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Zhang G, Hu J, Li A, Zhang H, Guo Z, Li X, You Z, Wang Y, Jing Z. Ginsenoside Rg5 inhibits glioblastoma by activating ferroptosis via NR3C1/HSPB1/NCOA4. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155631. [PMID: 38640858 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utilization of Chinese medicine as an adjunctive therapy for cancer has recently gained significant attention. Ferroptosis, a newly regulated cell death process depending on the ferrous ions, has been proved to be participated in glioma stem cells inactivation. PURPOSE We aim to study whether ginsenoside Rg5 exerted inhibitory effects on crucial aspects of glioma stem cells, including cell viability, tumor initiation, invasion, self-renewal ability, neurosphere formation, and stemness. METHODS Through comprehensive sequencing analysis, we identified a compelling association between ginsenoside Rg5 and the ferroptosis pathway, which was further validated through subsequent experiments demonstrating its ability to activate this pathway. RESULTS To elucidate the precise molecular targets affected by ginsenoside Rg5 in gliomas, we conducted an intersection analysis between differentially expressed genes obtained from sequencing and a database-predicted list of transcription factors and potential targets of ginsenoside Rg5. This rigorous approach led us to unequivocally confirm NR3C1 (Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3 Group C Member 1) as a direct target of ginsenoside Rg5, a finding consistently supported by subsequent experimental investigations. Moreover, we uncovered NR3C1's capacity to transcriptionally regulate ferroptosis -related genes HSPB1 and NCOA4. Strikingly, ginsenoside Rg5 induced notable alterations in the expression levels of both HSPB1 (Heat Shock Protein Family B Member 1) and NCOA4 (Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 4). Finally, our intracranial xenograft assays served to reaffirm the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg5 on the malignant progression of glioblastoma. CONCLUSION These collective findings strongly suggest that ginsenoside Rg5 hampers glioblastoma progression by activating ferroptosis through NR3C1, which subsequently modulates HSPB1 and NCOA4. Importantly, this novel therapeutic direction holds promise for advancing the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Jinpeng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Ao Li
- Emergency department, Liaoning Provincial People Hospital, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- International Education College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 79 Chongshan East Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110042, China
| | - Zhengting Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xinqiao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zinan You
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Department of Radiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, PR China.
| | - Zhitao Jing
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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Yang Y, Nan Y, Du Y, Liu W, Ning N, Chen G, Gu Q, Yuan L. Ginsenosides in cancer: Proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117049. [PMID: 38945081 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, the dried root of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., is widely used in Chinese herbal medicine. Ginsenosides, the primary active components of ginseng, exhibit diverse anticancer functions through various mechanisms, such as inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, promoting apoptosis, and suppressing cell invasion and migration. In this article, the mechanism of action of 20 ginsenoside subtypes in tumor therapy and the research progress of multifunctional nanosystems are reviewed, in order to provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- School of Basic Medical, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Yi Nan
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Yuhua Du
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Na Ning
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Qian Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China.
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Lu J, He R, Liu Y, Zhang J, Xu H, Zhang T, Chen L, Yang G, Zhang J, Liu J, Chi H. Exploiting cell death and tumor immunity in cancer therapy: challenges and future directions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1416115. [PMID: 38887519 PMCID: PMC11180757 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1416115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a significant global challenge, with escalating incidence rates and a substantial burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Herein, we present an in-depth exploration of the intricate interplay between cancer cell death pathways and tumor immunity within the tumor microenvironment (TME). We begin by elucidating the epidemiological landscape of cancer, highlighting its pervasive impact on premature mortality and the pronounced burden in regions such as Asia and Africa. Our analysis centers on the pivotal concept of immunogenic cell death (ICD), whereby cancer cells succumbing to specific stimuli undergo a transformation that elicits robust anti-tumor immune responses. We scrutinize the mechanisms underpinning ICD induction, emphasizing the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) as key triggers for dendritic cell (DC) activation and subsequent T cell priming. Moreover, we explore the contributions of non-apoptotic RCD pathways, including necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis, to tumor immunity within the TME. Emerging evidence suggests that these alternative cell death modalities possess immunogenic properties and can synergize with conventional treatments to bolster anti-tumor immune responses. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting the TME for cancer treatment, highlighting strategies to harness immunogenic cell death and manipulate non-apoptotic cell death pathways for therapeutic benefit. By elucidating the intricate crosstalk between cancer cell death and immune modulation within the TME, this review aims to pave the way for the development of novel cancer therapies that exploit the interplay between cell death mechanisms and tumor immunity and overcome Challenges in the Development and implementation of Novel Therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaan Lu
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ru He
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinghan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tianchi Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of General Surgery, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of General Surgery, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Bai X, Deng J, Duan Z, Fu R, Zhu C, Fan D. Ginsenoside Rh4 alleviates gastrointestinal mucositis and enhances chemotherapy efficacy through modulating gut microbiota. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155577. [PMID: 38608488 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal mucositis stands as one of the most severe side effects of irinotecan (CPT-11). however, only palliative treatment is available at present. Therefore, there is an urgent need for adjunctive medications to alleviate the side effects of CPT-11. PURPOSE In this study, our objective was to explore whether ginsenoside Rh4 could serve as a modulator of the gut microbiota and an adjunctive agent for chemotherapy, thereby alleviating the side effects of CPT-11 and augmenting its anti-tumor efficacy. STUDY DESIGN A CPT-11-induced gastrointestinal mucositis model was used to investigate whether ginsenoside Rh4 alleviated CPT-11-induced gastrointestinal mucositis and enhanced the anti-tumor activity of CPT-11. METHODS In this study, we utilized CT26 cells to establish a xenograft tumor model, employing transcriptomics, genomics, and metabolomics techniques to investigate the impact of ginsenoside Rh4 on CPT-11-induced gastrointestinal mucositis and the effect on the anti-tumor activity of CPT-11. Furthermore, we explored the pivotal role of gut microbiota and their metabolites through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments and supplementation of the key differential metabolite, hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA). RESULTS The results showed that ginsenoside Rh4 repaired the impairment of intestinal barrier function and restored intestinal mucosal homeostasis in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. Ginsenoside Rh4 treatment modulated gut microbiota diversity and upregulated the abundance of beneficial bacteria, especially Lactobacillus_reuteri and Akkermansia_muciniphila, which further regulated bile acid biosynthesis, significantly promoted the production of the beneficial secondary bile acid hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), thereby alleviating CPT-11-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis. Subsequently, ginsenoside Rh4 further alleviated gastrointestinal mucositis through the TGR5-TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway. On the other hand, ginsenoside Rh4 combination therapy could further reduce the weight and volume of colon tumors, promote tumor cell apoptosis, and enhance the anti-tumor activity of CPT-11 by inhibiting the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, thus exerting a synergistic anti-tumor effect. CONCLUSION In summary, our findings confirm that ginsenoside Rh4 can alleviate CPT-11-induced gastrointestinal mucositis and enhance the anti-tumor activity of CPT-11 by modulating gut microbiota and its related metabolites. Our study validates the potential of ginsenoside Rh4 as a modulator of the gut microbiota and an adjunctive agent for chemotherapy, offering new therapeutic strategies for addressing chemotherapy side effects and improving chemotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Engineering Research Center of Western Resource Innovation Medicine Green Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jianjun Deng
- Engineering Research Center of Western Resource Innovation Medicine Green Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Zhiguang Duan
- Engineering Research Center of Western Resource Innovation Medicine Green Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Rongzhan Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Western Resource Innovation Medicine Green Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Western Resource Innovation Medicine Green Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Daidi Fan
- Engineering Research Center of Western Resource Innovation Medicine Green Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Ai Z, Liu S, Zhang J, Hu Y, Tang P, Cui L, Wang X, Zou H, Li X, Liu J, Nan B, Wang Y. Ginseng Glucosyl Oleanolate from Ginsenoside Ro, Exhibited Anti-Liver Cancer Activities via MAPKs and Gut Microbiota In Vitro/Vivo. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7845-7860. [PMID: 38501913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Ginseng is widely recognized for its diverse health benefits and serves as a functional food ingredient with global popularity. Ginsenosides with a broad range of pharmacological effects are the most crucial active ingredients in ginseng. This study aimed to derive ginseng glucosyl oleanolate (GGO) from ginsenoside Ro through enzymatic conversion and evaluate its impact on liver cancer in vitro and in vivo. GGO exhibited concentration-dependent HepG2 cell death and markedly inhibited cell proliferation via the MAPK signaling pathway. It also attenuated tumor growth in immunocompromised mice undergoing heterograft transplantation. Furthermore, GGO intervention caused a modulation of gut microbiota composition by specific bacterial populations, including Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Enterococcus, etc., and ameliorated SCFA metabolism and colonic inflammation. These findings offer promising evidence for the potential use of GGO as a natural functional food ingredient in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Ai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Sitong Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Junshun Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yue Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ping Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Linlin Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xinzhu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hongyang Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Bo Nan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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Elsaman T, Muddathir AM, Mohieldin EAM, Batubara I, Rahminiwati M, Yamauchi K, Mohamed MA, Asoka SF, Büsselberg D, Habtemariam S, Sharifi-Rad J. Ginsenoside Rg5 as an anticancer drug: a comprehensive review on mechanisms, structure-activity relationship, and prospects for clinical advancement. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:287-306. [PMID: 38526651 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death in the world. Despite the considerable success of conventional treatment strategies, the incidence and mortality rates are still high, making developing new effective anticancer therapies an urgent priority. Ginsenoside Rg5 (Rg5) is a minor ginsenoside constituent obtained exclusively from ginseng species and is known for its broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. This article aimed to comprehensively review the anticancer properties of Rg5, focusing on action mechanisms, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and pharmacokinetics attributes. The in vitro and in vivo activities of Rg5 have been proven against several cancer types, such as breast, liver, lung, bone, and gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. The modulation of multiple signaling pathways critical for cancer growth and survival mediates these activities. Nevertheless, human clinical studies of Rg5 have not been addressed before, and there is still considerable ambiguity regarding its pharmacokinetics properties. In addition, a significant shortage in the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of Rg5 has been identified. Therefore, future efforts should focus on further optimization by performing extensive SAR studies to uncover the structural features essential for the potent anticancer activity of Rg5. Thus, this review highlights the value of Rg5 as a potential anticancer drug candidate and identifies the research areas requiring more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilal Elsaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Mahmoud Muddathir
