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Kim JY, Kim CW, Oh SY, Jang S, Yetunde OZ, Kim BA, Hong SH, Kim I. Akkermansia muciniphila extracellular vesicles have a protective effect against hypertension. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:1642-1653. [PMID: 38503939 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-024-01627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila (Am) shows a beneficial role as a probiotic in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. However, the mechanism remains to be elucidated. We tested the hypothesis that Am extracellular vesicles (AmEVs) have a protective effect against hypertension. Extracellular vesicles purified from anaerobically cultured Am were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and silver stain after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). AmEVs (1.0 × 1010 log particles/L) or vehicles were added into organ baths to induce vasorelaxation. In addition, AmEVs (1.0 × 108 or 1.0 × 109 particles/kg) or vehicles were injected into the tail veins of Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) weekly for 4 weeks. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and splenocytes isolated from both rat strains were analyzed by flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, and western blot. AmEVs affected neither vascular contraction nor endothelial relaxation in thoracic aortas. Moreover, AmEVs protected against the development of hypertension in SHRs without a serious adverse reaction. Additionally, AmEVs increased the population of T regulatory (Treg) cells and tended to reduce proinflammatory cytokines. These results indicate that AmEVs have a protective effect against hypertension without a serious adverse reaction. Therefore, it is foreseen that AmEVs may be utilized as a novel therapeutic for the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheong-Wun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Young Oh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Olarinoye Zainab Yetunde
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo A Kim
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
| | - Inkyeom Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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Jang S, Kim JY, Kim CW, Kim I. Hypertonic Salt Solution Enhances Inflammatory Responses in Cultured Splenic T-Cells from Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats but Not Dahl Salt-Resistant Rats. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:414. [PMID: 37887861 PMCID: PMC10607114 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to delineate the effect of sodium chloride on the induction of inflammatory responses and the development of hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) and salt-resistant (SR) rats. Splenocytes were isolated from the spleens of SS and SR rats, and cultured on anti-CD3-coated plates for 5 days. The cultured splenic T-cells were challenged with a hypertonic salt solution (0, 20, or 40 mM) in the absence or presence of IL-6 (0, 20, or 60 ng/mL), TGF-β (0, 5, or 15 ng/mL), or IL-23 (0, 10, or 30 ng/mL), and analyzed via ELISA, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. The hypertonic salt solution potentiated IL-17A production, as well as the differentiation of Th17 cells via IL-6/TGF-β/IL-23, exclusively in SS rats. However, it did not affect IL-10 production or the differentiation of Treg cells in any of the groups. Furthermore, it potentiated the signal of RORγt in IL-6-treated splenic T-cells from SS rats. To summarize, cultured splenic T-cells exhibited enhanced inflammatory responses on exposure to a hypertonic salt solution in SS rats only, which indicated that sodium chloride and inflammatory cytokines synergistically drove the induction of pathogenic Th17 cells and the development of hypertension in this group only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (J.Y.K.); (C.-W.K.)
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (J.Y.K.); (C.-W.K.)
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheong-Wun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (J.Y.K.); (C.-W.K.)
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyeom Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (J.Y.K.); (C.-W.K.)
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
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Higaki A. The chicken or the egg: the role of T cell polarity in salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:2425-2427. [PMID: 37500717 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Higaki
- Department of Intractable Disease and Aging Science, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan.
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Kim JY, Lee S, Jang S, Kim CW, Gu BH, Kim M, Kim I. T helper cell polarity determines salt sensitivity and hypertension development. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:2168-2178. [PMID: 37463980 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
High-salt intake is known to induce pathogenic T helper (Th) 17 cells and hypertension, but contrary to what is known, causes hypertension only in salt-sensitive (SS) individuals. Thus, we hypothesized that Th cell polarity determines salt sensitivity and hypertension development. Cultured splenic T cells from Dahl SS and salt-resistant (SR) rats subjected to hypertonic salt solutions were evaluated via ELISA, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and RT-qPCR. Seven-week-old SS and SR rats were fed a chow (CD) or high-salt diet (HSD) for 4 weeks, with weekly measurements of systolic blood pressure. The relaxation response of the aorta rings to the cumulative addition of acetylcholine was measured ex vivo. In these experimental animals, the Th cell polarity (Th17 and T regulatory [Treg]), the expression of Th17- or Treg-related genes, and the enrichment of the transcription factors RORγt and FOXP3 on the target gene promoter regions were determined via flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Hypertonic salt solution induced Th17 and Treg cell differentiation in cultured splenic T cells isolated from SS and SR rats, respectively. HSD induced hypertension, endothelial dysfunction and proinflammatory Th17 cell differentiation only in SS rats. The enrichment of RORγt on the promoter regions of Il17a and Il23r increased their expression only in SS rats. Regardless of HSD, SR rats remained normotensive with Treg polarity, causing high Treg-related gene expressions (Il10, Cd25 and Foxp3). This study demonstrated that Th cell polarity determines salt sensitivity and drives hypertension development. SR rats were protected from HSD-associated hypertension via anti-inflammatory Treg polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheong-Wun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Hee Gu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources & Live Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghoo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources & Live Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyeom Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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Dahl Salt-Resistant Rat Is Protected against Hypertension during Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183843. [PMID: 36145220 PMCID: PMC9506364 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) frequently causes obesity-induced hypertension. Because Dahl salt-resistant rats are protected against hypertension after high-salt or high-fructose intake, it is of interest whether this model also protects against hypertension after diet-induced obesity. We tested the hypothesis that Dahl salt-resistant rat protects against hypertension during diet-induced obesity. Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) and Dahl salt-resistant (SR) rats were fed a HFD (60% fat) or a chow diet (CD; 8% fat) for 12 weeks. We measured blood pressure using the tail-cuff method. The paraffin sections of thoracic perivascular adipose tissue (tPVAT) were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and trichrome. The expression of genes in the tPVAT and kidneys were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The HFD induced hypertension in SS (p < 0.01) but not SR rats, although it increased body weight gain (p < 0.05) and tPVAT weight (p < 0.01) in both rats. The HFD did not affect the expression of genes related to any of the adipocyte markers in both rats, although SR rats had reduced beige adipocyte marker Tmem26 levels (p < 0.01) and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine adiponectin (p < 0.05) as compared with SS rat. The HFD did not affect the mRNA expression of contractile factors in the tPVAT of SS and SR rats. SR rats are protected against hypertension during diet-induced obesity. This result implies that the genetic trait determining salt sensitivity may also determine fructose and fat sensitivity and that it is associated with the prevention of hypertension.
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