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Pongkorpsakol P, Yimnual C, Satianrapapong W, Worakajit N, Kaewin S, Saetang P, Rukachaisirikul V, Muanprasat C. Discovery of Fungus-Derived Nornidulin as a Novel TMEM16A Inhibitor: A Potential Therapy to Inhibit Mucus Secretion in Asthma. J Exp Pharmacol 2023; 15:449-466. [PMID: 38026233 PMCID: PMC10657771 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s427594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inhibition of Ca2+-activated transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A) Cl- channels has been proposed to alleviate mucus secretion in asthma. In this study, we identified a novel class of TMEM16A inhibitors from natural sources in airway epithelial Calu-3 cells and determine anti-asthmatic efficacy of the most potent candidate in a mouse model of asthma. Methods For electrophysiological analyses, IL-4-primed Calu-3 cell monolayers were mounted in Ussing chamber and treated with various fungus-derived depsidones prior to the addition of UTP, ionomycin, thapsigargin, or Eact to stimulate TMEM16A Cl- current. Ca2+-induced mucus secretion in Calu-3 cell monolayers was assessed by determining MUC5AC protein remaining in the cells using immunofluorescence staining. OVA-induced female BALB/c mice was used as an animal model of asthma. After the course of induction, cellular and mucus components in bronchoalveolar lavage were analyzed. Lungs were fixed and undergone with H&E and PAS staining for the evaluation of airway inflammation and mucus production, respectively. Results The screening of fungus-derived depsidones revealed that nornidulin completely abolished the UTP-activated TMEM16A current in Calu-3 cell monolayers with the IC50 and a maximal effect being at ~0.8 µM and 10 µM, respectively. Neither cell viability nor barrier function was affected by nornidulin. Mechanistically, nornidulin (10 µM) suppressed Cl- currents induced by ionomycin (a Ca2+-specific ionophore), thapsigargin (an inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase), and Eact (a putative TMEM16A activator) without interfering with intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) levels. These results suggest that nornidulin exerts its effect without changing [Ca2+]i, possibly through direct effect on TMEM16A. Interestingly, nornidulin (at 10 µM) reduced Ca2+-dependent mucus release in the Calu-3 cell monolayers. In addition, nornidulin (20 mg/kg) inhibited bronchoalveolar mucus secretion without impeding airway inflammation in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mice. Discussion and Conclusion Our study revealed that nornidulin is a novel TMEM16A inhibitor that suppresses mucus secretion without compromising immunologic activity. Further development of nornidulin may provide a new remedy for asthma or other diseases associated with allergic mucus hypersecretion without causing opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawin Pongkorpsakol
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chantapol Yimnual
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | | | - Nichakorn Worakajit
- Program in Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchada Kaewin
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Praphatsorn Saetang
- Division of Physical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Vatcharin Rukachaisirikul
- Division of Physical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
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Papi C, Gasparello J, Zurlo M, Cosenza LC, Gambari R, Finotti A. The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Gene (CFTR) Is under Post-Transcriptional Control of microRNAs: Analysis of the Effects of agomiRNAs Mimicking miR-145-5p, miR-101-3p, and miR-335-5p. Noncoding RNA 2023; 9:ncrna9020029. [PMID: 37104011 PMCID: PMC10146138 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna9020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: MicroRNAs are involved in the expression of the gene encoding the chloride channel CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator); the objective of this short report is to study the effects of the treatment of bronchial epithelial Calu-3 cells with molecules mimicking the activity of pre-miR-145-5p, pre-miR-335-5p, and pre-miR-101-3p, and to discuss possible translational applications of these molecules in pre-clinical studies focusing on the development of protocols of possible interest in therapy; (2) Methods: CFTR mRNA was quantified by Reverse Transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). The production of the CFTR protein was assessed by Western blotting; (3) Results: The treatment of Calu-3 cells with agomiR-145-5p caused the highest inhibition of CFTR mRNA accumulation and CFTR production; (4) Conclusions: The treatment of target cells with the agomiR pre-miR-145-5p should be considered when CFTR gene expression should be inhibited in pathological conditions, such as polycystic kidney disease (PKD), some types of cancer, cholera, and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Papi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jessica Gasparello