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | | | - Irmanida Batubara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, Indonesia
- Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Min Rahminiwati
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Jln Agathis Dramaga, Bogor, West Java, 16680, Indonesia
- Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Jl. Taman Kencana No. 3, Bogor, West Java, 16128, Indonesia
| | - Kosei Yamauchi
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Magdi Awadalla Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadila Fira Asoka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, Indonesia
- Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research and Herbal Analysis Services UK, Central Avenue , Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
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Chen L, Huang F, Luo X, Chen Z. TREM1 promotes cancer associated malignant phenotype through activated MAPK signaling pathway and predicts poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26852. [PMID: 38449634 PMCID: PMC10915522 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background CD molecules plays a vital role in gastric cancer (GC). We used bioinformatics analysis methods to develop prognosis related CD molecules risk signature; On the other hand, we used the experiments to further explore the function and mechanism of differentially expressed prognostic CD molecules (TREM1) in GC. Methods Kaplan-Meier survival and univariate Cox regression analysis were used to evaluate the overall survival of CD molecule genes in gastric cancer. ROC curve and Kaplan-Meier curves were used to analyze the predictive value of CD molecule related genes risk signature by "survival and timeROC" R packages. GSEA, and Cibersortx software were used to analyze the functional enrichment. Finally, we verified the function and mechanism of TREM1 in GC by gene silencing and MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) in vitro and vivo. Results A total of 41 prognosis related risk factors in gastric cancer were identified based on CD molecules, including TREM1 and ect. The high-risk patients had higher risk score and shorter survival time. ROC curves revealed that this risk signature accurately predicted survival times of gastric cancer patients at the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year. The frequency of T cells follicular helper and NK cells activated were added in low-risk group. Next, differentially expressed prognostic CD molecules analysis revealed that TREM1 was identified as key genes in GC progression based on TCGA and GES158662 and GSE15459 datasets of GC. In vitro experiments, TREM1 silencing significantly inhibited GC cell proliferation and migration, induced cell apoptosis. GSEA revealed that TREM1 activated cancer related signaling pathway, including MAPK signaling pathway and ect. High expression of TREM1 was related Macrophages M2 and Mast cells resting in GC tissues. Moreover, knockdown of TREM1 inhibited tumor growth through downregulated MAPK signaling pathway in vivo. Conclusion These results identified that CD molecule related genes as a novel prognostic and diagnostic biomarker in gastric cancer. TREM1 acts as an oncogene role in GC by activated MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Fen Huang
- Department of Operating Room, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Xiaopan Luo
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Zan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Cangnan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325800, China
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Li N, Zhu C, Fu R, Ma X, Duan Z, Fan D. Ginsenoside Rg5 inhibits lipid accumulation and hepatocyte apoptosis via the Notch1 signaling pathway in NASH mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 124:155287. [PMID: 38176268 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a prevalent chronic liver disease that lacks an FDA-approved treatment medicine. Despite the known antitumor and hypoglycemic properties of Ginsenoside Rg5, its effects and underlying mechanisms in the context of NASH remain largely unexplored. PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the effect of Rg5 on NASH mice induced by a high-fat diet and CCl4. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experiments, a mouse NASH model was established by a HFHC diet plus intraperitoneal injection of low-dose CCl4. In vitro experiments, a cellular steatosis model was established using free fatty acids (FFA) induced HepG2 cells. In addition, a fibrogenesis model was established using HSC-LX2 cells. METHODS The effects of Ginsenoside Rg5 on lipid accumulation and oxidative damage were analyzed by ELISA kit, H&E staining, Oil Red O staining, flow cytometry and Western blot. The effects of Ginsenoside Rg5 on liver fibrosis were analyzed by Masson staining, Sirus Red staining, immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The effect of Ginsenoside Rg5 on Notch1 signaling pathway in liver was studied by protein Oil Red staining, protein immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. RESULTS In terms of lipid accumulation, Rg5 has the ability to regulate key proteins related to lipogenesis, thereby inhibiting hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress. Additionally, Rg5 can reduce the occurrence of hepatocyte apoptosis by regulating the p53 protein. Moreover, after Rg5 intervention, the presence of fibrotic proteins (α-SMA, Collagen 1, TGF-β) in the liver is significantly suppressed, thus inhibiting liver fibrosis. Lastly, Rg5 leads to a decrease in the expression levels of Notch1 and its ligand Jagged-1 in the liver. CONCLUSION In summary, the regulatory effects of Rg5 on the Notch1 signaling pathway play a crucial role in modulating hepatic lipid metabolism and preventing hepatocyte apoptosis, thereby impeding the progression of NASH. These findings highlight the potential of Rg5 as a promising natural product for interventions targeting NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Rongzhan Fu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Zhiguang Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Yu X, Wang Q, Dai Z. Ginsenosides Inhibit the Proliferation of Lung Cancer Cells and Suppress the Rate of Metastasis by Modulating EGFR/VEGF Signaling Pathways. J Oleo Sci 2024; 73:219-230. [PMID: 38311411 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides Rg3 and Rg5 obtained from Panax (ginseng) have shown significant anticancer activity via the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. This study evaluated the anticancer and antimetastatic effects of a combination of Rg3 and Rg5 on lung cancer cells. A combination of Rg3 and Rg5 was treated for lung cancer cell line A549 and human lung tumor xenograft mouse model, and anti-metastatic effects on Matrigel plug implantation in mice. The combination of Rg3 and Rg5 showed potent antiproliferative effects on A549 cells with IC50 values of 44.6 and 36.0 μM for Rg3 and Rg5 respectively. The combination of Rg3 and Rg5 (30 µM each) showed 48% cell viability as compared to Rg3 (72% viability) and Rg5 (64% viability) at 30 µM concentrations. The combination of Rg3 and Rg5 induced apoptosis in A549 cells characterized by activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP, as well as suppression of the autophagic marker LC3A/B. The antitumoral potentials of the combination of Rg3 and Rg5 were ascertained in a lung tumor xenograft mouse model with high efficacy as compared to individual ginsenosides. The metastasislimiting properties of the combination of Rg3 and Rg5 were assessed in Matrigel plug implantation in mice which showed the potent efficacy of the combination as compared to individual ginsenoside. Mechanistically, the combination of Rg3 and Rg5 inhibited the expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and EGFR/VEGF signaling pathways in lung cancer cells. Results suggest that the combination of Rg3 and Rg5 suppressed the tumor cell proliferation in lung cancer cells and limited the rate of metastasis which further suggest that the combination has a significant effect as compared to the administration of single ginsenoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Yu
- Department of Pulmonary, Muping Chinese Traditional Medical Hospital
| | - Qihu Wang
- Department of Pulmonary, Muping Chinese Traditional Medical Hospital
| | - Zhaoxin Dai
- Department of Pulmonary, Muping Chinese Traditional Medical Hospital
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10
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Cheng L, Luo W, Ye A, Zhang Y, Li L, Xie H. How to More Effectively Obtain Ginsenoside Rg5: Understanding Pathways of Conversion. Molecules 2023; 28:7313. [PMID: 37959741 PMCID: PMC10650205 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg5, a relatively uncommon secondary ginsenoside, exhibits notable pharmacological activity and is commonly hypothesized to originate from the dehydration of Rg3. In this work, we compared different conversion pathways using Rb1, R-Rg3 and S-Rg3 as the raw material under simple acid catalysis. Interestingly, the results indicate that the conversion follows this reaction activity order Rb1 > S-Rg3 > R-Rg3, which is contrary to the common understanding of Rg5 obtained from Rg3 by dehydration. Our experimental results have been fully confirmed by theoretical calculations and a NOESY analysis. The DFT analysis reveals that the free energies of S-Rg3 and R-Rg3 in generating carbocation are 7.56 mol/L and 7.57 mol/L, respectively, which are significantly higher than the free energy of 1.81 mol/L when Rb1 generates the same carbocation. This finding aligns with experimental evidence suggesting that Rb1 is more prone to generating Rg5 than Rg3. The findings from the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis suggest that the fatty chains (C22-C27) in R-Rg3 and S-Rg3 adopt a Gauche conformation and an anti conformation with C16-C17 and C13-C17, respectively, due to the relatively weak repulsive van der Waals force. Therefore, the configuration of R-Rg3 is more conducive to the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds between 20C-OH and 12C-OH, whereas S-Rg3 lacks this capability. Consequently, this also explains the fact that S-Rg3 is more prone to dehydration to generate Rg5 than R-Rg3. Additionally, our research reveals that the synthetic route of Rg5 derived from protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides (including Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc and Rd) exhibits notable advantages in terms of efficacy, purity and yield when compared to the pathway originating from Rg3. Moreover, this study presents a highly effective and practical approach for the extensive synthesis of Rg5, thereby facilitating the exploration of its pharmacological properties and potential application in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leqin Cheng
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Anqi Ye
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Ling Li
- Tonghua Bai’aojinsen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tonghua 134000, China
| | - Haijiao Xie
- Hangzhou Yanqu Information Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310003, China
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11
