolism and estimating human clearance of compounds that are metabolized by AO have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Dalvie
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corporation, 10300, Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, UK
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15
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Chen S, Austin-Muttitt K, Zhang LH, Mullins JGL, Lau AJ. In Vitro and In Silico Analyses of the Inhibition of Human Aldehyde Oxidase by Bazedoxifene, Lasofoxifene, and Structural Analogues. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:75-86. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Beedham
- Honorary Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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17
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Abbasi A, Paragas EM, Joswig-Jones CA, Rodgers JT, Jones JP. Time Course of Aldehyde Oxidase and Why It Is Nonlinear. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:473-483. [PMID: 30787100 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many promising drug candidates metabolized by aldehyde oxidase (AOX) fail during clinical trial owing to underestimation of their clearance. AOX is species-specific, which makes traditional allometric studies a poor choice for estimating human clearance. Other studies have suggested using half-life calculated by measuring substrate depletion to measure clearance. In this study, we proposed using numerical fitting to enzymatic pathways other than Michaelis-Menten (MM) to avoid missing the initial high turnover rate of product formation. Here, product formation over a 240-minute time course of six AOX substrates-O6-benzylguanine, N-(2-dimethylamino)ethyl)acridine-4-carboxamide, zaleplon, phthalazine, BIBX1382 [N8-(3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N2-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)-pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,8-diamine dihydrochloride], and zoniporide-have been provided to illustrate enzyme deactivation over time to help better understand why MM kinetics sometimes leads to underestimation of rate constants. Based on the data provided in this article, the total velocity for substrates becomes slower than the initial velocity by 3.1-, 6.5-, 2.9-, 32.2-, 2.7-, and 0.2-fold, respectively, in human expressed purified enzyme, whereas the K m remains constant. Also, our studies on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, show that ROS did not significantly alter the change in enzyme activity over time. Providing a new electron acceptor, 5-nitroquinoline, did, however, alter the change in rate over time for mumerous compounds. The data also illustrate the difficulties in using substrate disappearance to estimate intrinsic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armina Abbasi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Erickson M Paragas
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | | | - John T Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Jeffrey P Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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18
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Substrate selectivity of human aldehyde oxidase 1 in reduction of nitroaromatic drugs. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 659:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Maia LB, Moura JJG. Putting xanthine oxidoreductase and aldehyde oxidase on the NO metabolism map: Nitrite reduction by molybdoenzymes. Redox Biol 2018; 19:274-289. [PMID: 30196191 PMCID: PMC6129670 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide radical (NO) is a signaling molecule involved in several physiological and pathological processes and a new nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway has emerged as a physiological alternative to the "classic" pathway of NO formation from L-arginine. Since the late 1990s, it has become clear that nitrite can be reduced back to NO under hypoxic/anoxic conditions and exert a significant cytoprotective action in vivo under challenging conditions. To reduce nitrite to NO, mammalian cells can use different metalloproteins that are present in cells to perform other functions, including several heme proteins and molybdoenzymes, comprising what we denominated as the "non-dedicated nitrite reductases". Herein, we will review the current knowledge on two of those "non-dedicated nitrite reductases", the molybdoenzymes xanthine oxidoreductase and aldehyde oxidase, discussing the in vitro and in vivo studies to provide the current picture of the role of these enzymes on the NO metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B Maia
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - José J G Moura
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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20
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Amano T, Fukami T, Ogiso T, Hirose D, Jones JP, Taniguchi T, Nakajima M. Identification of enzymes responsible for dantrolene metabolism in the human liver: A clue to uncover the cause of liver injury. Biochem Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Cruciani G, Milani N, Benedetti P, Lepri S, Cesarini L, Baroni M, Spyrakis F, Tortorella S, Mosconi E, Goracci L. From Experiments to a Fast Easy-to-Use Computational Methodology to Predict Human Aldehyde Oxidase Selectivity and Metabolic Reactions. J Med Chem 2017; 61:360-371. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Cruciani
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Nicolò Milani
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Benedetti
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Susan Lepri
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Cesarini
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroni
- Molecular Discovery Ltd, Centennial
Park, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, via P. Giuria
9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Tortorella
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Molecular Horizon srl, via Montelino
32, 06084 Bettona, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics, National Research Council−Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, Via Elce
di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Goracci
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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