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Zurlo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia Carmela Cosenza
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Research Center on Innovative Therapies for Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessia Finotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Research Center on Innovative Therapies for Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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The Roots of Neorautanenia mitis (A. Rich) Verdcourt: Further Evidence of Its Antidiarrhoeal Activity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020673. [PMID: 36677731 PMCID: PMC9863173 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the current management options and therapeutics used in the treatment of diarrhoea, in Africa and Asia, diarrhoea remains a major concern, especially in children under the age of 5 years. Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants used in the management of diarrhoea symptoms can be explored for their efficacy. In Nigeria, the TMPs (Traditional Medicine Practitioners) have, over the years, employed medicinal plants in the management of diarrhoea symptoms. In our current and previous studies, we aimed at validating the effectiveness of Neorautanenia mitis in the management of diarrhoea as claimed by the TMPs. Out of the 20 compounds isolated from N. mitis, the compounds neodulin, pachyrrhizine, neotenone and dolineone were the most abundant, and in this study, neodulin showed a pronounced relaxation of the rhythmic contraction of the isolated rabbit jejunum in an organ bath in a concentration-dependent manner, with a complete relaxation at 60 µg/mL. Neotenone and dolineone showed a dose-dependent inhibition of defecation of 65.07%, and 50.01%, respectively, at 20 mg/kg in a castor-oil-induced diarrhoea model. This is a strong indication that compounds from N. mitis possess antidiarrhoeal properties, thereby giving credence to its traditional usage in diarrhoea therapy, and therefore validating its antidiarrhoeal activity and its being worthy of further investigation.
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Natural statin derivatives as potential therapy to reduce intestinal fluid loss in cholera. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010989. [PMID: 36490300 PMCID: PMC9770395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a leading cause of death in children under 5 years old, secretory diarrheas including cholera are characterized by excessive intestinal fluid secretion driven by enterotoxin-induced cAMP-dependent intestinal chloride transport. This study aimed to identify fungal bioactive metabolites possessing anti-secretory effects against cAMP-dependent chloride secretion in intestinal epithelial cells. Using electrophysiological analyses in human intestinal epithelial (T84) cells, five fungus-derived statin derivatives including α,β-dehydrolovastatin (DHLV), α,β-dehydrodihydromonacolin K, lovastatin, mevastatin and simvastatin were found to inhibit the cAMP-dependent chloride secretion with IC50 values of 1.8, 8.9, 11.9, 11.4 and 5 μM, respectively. Being the most potent statin derivatives, DHLV was evaluated for its pharmacological properties including cellular toxicity, mechanism of action, target specificity and in vivo efficacy. DHLV at concentrations up to 20 μM did not affect cell viability and barrier integrity of T84 cells. Electrophysiological analyses indicated that DHLV inhibited cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a cAMP-dependent apical chloride channel, via mechanisms not involving alteration of intracellular cAMP levels or its negative regulators including AMP-activated protein kinases and protein phosphatases. DHLV had no effect on Na+-K+ ATPase activities but inhibited Ca2+-dependent chloride secretion without affecting intracellular Ca2+ levels. Importantly, intraperitoneal (2 mg/kg) and intraluminal (20 μM) injections of DHLV reduced cholera toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion in mice by 59% and 65%, respectively without affecting baseline intestinal fluid transport. This study identifies natural statin derivatives as novel natural product-derived CFTR inhibitors, which may be beneficial in the treatment of enterotoxin-induced secretory diarrheas including cholera.