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Lu H, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Wang J, Mi T, Jin L, Wu X, Luo J, Liu Y, Liu J, Cai W, Guo P, He D. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosome Mimetic Vesicles Regulation of the MAPK Pathway and ROS Levels Inhibits Glucocorticoid-Induced Apoptosis in Osteoblasts. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:5537610. [PMID: 37771550 PMCID: PMC10533242 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5537610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term extensive use of glucocorticoids will lead to hormonal necrosis of the femoral head, and osteoblasts play an important role in the prevention of osteonecrosis. However, there is no complete cure for necrosis of the femoral head. Mesenchymal stem cell- (MSCs-) derived exosomes are widely used for the repair of various tissue lesions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of dexamethasone- (DEX-) induced osteoblast apoptosis and the therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord MSC- (hucMSC-) derived exosome mimetic vesicles (EMVs) on osteoblast-induced apoptosis by DEX. Methods The viability and apoptosis of primary MC3T3-E1 cells were determined by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), FITC-Annexin V/PI staining and immunoblot. The intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after DEX treatment were measured by 2', 7' -dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining. In this study, hucMSC-EMVs and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) were used as therapeutic measures. The expression of B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X, Bcl 2, HO-1, and nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 and MAPK- signaling pathway in osteogenic cell MC3T3-E1 cells treated with Dex was analyzed by the immunoblotting. Results DEX significantly induced osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 apoptosis and ROS accumulation. MAPK-signaling pathway was activated in MC3T3-E1 after DEX treatment. hucMSC-EMVs intervention significantly downregulated DEX-induced MAPK-signaling pathway activation and ROS accumulation. In addition, hucMSC-EMVs can reduce the apoptosis levels in osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells induced by DEX. Conclusions Our study confirmed that hucMSC-EMVs regulates MAPK-signaling pathway and ROS levels to inhibit DEX-induced osteoblast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Lu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Zhaoying Wang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jinkui Wang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Tao Mi
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Liming Jin
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Junyi Luo
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yimeng Liu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Junhong Liu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Wenquan Cai
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Dawei He
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
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12
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Li X, Cao D, Sun S, Wang Y. Anticancer therapeutic effect of ginsenosides through mediating reactive oxygen species. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1215020. [PMID: 37564184 PMCID: PMC10411515 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1215020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ROS-regulated pathways in cancer cells leads to abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species, displaying a double-edged role in cancer progression, either supporting transformation/proliferation and stimulating tumorigenesis or inducing cell death. Cancer cells can accommodate reactive oxygen species by regulating them at levels that allow the activation of pro-cancer signaling pathways without inducing cell death via modulation of the antioxidant defense system. Therefore, targeting reactive oxygen species is a promising approach for cancer treatment. Ginsenosides, their derivatives, and related drug carriers are well-positioned to modulate multiple signaling pathways by regulating oxidative stress-mediated cellular and molecular targets to induce apoptosis; regulate cell cycle arrest and autophagy, invasion, and metastasis; and enhance the sensitivity of drug-resistant cells to chemotherapeutic agents of different cancers depending on the type, level, and source of reactive oxygen species, and the type and stage of the cancer. Our review focuses on the pro- and anticancer effects of reactive oxygen species, and summarizes the mechanisms and recent advances in different ginsenosides that bring about anticancer effects by targeting reactive oxygen species, providing new ideas for designing further anticancer studies or conducting more preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Donghui Cao
- Department of Clinical Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siming Sun
- Department of Clinical Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuehui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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Hu Q, Li Z, Li Y, Deng X, Chen Y, Ma X, Zeng J, Zhao Y. Natural products targeting signaling pathways associated with regulated cell death in gastric cancer: Recent advances and perspectives. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 37157181 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most serious gastrointestinal malignancies with high morbidity and mortality. The complexity of GC process lies in the multi-phenotypic linkage regulation, in which regulatory cell death (RCD) is the core link, which largely dominates the fate of GC cells and becomes a key determinant of GC development and prognosis. In recent years, increasing evidence has been reported that natural products can prevent and inhibit the development of GC by regulating RCDs, showing great therapeutic potential. In order to further clarify its key regulatory characteristics, this review focused on specific expressions of RCDs, combined with a variety of signaling pathways and their crosstalk characteristics, sorted out the key targets and action rules of natural products targeting RCD. It is highlighted that a variety of core biological pathways and core targets are involved in the decision of GC cell fate, including the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, MAPK-related signaling pathways, p53 signaling pathway, ER stress, Caspase-8, gasdermin D (GSDMD), and so on. Moreover, natural products target the crosstalk of different RCDs by modulating above signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings suggest that targeting various RCDs in GC with natural products is a promising strategy, providing a reference for further clarifying the molecular mechanism of natural products treating GC, which warrants further investigations in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yubing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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14
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Qu L, Liu Y, Deng J, Ma X, Fan D. Ginsenoside Rk3 is a novel PI3K/AKT-targeting therapeutics agent that regulates autophagy and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:463-482. [PMID: 37305788 PMCID: PMC10257150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Ginsenoside Rk3, an important and rare saponin in heat-treated ginseng, is generated from Rg1 and has a smaller molecular weight. However, the anti-HCC efficacy and mechanisms of ginsenoside Rk3 have not yet been characterized. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which ginsenoside Rk3, a tetracyclic triterpenoid rare ginsenoside, inhibits the growth of HCC. We first explored the possible potential targets of Rk3 through network pharmacology. Both in vitro (HepG2 and HCC-LM3 cells) and in vivo (primary liver cancer mice and HCC-LM3 subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice) studies revealed that Rk3 significantly inhibits the proliferation of HCC. Meanwhile, Rk3 blocked the cell cycle in HCC at the G1 phase and induced autophagy and apoptosis in HCC. Further proteomics and siRNA experiments showed that Rk3 regulates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway to inhibit HCC growth, which was validated by molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance. In conclusion, we report the discovery that ginsenoside Rk3 binds to PI3K/AKT and promotes autophagy and apoptosis in HCC. Our data strongly support the translation of ginsenoside Rk3 into novel PI3K/AKT-targeting therapeutics for HCC treatment with low toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Xi'an Giant Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710076, China
| | - Yannan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jianjun Deng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
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Li M, Ma M, Wu Z, Liang X, Zheng Q, Li D, An T, Wang G. Advances in the biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of rare ginsenosides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3391-3404. [PMID: 37126085 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Rare ginsenosides are the deglycosylated secondary metabolic derivatives of major ginsenosides, and they are more readily absorbed into the bloodstream and function as active substances. The traditional preparation methods hindered the potential application of these effective components. The continuous elucidation of ginsenoside biosynthesis pathways has rendered the production of rare ginsenosides using synthetic biology techniques effective for their large-scale production. Previously, only the progress in the biosynthesis and biotechnological production of major ginsenosides was highlighted. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in the identification of key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of rare ginsenosides, especially the glycosyltransferases (GTs). Then the construction of microbial chassis for the production of rare ginsenosides, mainly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was presented. In the future, discovery of more GTs and improving their catalytic efficiencies are essential for the metabolic engineering of rare ginsenosides. This review will give more clues and be helpful for the characterization of the biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of rare ginsenosides. KEY POINTS: • The key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of rare ginsenosides are summarized. • The recent progress in metabolic engineering of rare ginsenosides is presented. • The discovery of glycosyltransferases is essential for the microbial production of rare ginsenosides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Li
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Mengyu Ma
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Zhenke Wu
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xiqin Liang
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Defang Li
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Tianyue An
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Guoli Wang
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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16
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Ouyang L, Li J, Chen X, Huang H, Tian Y, Li X, Pang D, Wei X, Xie J, Wang L, Liu D, Tu P, Li J, Hu Z. Chinese dragon's blood ethyl acetate extract suppresses gastric cancer progression through induction of apoptosis and autophagy mediated by activation of MAPK and downregulation of the mTOR-Beclin1 signalling cascade. Phytother Res 2023; 37:689-701. [PMID: 36245270 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignancy with high morbidity and mortality. Chinese dragon's blood is a traditional Chinese medicine derived from the red resin of Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. C. Chen. However, the antigastric cancer effect of Chinese dragon's blood has not yet been reported. Herein, we demonstrated that Chinese dragon's blood ethyl acetate extract (CDBEE) suppressed the proliferative and metastatic potential of human gastric cancer MGC-803 and HGC-27 cells. CDBEE suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition in MGC-803 and HGC-27 cells. Moreover, CDBEE induced apoptotic and autophagic cell death in MGC-803 and HGC-27 cells. The cytotoxicity of CDBEE in human gastric epithelial GES-1 cells was dramatically weaker than that in human gastric cancer cells. Mechanistically, the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway was involved in the growth inhibition of MGC-803 and HGC-27 cells by CDBEE. Additionally, CDBEE-induced autophagic cell death was mediated by downregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-Beclin1 signalling cascade and upregulation of the ATG3/ATG7-LC3 signalling cascade. Importantly, CDBEE exhibited potent anti-GC efficacy in vivo without obvious toxicity or side effects. Therefore, CDBEE may be a promising candidate drug for the treatment of gastric cancer, especially for GC patients with aberrant MAPK signalling or mTOR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Ouyang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huiming Huang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Daoran Pang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Innovation Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xuejiao Wei
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxin Xie
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Longyan Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongdong Hu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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17