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Thiraporn A, Saikachain N, Khumjiang R, Muanprasat C, Tadpetch K. Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Mutolide and Analogues. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200329. [PMID: 35727893 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The convergent total syntheses of three 14-membered macrolide natural products, mutolide, nigrosporolide and (4S,7S,13S)-4,7-dihydroxy-13-tetradeca-2,5,8-trienolide have been achieved. The key synthetic features include Shiina macrolactonization to assemble the 14-membered macrocyclic core, Wittig or Still-Gennari olefination and selective reduction of propargylic alcohol to construct the E- or Z-olefins. Cross metathesis was also highlighted as an efficient tool to forge the formation of E-olefin. The three synthetic macrolides were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against three human cancer cell lines as well as for inhibitory effect on CFTR-mediated chloride secretion in human intestinal epithelial (T84) cells. Mutolide displayed significant cytotoxic activity against HCT116 colon cancer cells with an IC50 of ∼12 μM as well as a potent CTFR inhibitory effect with an IC50 value of ∼1 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aticha Thiraporn
- Division of Physical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Nongluk Saikachain
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bang Pla, Bang Pli, Samut Prakan, 10540, Thailand
| | - Rungtiwa Khumjiang
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bang Pla, Bang Pli, Samut Prakan, 10540, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bang Pla, Bang Pli, Samut Prakan, 10540, Thailand
| | - Kwanruthai Tadpetch
- Division of Physical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
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Tharabenjasin P, Ferraris RP, Choowongkomon K, Pongkorpsakol P, Worakajit N, Sawasvirojwong S, Pabalan N, Na-Bangchang K, Muanprasat C. β-eudesmol but not atractylodin exerts an inhibitory effect on CFTR-mediated chloride transport in human intestinal epithelial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112030. [PMID: 34426253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oriental herbal medicine with the two bioactive constituents, β-eudesmol (BE) and atractylodin (AT), has been used as a remedy for gastrointestinal disorders. There was no scientific evidence reporting their antidiarrheal effect and underpinning mechanisms. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the anti-secretory activity of these two compounds in vitro. The inhibitory effect of BE and AT on cAMP-induced Cl- secretion was evaluated by Ussing chamber in human intestinal epithelial (T84) cells. Short-circuit current (ISC) and apical Cl- current (ICl-) were measured after adding indirect and direct cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel activator. MTT assay was used to determine cellular cytotoxicity. Protein-ligand interaction was investigated by in silico molecular docking analysis. BE, but not AT concentration-dependently (IC50 of ~1.05 µM) reduced cAMP-mediated, CFTRinh-172 inhibitable Cl- secretion as determined by transepithelial ISC across a monolayer of T84 cells. Potency of CFTR-mediated ICl- inhibition by BE did not change with the use of different CFTR activators suggesting a direct blockage of the channel active site(s). Pretreatment with BE completely prevented cAMP-induced ICl-. Furthermore, BE at concentrations up to 200 µM (24 h) had no effect on T84 cell viability. In silico studies indicated that BE could best dock onto dephosphorylated structure of CFTR at ATP-binding pockets in nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) 2 region. These findings provide the first evidence for the anti-secretory effect of BE involving inhibition of CFTR function. BE represents a promising candidate for the therapeutic or prophylactic intervention of diarrhea resulted from intestinal hypersecretion of Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuntila Tharabenjasin
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Klongnung, Klongluang, Pathum Thani 10120, Thailand
| | - Ronaldo P Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07946, USA
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Ladyaow, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pawin Pongkorpsakol
- Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Nichakorn Worakajit
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bang Pla, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand
| | - Sutthipong Sawasvirojwong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Noel Pabalan
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Klongnung, Klongluang, Pathum Thani 10120, Thailand
| | - Kesara Na-Bangchang
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Klongnung, Klongluang, Pathum Thani 10120, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Rangsit Center, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Klongnung, Klongluang, Pathum Thani 10120, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bang Pla, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand.
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Dawurung CJ, Noitem R, Rattanajak R, Bunyong R, Richardson C, Willis AC, Kamchonwongpaisan S, Yimnual C, Muanprasat C, Pyne SG. Isolation of CFTR and TMEM16A inhibitors from Neorautanenia mitis (A. Rich) Verdcourt: Potential lead compounds for treatment of secretory diarrhea. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 179:112464. [PMID: 32798746 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A phytochemical study on the root extracts of Neorautanenia mitis, a Nigerian medicinal plant used in the management of diarrhea, led to the isolation of one new and 19 known natural products. These compounds and crude extracts were evaluated for Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Cl- channel and calcium-activated Cl- channel (TMEM16A) inhibitory activities in T84 and Calu-3 cells, respectively. Four compounds namely dolineon, neodulin, pachyrrhizine, and neotenone inhibited cAMP-induced Cl- secretion across T84 cell monolayers with IC50 values of ~0.81 μM, ~2.42 μM, ~2.87 μM, and ~4.66 μM, respectively. Dolineon having the highest inhibitory activity also inhibited a Ca + activated Cl- channel (TMEM16A) with an IC50 value of ~4.38 μM. The in vitro antidiarrheal activity of dolineon was evaluated on cholera toxin (CT) induced chloride secretion in T84 cells, where it inhibited CT-induced chloride secretion by >70% at 100 μM. Dolineon also inhibited CT-induced fluid secretion by ~70% in an in vivo mouse closed loop model at a dose of 16.9 μg/loop. The cytotoxicity of the extracts and compounds was evaluated on KB, Vero and BHK21 cells, dolineon showed low cytotoxicity of >29.6 μM and 57.30 + 6.77 μM against Vero and BHK21 cells, respectively. Our study revealed that several compounds isolated from N. mitis showed antidiarrheal activity. The most active compound dolineon can potentially serve as a lead compound towards the development of CFTR and TMEM16A inhibitors as future therapeutics for secretory diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana J Dawurung
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Jos, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Rattikarn Noitem
- Division of Preclinical Sciences, Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, 10540, Thailand.
| | - Roonglawan Rattanajak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Ratchanu Bunyong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Christopher Richardson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Anthony C Willis
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Chantapol Yimnual
- Division of Preclinical Sciences, Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, 10540, Thailand.
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- Division of Preclinical Sciences, Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, 10540, Thailand.
| | - Stephen G Pyne
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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Inhibition of CFTR-mediated intestinal chloride secretion by a fungus-derived arthropsolide A: Mechanism of action and anti-diarrheal efficacy. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sousa FBM, Nolêto IRSG, Chaves LS, Pacheco G, Oliveira AP, Fonseca MMV, Medeiros JVR. A comprehensive review of therapeutic approaches available for the treatment of cholera. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1715-1731. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The oral rehydration solution is the most efficient method to treat cholera; however, it does not interfere in the action mechanism of the main virulence factor produced by Vibrio cholerae, the cholera toxin (CT), and this disease still stands out as a problem for human health worldwide. This review aimed to describe therapeutic alternatives available in the literature, especially those related to the search for molecules acting upon the physiopathology of cholera.
Key findings
New molecules have offered a protection effect against diarrhoea induced by CT or even by infection from V. cholerae. The receptor regulator cystic fibrosis channel transmembrane (CFTR), monosialoganglioside (GM1), enkephalinase, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), inhibitors of expression of virulence factors and activators of ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolase are the main therapeutic targets studied. Many of these molecules or extracts still present unclear action mechanisms.
Conclusions
Knowing therapeutic alternatives and their molecular mechanisms for the treatment of cholera could guide us to develop a new drug that could be used in combination with the rehydration solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca B M Sousa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Disorders (Lafidg), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Brazil
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Isabela R S G Nolêto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Disorders (Lafidg), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Brazil
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Leticia S Chaves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Disorders (Lafidg), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Pacheco
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Disorders (Lafidg), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Brazil
| | - Ana P Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Disorders (Lafidg), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Brazil
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Mikhail M V Fonseca
- Institute of Higher Education of Vale do Parnaíba (IESVAP), Parnaíba, Brazil
| | - Jand V R Medeiros
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Disorders (Lafidg), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Brazil
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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