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How ginseng regulates autophagy: Insights from multistep process. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114139. [PMID: 36580724 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although autophagy is a recognized contributor to the pathogenesis of human diseases, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are the only two FDA-approved autophagy inhibitors to date. Emerging evidence has revealed the potential therapeutic benefits of various extracts and active compounds isolated from ginseng, especially ginsenosides and their derivatives, by mediating autophagy. Mechanistically, active components from ginseng mediate key regulators in the multistep processes of autophagy, namely, initiation, autophagosome biogenesis and cargo degradation. AIM OF REVIEW To date, a review that systematically described the relationship between ginseng and autophagy is still lacking. Breakthroughs in finding the key players in ginseng-autophagy regulation will be a promising research area, and will provide positive insights into the development of new drugs based on ginseng and autophagy. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Here, we comprehensively summarized the critical roles of ginseng-regulated autophagy in treating diseases, including cancers, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and neurotoxicity. The dual effects of the autophagy response in certain diseases are worthy of note; thus, we highlight the complex impacts of both ginseng-induced and ginseng-inhibited autophagy. Moreover, autophagy and apoptosis are controlled by multiple common upstream signals, cross-regulate each other and affect certain diseases, especially cancers. Therefore, this review also discusses the cross-signal transduction pathways underlying the molecular mechanisms and interaction between ginseng-regulated autophagy and apoptosis.
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Icaritin Derivative IC2 Induces Cytoprotective Autophagy of Breast Cancer Cells via SCD1 Inhibition. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031109. [PMID: 36770781 PMCID: PMC9920188 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies and the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in China. Icaritin (ICT), a prenyl flavonoid derived from the Epimedium Genus, has been proven to inhibit the proliferation and stemness of breast cancer cells. Our previous study demonstrated that IC2, a derivative of ICT, could induce breast cancer cell apoptosis by Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) inhibition. The present study further investigated the mechanism of the inhibitory effects of IC2 on breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results proved that IC2 could stimulate autophagy in breast cancer cells with the activation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Combination treatment of the AMPK inhibitor decreased IC2-induced autophagy while it markedly enhanced IC2-induced apoptosis. In common with IC2-induced apoptosis, SCD1 overexpression or the addition of exogenous oleic acid (OA) could also alleviate IC2-induced autophagy. In vivo assays additionally demonstrated that IC2 treatment markedly inhibited tumor growth in a mouse breast cancer xenograft model. Overall, our study was the first to demonstrate that IC2 induced cytoprotective autophagy by SCD1 inhibition in breast cancer cells and that the autophagy inhibitor markedly enhanced the anticancer activity of IC2. Therefore, IC2 was a potential candidate compound in combination therapy for breast cancer.
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Zhou L, Wang J, Hou H, Li J, Li J, Liang J, Li J, Niu X, Hou R, Zhang K. Autophagy Inhibits Inflammation via Down-Regulation of p38 MAPK/mTOR Signaling Cascade in Endothelial Cells. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:659-669. [PMID: 36942318 PMCID: PMC10024493 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s405068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective Autophagy, an intracellular process of self-digestion, has been shown to modulate inflammatory responses. In the present study, we determined the effects of autophagy on inflammatory response induced by M5 cytokines. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with M5 cytokines to induce inflammation. Expression levels of mRNA for inflammatory cytokines and BIRC2 were compared in HUVECs with vs without induction of autophagy with rapamycin (RAPA) by PCR, while cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity assay kit. Expression levels of LC3, p62, p-p38 MAPK (Thr180/Tyr182), p-mTOR (Ser2445) and p-ULK1 (Ser555) proteins were measured by Western blotting. The nitric oxide (NO) content, NO synthase (NOS) activity and cell angiogenesis were also evaluated. Results Induction of autophagy with RAPA decreased expression levels of IL6, IL8 and CCL20, in addition to reduction in inflammation-induced apoptosis in HUVECs. Moreover, RAPA increased LC3II, while decreasing p62 expression. Likewise, expression levels of p-p38 MAPK and p-mTOR proteins were markedly decreased by the treatment with RAPA. Finally, RAPA treatment increased the NO content and the NOS activity, and inhibited angiogenesis. Conclusion Induced autophagy can improve the function of endothelial cells in psoriasis, suggesting approaches to induce autophagy can be used to ameliorate psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Hou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiao Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiannan Liang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junqin Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuping Niu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruixia Hou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Kaiming Zhang, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-351-5656080, Email ;
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Ginsenosides in cancer: A focus on the regulation of cell metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113756. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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21
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Ni B, Song X, Shi B, Wang J, Sun Q, Wang X, Xu M, Cao L, Zhu G, Li J. Research progress of ginseng in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1036498. [PMID: 36313365 PMCID: PMC9603756 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1036498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become one of the major causes of human death. Several anticancer drugs are available; howeve their use and efficacy are limited by the toxic side effects and drug resistance caused by their continuous application. Many natural products have antitumor effects with low toxicity and fewer adverse effects. Moreover, they play an important role in enhancing the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents, reducing toxic side effects, and reversing chemoresistance. Consequently, natural drugs are being applied as potential therapeutic options in the field of antitumor treatment. As natural medicinal plants, some components of ginseng have been shown to have excellent efficacy and a good safety profile for cancer treatment. The pharmacological activities and possible mechanisms of action of ginseng have been identified. Its broad range of pharmacological activities includes antitumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-stress, anti-fibrotic, central nervous system modulating, cardioprotective, and immune-enhancing effects. Numerous studies have also shown that throuth multiple pathways, ginseng and its active ingredients exert antitumor effects on gastrointestinal (GI) tract tumors, such as esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers. Herein, we introduced the main components of ginseng, including ginsenosides, polysaccharides, and sterols, etc., and reviewed the mechanism of action and research progress of ginseng in the treatment of various GI tumors. Futhermore, the pathways of action of the main components of ginseng are discussed in depth to promote the clinical development and application of ginseng in the field of anti-GI tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Ni
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Song
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bolun Shi
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmiao Wang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manman Xu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luchang Cao
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jie Li
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Li,
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22
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Wang X, Wang R, Qiao Y, Li Y. Progress on the efficacy and mechanism of action of panax ginseng monomer saponins treat toxicity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1022266. [PMID: 36199681 PMCID: PMC9527293 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1022266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (PG) has preventive and therapeutic effects on various diseases. Ginsenosides are main active ingredients of PG and have good pharmacological effects. Due to the diversity of chemical structures and physicochemical properties of ginsenosides, Currently, related studies on PG monomer saponins are mainly focused on the cardiovascular system, nervous system, antidiabetic, and antitumor. There are few types of research on the toxin treatment, predominantly exogenous toxicity. PG and its monomer ginsenosides are undoubtedly a practical option for treating exogenous toxicity for drug-induced or metal-induced side effects such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, metal toxicity and other exogenous toxicity caused by drugs or metals. The mechanism focuses on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic, as well as modulation of signaling pathways. It summarized the therapeutic effects of ginseng monomer saponins on exogenous toxicity and demonstrated that ginsenosides could be used as potential drugs to treat exogenous toxicity and reduce drug toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Rongcan Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yongfei Qiao
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yali Li
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Cultivation and Propagation, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yali Li,
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23
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Tan XR, Chao-Li, Feng KK, Le JQ, Shen JW, Shao JW. Self-assembled micelles of the natural medicine ginsenosides for cancer metastasis therapy. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Fan CW, Tang J, Jiang JC, Zhou MM, Li MS, Wang HS. Pentagalloylglucose suppresses the growth and migration of human nasopharyngeal cancer cells via the GSK3β/β-catenin pathway in vitro and in vivo. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 102:154192. [PMID: 35636179 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a type of malignant squamous cell tumour originating from the nasopharynx epithelium. Pentagalloylglucose (PGG) is a natural polyphenolic compound that exerts anticancer effects in many types of tumours. However, the role and underlying mechanism of PGG in NPC cells have not been fully defined. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the anticancer activity of PGG as well as the potential mechanism in NPC cells. METHODS The effects of PGG on the proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle distribution of CNE1 and CNE2 cells were assessed by MTT and flow cytometry assays. Cell migration was evaluated using wound healing and transwell assays. The expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B) was observed by immunofluorescence staining. Western blotting was used to explore the levels of related proteins and signalling pathway components. Furthermore, the effects of PGG on NPC cell growth were analysed in a xenograft mouse model in vivo using cisplatin as a positive control. RESULTS PGG dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of CNE1 and CNE2 cells. PGG regulated the cell cycle by altering p53, cyclin D1, CDK2, and cyclin E1 protein levels. PGG induced apoptosis and autophagy in NPC cells and elevated the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the protein levels of LC3B. Moreover, PGG decreased NPC cell migration by increasing E-cadherin and decreasing N-cadherin, vimentin and CD44 protein levels. Mechanistically, PGG treatment downregulated p-mTOR and β-catenin expression but upregulated p-p38 MAPK and p-GSK3β expression. In addition, PGG significantly inhibited NPC cell tumour growth and lung metastasis in vivo. CONCLUSION PGG may suppress cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and autophagy, and decrease the metastatic capacity of NPC cells through the p38 MAPK/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. The present study provides evidence for PGG as a potential therapy for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Wen Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China; Research Center for Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Juan Tang
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Jing-Chen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Mei-Mei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Mei-Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China.
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China.
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Zhang TY, Bai XQ, Zhou ZJ, Jin LH, Zhao DH, Sun SM. Dihydrotriazine derivatives display high anticancer activity and inducing apoptosis, ROS, and autophagy. Bioorg Chem 2022; 124:105813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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26
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Park JS, Kim SH, Han KM, Kim YS, Kwon E, Paek SH, Seo YK, Yun JW, Kang BC. Efficacy and safety evaluation of black ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) extract (CJ EnerG): broad spectrum cytotoxic activity in human cancer cell lines and 28-day repeated oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:44. [PMID: 35172794 PMCID: PMC8848956 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) has been used as a valuable ingredient in traditional medicine for thousands of years mostly in Asian countries due to its therapeutic effects in various diseases. Among the processed ginseng products, black ginseng is produced by a repeated steaming and drying process of ginseng roots and has been known for its superior efficacy based on high accumulation of minor ginsenosides as recently discovered. Despite its popularity and increasing use, the toxicity information on black ginseng still remained largely lacking, raising safety concerns. This study was therefore carried out to determine the repeated oral toxicity of black ginseng extract (BGE; CJ EnerG) with evaluation of cytotoxic activity as validation of its pharmacological activity for toxicity testing. Methods Prior to the toxicity test, we examined the cytotoxicity of BGE in six cancer cell lines derived from distinct human tissues in comparison with red ginseng extract (RGE), ginsenosides Rg5 and 20(S)-Rg3, and then assessed 28-day repeated oral toxicity in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using daily administration of up to 2000 mg/kg BGE. Results BGE showed higher cytotoxicity than RGE in all the cell lines used in this study. Interestingly, the efficacy of BGE closely resembled the cytotoxic pattern of Rg5, suggesting Rg5 as the main effector in the cytotoxic activity of BGE. During the toxicity study, BGE-treated groups showed no noticeable abnormality in clinical signs, body weight gain, food and water consumption and urinalysis. Furthermore, hematological, serum biochemical and histopathological analyses did not find any BGE-related toxicity. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that BGE has broad-spectrum in vitro cytotoxic activity, and that NOAEL of BGE in SD rats is > 2000 mg/kg, providing the essential safety information for human consumption. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03522-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Min Han
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Yun-Soon Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Euna Kwon
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hee Paek
- Food R&D Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ki Seo
- Food R&D Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Lim HM, Park SH. Regulation of reactive oxygen species by phytochemicals for the management of cancer and diabetes. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:5911-5936. [PMID: 34996316 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2025574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer and diabetes mellitus are served as typical life-threatening diseases with common risk factors. Developing therapeutic measures in cancers and diabetes have aroused attention for a long time. However, the problems with conventional treatments are in challenge, including side effects, economic burdens, and patient compliance. It is essential to secure safe and efficient therapeutic methods to overcome these issues. As an alternative method, antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of phytochemicals from edible plants have come to the fore. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring compounds, considered promising agent applicable in treatment of various diseases with beneficial effects. Either antioxidative or pro-oxidative activity of various phytochemicals were found to contribute to regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis, which can exert preventive and therapeutic effects against cancer and diabetes. In this article, the antioxidant or pro-oxidant effects and underlying mechanisms of flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins in cancer or diabetic models demonstrated by the recent studies are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heui Min Lim
- Department of Biological Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
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Arafa ESA, Refaey MS, Abd El-Ghafar OAM, Hassanein EHM, Sayed AM. The promising therapeutic potentials of ginsenosides mediated through p38 MAPK signaling inhibition. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08354. [PMID: 34825082 PMCID: PMC8605069 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) is a 38kD polypeptide recognized as the target for many potential anti-inflammatory agents. Accumulating evidence indicates that p38 MAPK could perform many roles in human disease pathophysiology. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from p38 MAPK inhibitors. Ginseng is an exceptionally valued medicinal plant of the family Araliaceae (Panax genus). Recently, several studies targeted the therapeutic effects of purified individual ginsenoside, the most significant active ingredient of ginseng, and studied its particular molecular mechanism(s) of action rather than whole-plant extracts. Interestingly, several ginsenosides: ginsenosides compound K, F1, Rb1, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, Rh2, Ro, notoginsenoside R1, and protopanaxadiol have shown to possess great therapeutic potentials mediated by their ability to downregulate p38 MAPK signaling in different cell lines and experimental animal models. Our review compiles the research findings of various ginsenosides as potent anti-inflammatory agents, highlighting the crucial role of p38 MAPK suppression in their pharmacological actions. In addition, in silico studies were conducted to explore the probable binding of these ginsenosides to p38 MAPK. The results obtained proposed p38 MAPK involvement in the beneficial pharmacological activities of ginsenosides in different ailments. p38 MAPK plays many roles in human disease pathophysiology. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from p38 MAPK inhibitors. Several ginsenosides showed to possess great therapeutic potentials mediated by its ability to downregulate p38 MAPK signaling. in silico studies were conducted to explore the binding of these ginsenosides to p38 MAPK and evidenced the promising their inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Shaimaa A Arafa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Refaey
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufiya, 32958, Egypt
| | - Omnia A M Abd El-Ghafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Wang J, Liu G, Li X, Huangfu M, Liu Y, Li X, Yu D, Zhou L, Chen X. Curcumol simultaneously induces both apoptosis and autophagy in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Phytother Res 2021; 35:7004-7017. [PMID: 34750896 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is usually considered as a protective mechanism against cell death, and in the meantime, leads to cell injury even apoptosis. Apoptosis and autophagy are very closely connected and may cooperate, coexist, or antagonize each other on progressive occurrence of cell death triggered by natural compounds. Therefore, the interplay between the two modes of death is essential for the overall fate of cancer cells. Our previous study revealed that curcumol induced apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. Recently, curcumol was found to induce autophagy in cancer cells. However, whether curcumol can induce NPC cells autophagy and the effects of autophagy on apoptosis remain elusive. In this study, we found that curcumol induced autophagy through AMPK/mTOR pathway in CNE-2 cells. Moreover, inhibiting autophagy by autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or apoptosis inhibitor z-VAD-fmk significantly increased proliferation while attenuated apoptosis and autophagy compared with the curcumol 212 μM group. In contrast, combining curcumol with autophagy agonist rapamycin and apoptosis inducer MG132 synergized the apoptotic and autophagic effect of curcumol. Taken together, our study demonstrates that curcumol promotes autophagy in NPC via AMPK/mTOR pathway, induces autophagy enhances the activity of curcumol in NPC cells; the combination of autophagy inducer and curcumol can be a new therapeutic strategy for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, the Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Sphingolipid Metabolism Related Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Guoxiang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Mengjie Huangfu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yisa Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xumei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Luwei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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30
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Wan S, Liu Y, Shi J, Fan D, Li B. Anti-Photoaging and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ginsenoside Rk3 During Exposure to UV Irradiation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:716248. [PMID: 34671254 PMCID: PMC8521102 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.716248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is a widely cultivated perennial plant in China and Korea. Ginsenoside Rk3 is one of the major active components of ginseng and is a promising candidate to regulate skin pigments and exert anti-photoaging effects on skin physiology. Ginsenoside Rk3 was mixed with a cream (G-Rk3 cream) and smeared on the skin of mice. Then, the mice were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) A (340 nm and 40 W) and UVB (313 nm and 40 W) radiation. Special attention was given to the anti-photoaging and anti-inflammatory effects of ginsenoside Rk3 on the mouse skin. Macroscopic evaluation indicated that the mouse dorsal skin looked smooth and plump even under UV irradiation for 12 weeks. Pathological analysis indicated that there was no obvious photoaging or inflammation in the mouse skin that was treated with the G-Rk3 cream. More healthy, intact, and neat collagen fibers were observed in mice treated with the G-Rk3 cream than in untreated mice. Further analysis proved that ginsenoside Rk3 could inhibit the decrease in water and hydroxyproline levels in skin tissues and the loss of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the blood. Moreover, ginsenoside Rk3 slowed or halted increases in malondialdehyde, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and MMP-3 levels in the blood and levels of interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α in skin tissues. In conclusion, ginsenoside Rk3 plays a significant role in inhibiting photoaging and inflammation to protect skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Wan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi R and D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Biotech and Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yannan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi R and D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Biotech and Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi R and D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Biotech and Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi R and D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Biotech and Biomed Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Binglin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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31
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Wang H, Zheng Y, Sun Q, Zhang Z, Zhao M, Peng C, Shi S. Ginsenosides emerging as both bifunctional drugs and nanocarriers for enhanced antitumor therapies. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:322. [PMID: 34654430 PMCID: PMC8518152 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the main components isolated from Panax ginseng, can play a therapeutic role by inducing tumor cell apoptosis and reducing proliferation, invasion, metastasis; by enhancing immune regulation; and by reversing tumor cell multidrug resistance. However, clinical applications have been limited because of ginsenosides' physical and chemical properties such as low solubility and poor stability, as well as their short half-life, easy elimination, degradation, and other pharmacokinetic properties in vivo. In recent years, developing a ginsenoside delivery system for bifunctional drugs or carriers has attracted much attention from researchers. To create a precise treatment strategy for cancer, a variety of nano delivery systems and preparation technologies based on ginsenosides have been conducted (e.g., polymer nanoparticles [NPs], liposomes, micelles, microemulsions, protein NPs, metals and inorganic NPs, biomimetic NPs). It is desirable to design a targeted delivery system to achieve antitumor efficacy that can not only cross various barriers but also can enhance immune regulation, eventually converting to a clinical application. Therefore, this review focused on the latest research about delivery systems encapsulated or modified with ginsenosides, and unification of medicines and excipients based on ginsenosides for improving drug bioavailability and targeting ability. In addition, challenges and new treatment methods were discussed to support the development of these new tumor therapeutic agents for use in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Mengnan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Sanjun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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32
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Mosejová E, Bosnjakovic R, Kubala L, Vašíček O. Pseurotin D Induces Apoptosis through Targeting Redox Sensitive Pathways in Human Lymphoid Leukemia Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101576. [PMID: 34679711 PMCID: PMC8533295 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most prevalent lymphoid malignancy in many geographical regions of the world. Pseurotin D, a secondary metabolite of fungi, represents a group of bioactive natural products with a newly ascribed range of interesting biological activities. The purpose of this study was to bring new insights into the mechanism behind the effects of pseurotin D on MEC-1 cells as a representative CLL cell line, with a particular focus on selected signaling pathways important in the proliferation of cells and targeting mitochondrial metabolism. Our results showed that pseurotin D was able to significantly inhibit the proliferation of MEC-1 cells and arrested them in the G2/M cell cycle phase. In addition, pseurotin D was able to induce apoptosis. We found that all of these effects were associated with a change in mitochondrial membrane potential and the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). We showed for the first time that pseurotin D suppresses MEC-1 cell proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death via induction of the collapse of the mitochondria respiratory chain and the ROS-related caspase pathway. Our results show the pseurotins family as promising compounds which could serve as a basis for the development of new compounds in the treatment of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mosejová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (E.M.); (R.B.); (L.K.)
| | - Rebeka Bosnjakovic
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (E.M.); (R.B.); (L.K.)
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (E.M.); (R.B.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vašíček
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (E.M.); (R.B.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-541-517-207
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Panossian A, Abdelfatah S, Efferth T. Network Pharmacology of Red Ginseng (Part I): Effects of Ginsenoside Rg5 at Physiological and Sub-Physiological Concentrations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14100999. [PMID: 34681222 PMCID: PMC8537973 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous in vitro studies on isolated cells have been conducted to uncover the molecular mechanisms of action of Panax ginseng Meyer root extracts and purified ginsenosides. However, the concentrations of ginsenosides and the extracts used in these studies were much higher than those detected in pharmacokinetic studies in humans and animals orally administered with ginseng preparations at therapeutic doses. Our study aimed to assess: (a) the effects of ginsenoside Rg5, the major “rare” ginsenoside of Red Ginseng, on gene expression in the murine neuronal cell line HT22 in a wide range of concentrations, from 10−4 to 10−18 M, and (b) the effects of differentially expressed genes on cellular and physiological functions in organismal disorders and diseases. Gene expression profiling was performed by transcriptome-wide mRNA microarray analyses in HT22 cells after treatment with ginsenoside Rg5. Ginsenoside Rg5 exhibits soft-acting effects on gene expression of neuronal cells in a wide range of physiological concentrations and strong reversal impact at high (toxic) concentration: significant up- or downregulation of expression of about 300 genes at concentrations from 10−6 M to 10−18 M, and dramatically increased both the number of differentially expressed target genes (up to 1670) and the extent of their expression (fold changes compared to unexposed cells) at a toxic concentration of 10−4 M. Network pharmacology analyses of genes’ expression profiles using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software showed that at low physiological concentrations, ginsenoside Rg5 has the potential to activate the biosynthesis of cholesterol and to exhibit predictable effects in senescence, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and immune response, suggesting soft-acting, beneficial effects on organismal death, movement disorders, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (T.E.)
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34
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Zhang SX, Liu W, Ai B, Sun LL, Chen ZS, Lin LZ. Current Advances and Outlook in Gastric Cancer Chemoresistance: A Review. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 17:26-41. [PMID: 34587888 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666210929165729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical resection of the lesion is the standard primary treatment of gastric cancer. Unfortunately, most patients are already in the advanced stage of the disease when they are diagnosed with gastric cancer. Alternative therapies, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy, can achieve only very limited benefits. The emergence of cancer drug resistance has always been the major obstacle to the cure of tumors. The main goal of modern cancer pharmacology is to determine the underlying mechanism of anticancer drugs. OBJECTIVE Here, we mainly review the latest research results related to the mechanism of chemotherapy resistance in gastric cancer, the application of natural products in overcoming the chemotherapy resistance of gastric cancer, and the new strategies currently being developed to treat tumors based on immunotherapy and gene therapy. CONCLUSION The emergence of cancer drug resistance is the main obstacle in achieving alleviation and final cure for gastric cancer. Mixed therapies are considered to be a possible way to overcome chemoresistance. Natural products are the main resource for discovering new drugs specific for treating chemoresistance, and further research is needed to clarify the mechanism of natural product activity in patients. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Xiong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Work Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Guangzhou, 510440. China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006. China
| | - Bo Ai
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Ling-Ling Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405. China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, New York. United States
| | - Li-Zhu Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405. China
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35
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ERK: A Double-Edged Sword in Cancer. ERK-Dependent Apoptosis as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102509. [PMID: 34685488 PMCID: PMC8533760 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of ERK1/2 generally promotes cell proliferation, and its deregulated activity is a hallmark of many cancers. Therefore, components and regulators of the ERK pathway are considered potential therapeutic targets for cancer, and inhibitors of this pathway, including some MEK and BRAF inhibitors, are already being used in the clinic. Notably, ERK1/2 kinases also have pro-apoptotic functions under certain conditions and enhanced ERK1/2 signaling can cause tumor cell death. Although the repertoire of the compounds which mediate ERK activation and apoptosis is expanding, and various anti-cancer compounds induce ERK activation while exerting their anti-proliferative effects, the mechanisms underlying ERK1/2-mediated cell death are still vague. Recent studies highlight the importance of dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) in determining the pro- versus anti-apoptotic function of ERK in cancer. In this review, we will summarize the recent major findings in understanding the role of ERK in apoptosis, focusing on the major compounds mediating ERK-dependent apoptosis. Studies that further define the molecular targets of these compounds relevant to cell death will be essential to harnessing these compounds for developing effective cancer treatments.
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Huang L, Ren C, Li HJ, Wu YC. Recent Progress on Processing Technologies, Chemical Components, and Bioactivities of Chinese Red Ginseng, American Red Ginseng, and Korean Red Ginseng. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02697-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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Qu L, Ma X, Fan D. Ginsenoside Rk3 Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development through Targeting the Gut-Liver Axis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10121-10137. [PMID: 34415764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Our previous reports showed that ginsenoside Rk3 provided excellent efficacy in alleviating the intestinal inflammatory response and protecting the liver, but its mechanism for HCC prevention remains to be explored. Here, the results suggested that Rk3 displayed potent antitumor effects against a dimethyl nitrosamine- and CCl4-induced HCC mouse model. Results revealed that Rk3 application inhibited liver injury, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. In parallel, Rk3 lowered the inflammatory response by decreasing the expression of inflammatory cytokines, inducing apoptosis, and blocking the cell cycle. Meanwhile, Rk3 effectively ameliorated the gut microbiota dysbiosis. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that the LPS-TLR4 signaling pathway, which was inhibited by Rk3, plays a key role in preventing HCC. To conclude, our research provides valuable insights into how Rk3 application targets the gut-liver axis and suppresses HCC development, suggesting that Rk3 might be a promising candidate for clinical treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
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38
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Xu J, Pan Y, Liu Y, Na S, Zhou H, Li L, Chen F, Song H. A review of anti-tumour effects of ginsenoside in gastrointestinal cancer. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1292-1301. [PMID: 33836068 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastrointestinal cancer, one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths in the world, refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and other organs. Although conventional therapy has been successful to some extent in cancer treatment, drug resistance and cancer recurrence still limit the therapeutic efficacy. There is increasing evidence indicating that ginsenoside, as a kind of high nutritional value and widely used traditional Chinese medicine, could contribute to the promotion of treatment in GI cancer, which deserves further investigation. KEY FINDINGS Based on previous studies, the possible mechanisms mainly include regulation of autophagy, apoptosis, proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. However, no studies recently have conducted a more in-depth review of the anti-cancer effects of ginsenoside in GI cancer. SUMMARY Therefore, this review will summarise and analyse the latest developments in the anti-tumour effects of ginsenosides in GI cancer, thus may promote further research of the anti-tumour efficacy of ginsenoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yunxia Pan
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Sha Na
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Fengyuan Chen
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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39
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Qu L, Fu R, Ma X, Fan D. Hepatoprotective effects of ginsenoside Rk3 in acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice by activation of autophagy. Food Funct 2021; 12:9128-9140. [PMID: 34397062 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury (AIALI) is one of the most common causes of acute liver failure. Owing to the limitations of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which is the only antidote currently used in clinical practice for APAP, there is a need to develop new therapies that can provide extensive protection against AIALI. Ginsenoside Rk3 is a rare ginsenoside extracted from Panax notoginseng and a previous study has reported its excellent hepatoprotective function. In this study, we explored the therapeutic potential of ginsenoside Rk3 in APAP-induced acute liver injury. We found that ginsenoside Rk3 could reduce APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by reducing serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity and pathological damage to the liver. Moreover, ginsenoside Rk3 could inhibit APAP-induced liver inflammation and oxidative stress by inhibiting the production of oxidative molecules, increasing the production of antioxidant molecules, and reducing the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that the therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rk3 was mainly dependent on the continuous activation of autophagy. Chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, was found to inhibit these protective effects. Therefore, ginsenoside Rk3 shows potential as a novel hepatoprotective agent to prevent drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China. and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China and Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Rongzhan Fu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China. and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China and Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China. and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China and Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China. and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China and Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
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Liu MY, Liu F, Gao YL, Yin JN, Yan WQ, Liu JG, Li HJ. Pharmacological activities of ginsenoside Rg5 (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:840. [PMID: 34149886 PMCID: PMC8210315 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, a perennial plant belonging to genus Panax, has been widely used in traditional herbal medicine in East Asia and North America. Ginsenosides are the most important pharmacological component of ginseng. Variabilities in attached positions, inner and outer residues and types of sugar moieties may be associated with the specific pharmacological activities of each ginsenoside. Ginsenoside Rg5 (Rg5) is a minor ginsenoside synthesized during ginseng steaming treatment that exhibits superior pharmaceutical activity compared with major ginsenosides. With high safety and various biological functions, Rg5 may act as a potential therapeutic candidate for diverse diseases. To date, there have been no systematic studies on the activity of Rg5. Therefore, in this review, all available literature was reviewed and discussed to facilitate further research on Rg5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Liu
- Department of Immunity, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Li Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Ning Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Qun Yan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Jun Li
- Department of Immunity, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Ginsenoside Rg5 Inhibits Human Osteosarcoma Cell Proliferation and Induces Cell Apoptosis through PI3K/Akt/mTORC1-Related LC3 Autophagy Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5040326. [PMID: 34257801 PMCID: PMC8257372 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5040326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The function and mechanism underlying the suppression of human osteosarcoma cells by ginsenoside-Rg5 (Rg5) was investigated in the present study. MG-63, HOS, and U2OS cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay after Rg5 treatment for 24 h. Rg5 inhibited human osteosarcoma cell proliferation effectively in a dose-dependent manner. The range of effective inhibitory concentrations was 160-1280 nM. Annexin V-FITC and PI double-staining assay revealed that Rg5 induced human osteosarcoma cell apoptosis. Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and FACS experiments revealed that Rg5 inhibited human osteosarcoma cells via caspase-3 activity which was related to the LC3-mediated autophagy pathway. Rg5 decreased the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, and mTORC1 activation. In contrast, LC3-mediated autophagy and caspase-3 activity increased significantly. A PI3K/AKT stimulator, IGF-1, reversed Rg5-induced cell autophagy and apoptosis in MG-63 cells. Collectively, the current study demonstrated that Rg5 induced human osteosarcoma cell apoptosis through the LC3-mediated autophagy pathway. Under physiological conditions, activation of PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 inhibits LC3 activity and caspase-3-related cell apoptosis. However, Rg5 activated LC3 activity by inhibiting the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTORC1. The present study indicated that Rg5 could be a promising candidate as a chemotherapeutic agent against human osteosarcoma.
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Sun J, Guo Y, Fan Y, Wang Q, Zhang Q, Lai D. Decreased expression of IDH1 by chronic unpredictable stress suppresses proliferation and accelerates senescence of granulosa cells through ROS activated MAPK signaling pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 169:122-136. [PMID: 33865962 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggested that psychosocial stress was associated with female fertility decline, but the underlying mechanisms remained unclear. Granulosa cells (GCs) are important somatic cells to support follicular development and oocyte maturation. Herein, by using a mouse model of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), we found that CUS induced oxidative stress damage in mouse ovaries, also inhibited GCs proliferation and accelerated GCs senescence. Isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1), an antioxidant related gene by generating NADPH, was shown to be downregulated in GCs of CUS mice. Consistently, IDH1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and accelerated cellular senescence in KGN cells in vitro. In addition, IDH1 knockdown increased ROS content, induced autophagy activation and triggered cell cycle arrest in S and G2/M phases in KGN cells, which could be rescued by N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger in these cells. Besides, IDH1 knockdown activated MAPK signaling pathways, including ERK, JNK and p38 signaling pathways in KGN cells, while NAC could suppress the activation. Through using inhibitors of MAPK signaling pathways, we showed that the activation of ERK pathway participated in autophagy related cell proliferation inhibition and cellular senescence, whereas JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways took part in regulation cell cycle arrest associated cell proliferation inhibitory and senescence in IDH1 knockdown KGN cells. Our findings suggested that downregulated expression of IDH1 induced by CUS has a physiological function in GCs proliferation and senescence through ROS activated MAPK signaling pathways, and improvement of IDH1 activity might be a beneficial therapeutic strategy for ovarian dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Sun
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Speciality, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ying Guo
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Speciality, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yihui Fan
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Speciality, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Qian Wang
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Speciality, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Qiuwan Zhang
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Speciality, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Dongmei Lai
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Speciality, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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Xiu T, Guo Q, Jing FB. Facing Cell Autophagy in Gastric Cancer - What Do We Know so Far? Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:1647-1659. [PMID: 33976565 PMCID: PMC8104978 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s298705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process by which misfolded proteins and damaged organelles in the lysosomes of tumor cells were degraded reusing decomposed substances and avoiding accumulation of large amounts of harmful substances. Here, the role of autophagy in the development of malignant transformation of gastric tumors, and the underlying mechanisms involved in autophagy formation, and the application of targeted autophagy in the treatment of gastric cancer were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qie Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan-Bo Jing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, People's Republic of China
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Paving the Road Toward Exploiting the Therapeutic Effects of Ginsenosides: An Emphasis on Autophagy and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1308:137-160. [PMID: 33861443 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death processes such as apoptosis and autophagy strongly contribute to the onset and progression of cancer. Along with these lines, modulation of cell death mechanisms to combat cancer cells and elimination of resistance to apoptosis is of great interest. It appears that modulation of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with specific agents would be beneficial in the treatment of several disorders. Interestingly, it has been suggested that herbal natural products may be suitable candidates for the modulation of these processes due to few side effects and significant therapeutic potential. Ginsenosides are derivatives of ginseng and exert modulatory effects on the molecular mechanisms associated with autophagy and ER stress. Ginsenosides act as smart phytochemicals that confer their effects by up-regulating ATG proteins and converting LC3-I to -II, which results in maturation of autophagosomes. Not only do ginsenosides promote autophagy but they also possess protective and therapeutic properties due to their capacity to modulate ER stress and up- and down-regulate and/or dephosphorylate UPR transducers such as IRE1, PERK, and ATF6. Thus, it would appear that ginsenosides are promising agents to potentially restore tissue malfunction and possibly eliminate cancer.
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Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Inhibition of Apoptosis and Promotion of Autophagy through the ROS/MAPK Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5599997. [PMID: 33953830 PMCID: PMC8068552 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5599997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents one of the most common chronic liver diseases in the world. It has been reported that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) plays important biological and pharmacological roles in mammalian cells. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of EGCG on the progression of NAFLD has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, the mechanisms of action of EGCG on the growth, apoptosis, and autophagy were examined using oleic acid- (OA-) treated liver cells and the high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced NAFLD mouse model. Administration of EGCG promoted the growth of OA-treated liver cells. EGCG could reduce mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis and increase autophagy possibly via the reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in OA-treated liver cells. In line with in vitro findings, our in vivo study verified that treatment with EGCG attenuated HFD-induced NAFLD through reduction of apoptosis and promotion of autophagy. EGCG can alleviate HFD-induced NAFLD possibly by decreasing apoptosis and increasing autophagy via the ROS/MAPK pathway. EGCG may be a promising agent for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Li J, Zeng T, Tang S, Zhong M, Huang Q, Li X, He X. Medical ozone induces proliferation and migration inhibition through ROS accumulation and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB suppression in human liver cancer cells in vitro. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 23:1847-1856. [PMID: 33821368 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies and leading cancer-associated deaths worldwide. Ozone has been proposed as a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of various disorders. PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to assess the potential anticancer effects of the ozone on liver cancer cells. METHOD The liver cancer cell line of bel7402 and SMMC7721 was used in this study. Proliferation was evaluated using the CCK-8 and the colony formation assay. Wond healing assay and transwell assay without Matrigel were used to evaluate their migration ability. Flow cytometry was used for cell cycle analysis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination. Glutathione detection kit was used for measurement of glutathione level. Protein expression was estimated by western blot analysis. RESULTS Ozone treatment inhibited liver cancer cell proliferation, colony formation. Ozone induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, which could be elucidated by the change of protein levels of p53, p21, Cyclin D1, cyclin B1, cdc2, and CDK4. We also found that ozone treatment inhibited migration ability by inhibiting EMT-relating protein. Ozone also induced ROS accumulation and decreased glutathione level decreased, which contributed to the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway. Finally, we found that pre-treatment of liver cancer cells with N-acetylcysteine resisted ozone-induced effects. CONCLUSIONS Ozone restrains the proliferation and migration potential and EMT process of liver cancer cells via ROS accumulation and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - T Zeng
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - S Tang
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - M Zhong
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Q Huang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - X Li
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - X He
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Xue D, Zhou X, Qiu J. Cytotoxicity mechanisms of plumbagin in drug-resistant tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:98-109. [PMID: 33791802 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the inhibitory effect and mechanism of plumbagin (PLB) against drug-resistant tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), and whether its antitumour effect is not affected by tumour drug resistance. METHODS TSCC sensitive CAL27 cells and drug-resistant CAL27/RE cells were used to study the cytotoxicity and mechanism of PLB in vitro, including CCK-8 analysis, colony formation, DAPI staining, flow cytometry assay, transmission electron microscopy, western blotting assay, autophagy, apoptosis and ROS fluorescent probes. BALB/c nude mice xenograft models were used to study the growth inhibitory effect of PLB in vivo. KEY FINDINGS The results showed that the cell viability and proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction abilities of PLB on drug-resistant cells were more obvious than that on sensitive cells. And PLB induced protective autophagy in TSCC cells. Mechanistically, PLB induced apoptosis and autophagy by generating reactive oxygen species to mediate JNK and AKT/mTOR pathways. Finally, the growth inhibitory effect of PLB against drug-resistant TSCC was also confirmed in vivo. CONCLUSIONS PLB will be a promising anticancer agent to overcome drug-resistant TSCC without being affected by its drug resistance properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Xue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiongming Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaxuan Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Ye XS, Tian WJ, Zhou M, Zeng DQ, Lin T, Wang GH, Yao XS, Chen HF. Prenylated flavonoids from Ficus hirta induces HeLa cells apoptosis via MAPK and AKT signaling pathways. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 38:127859. [PMID: 33609662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A pair of undescribed enantiomers, (±) ficusflavonid A (1a/1b), along with five known analogues, were isolated from the roots of Ficus hirta. Their structures were determined by the analysis of extensive spectroscopic data (including UV, IR, HRESIMS and NMR). Two enantiomers (1a and 1b) were successfully separated by chiral chromatographic column and their absolute configurations were assigned by the comparison of experimental and calculated ECD data. The cytotoxicity of all the isolates against HeLa, MCF-7, HepG2 and H460 cell lines were evaluated by MTT assay. Among them, 4 suppressed the proliferation of HeLa cells with the IC50 value of 28.88 μM. Furthermore, the apoptotic effect of 4 on HeLa cells and the level of several crucial proteins in AKT/MAPKs signaling pathways were analyzed by flow cytometer and western blot assay. As a result, 4 induced HeLa cell apoptosis in a dose dependent manner and significantly increased the protein levels of p-JNK and p-p38, whereas distinctly reduced the expression of p-AKT, and p-ERK. Thus, compound 4 might induce HeLa cells apoptosis via MAPK and AKT signaling pathways, which could be considered as a potential leading compound for the development of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Sheng Ye
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jing Tian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Quan Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Hui Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Feng Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China.
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Hong H, Baatar D, Hwang SG. Anticancer Activities of Ginsenosides, the Main Active Components of Ginseng. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:8858006. [PMID: 33623532 PMCID: PMC7875636 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8858006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer incidence rate has been increasing drastically in recent years. One of the many cancer treatment methods is chemotherapy. Traditional medicine, in the form of complementary and alternative therapy, is actively used to treat cancer, and many herbs and active ingredients of such therapies are being intensely studied to integrate them into modern medicine. Ginseng is traditionally used as a nourishing tonic and for treating various diseases in Asian countries. The therapeutic potential of ginseng in modern medicine has been studied extensively; the main bioactive component of ginseng is ginsenosides, which have gathered attention, particularly for their prospects in the treatment of fatal diseases such as cancer. Ginsenosides displayed their anticancer and antimetastatic properties not only via restricting cancer cell proliferation, viability, invasion, and migration but also by promoting apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy in several cancers, such as breast, brain, liver, gastric, and lung cancer. Additionally, ginsenosides can work synergistically with already existing cancer therapies. Thus, ginsenosides may be used alone or in combination with other pharmaceutical agents in new therapeutic strategies for cancer. To date however, there is little systematic summary available for the anticancer effects and therapeutic potential of ginsenosides. Therefore, we have reviewed and discussed all available literature in order to facilitate further research of ginsenosides in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeok Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Delgerzul Baatar
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Peace Avenue 13330, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Seong Gu Hwang
- Department of Animal Life and Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong City 17579, Republic of Korea
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Han B, He C. Targeting autophagy using saponins as a therapeutic and preventive strategy against human diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105428. [PMID: 33540047 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a ubiquitous mechanism for maintaining cellular homeostasis through the degradation of long-lived proteins, insoluble protein aggregates, and superfluous or damaged organelles. Dysfunctional autophagy is observed in a variety of human diseases. With advanced research into the role that autophagy plays in physiological and pathological conditions, targeting autophagy is becoming a novel tactic for disease management. Saponins are naturally occurring glycosides containing triterpenoids or steroidal sapogenins as aglycones, and some saponins are reported to modulate autophagy. Research suggests that saponins may have therapeutic and preventive efficacy against many autophagy-related diseases. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes and discusses the reported saponins that exhibit autophagy regulating activities. In addition, the relevant signaling pathways that the mechanisms involved in regulating autophagy and the targeted diseases were also discussed. By regulating autophagy and related pathways, saponins exhibit bioactivities against cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis and other cardiac diseases, kidney diseases, liver diseases, acute pancreatitis, and osteoporosis. This review provides an overview of the autophagy-regulating activity of saponins, the underlying mechanisms and potential applications for managing various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, 999078, China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, 999078, China.
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