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Zhang R, Jiang Q, Gao S, Zhang H, Xia Q, Liu B, Zhu J, Jiang H, Zhao R, Dong H, Li X, Zhang Y, Yang C, Gu X, Sun L, Zhou H. Favipiravir ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by reprogramming M1/M2 macrophage polarization. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111774. [PMID: 38489971 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that seriously endangers human life and health. The pathological anatomy results of patients who died of the COVID-19 showed that there was an excessive inflammatory response in the lungs. It is also known that most of the COVID-19 infected patients will cause different degrees of lung damage after infection, and may have pulmonary fibrosis remaining after cure. Macrophages are a type of immune cell population with pluripotency and plasticity. In the early and late stages of infection, the dynamic changes of the balance and function of M1/M2 alveolar macrophages have a significant impact on the inflammatory response of the lungs. In the early stage of pulmonary fibrosis inflammation, the increase in the proportion of M1 type is beneficial to clear pathogenic microorganisms and promote the progress of inflammation; in the later stage of fibrosis, the increase in the number of M2 type macrophages can inhibit the inflammatory response and promote the degradation of fibrosis. As a potential treatment drug for new coronavirus pneumonia, favipiravir is in the process of continuously carried out relevant clinical trials. This study aims to discuss whether the antiviral drug favipiravir can suppress inflammation and immune response by regulating the M1/M2 type of macrophages, thereby alleviating fibrosis. We established a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model, using IL-4/13 and LPS/IFN-γ cell stimulating factor to induce macrophage M1 and M2 polarization models, respectively. Our study shows that favipiravir exerts anti-fibrotic effects mainly by reprogramming M1/M2 macrophages polarization, that is, enhancing the expression of anti-fibrotic M1 type, reducing the expression of M2 type pro-fibrotic factors and reprogramming it to anti-fibrotic phenotype. Aspects of pharmacological mechanisms, favipiravir inhibits the activation of JAK2-STAT6 and JAK2-PI3K-AKT signaling by targeting JAK2 protein, thereby inhibiting pro-fibrotic M2 macrophages polarization and M2-induced myofibroblast activation. In summary, favipiravir can reduce the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, we hope to provide a certain reference for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, 300000 Tianjin, China; High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, 300000 Tianjin, China
| | - Shaoyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, 300000 Tianjin, China
| | - Huizhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, 300000 Tianjin, China; High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, 300000 Tianjin, China; High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, 300000 Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, 300000 Tianjin, China; High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Haixia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, 300000 Tianjin, China; High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Ruixi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, 300000 Tianjin, China
| | - Huixuan Dong
- College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, 30087 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, 300000 Tianjin, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- The second department of respiratory and critical care medicine, the second hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050000 Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, 300000 Tianjin, China; High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoting Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, 300000 Tianjin, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Characteristic medical center of the Chinese people's Armed police Force, 300162 Tianjin, China
| | - Honggang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, 300000 Tianjin, China; High-throughput Molecular Drug Screening Centre, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 300070 Tianjin, China.
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Koudstaal T, van den Bosch T, Bergen I, Lila K, Bresser P, Bogaard HJ, Boomars K, Hendriks R, von der Thüsen J. Predominance of M2 macrophages in organized thrombi in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2350670. [PMID: 38593342 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a debilitating disease characterized by thrombotic occlusion of pulmonary arteries and vasculopathy, leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and progressive right-sided heart failure. Thrombotic lesions in CTEPH contain CD68+ macrophages, and increasing evidence supports their role in disease pathogenesis. Macrophages are classically divided into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, which are involved in wound healing and tissue repair. Currently, the phenotype of macrophages and their localization within thrombotic lesions of CTEPH are largely unknown. In our study, we subclassified thrombotic lesions of CTEPH patients into developing fresh thrombi (FT) and organized thrombi (OT), based on the degree of fibrosis and remodeling. We used multiplex immunofluorescence histology to identify immune cell infiltrates in thrombotic lesions of CPTEH patients. Utilizing software-assisted cell detection and quantification, increased proportions of macrophages were observed in immune cell infiltrates of OT lesions, compared with FT. Strikingly, the proportions with a CD206+INOS- M2 phenotype were significantly higher in OT than in FT, which mainly contained unpolarized macrophages. Taken together, we observed a shift from unpolarized macrophages in FT toward an expanded population of M2 macrophages in OT, indicating a dynamic role of macrophages during CTEPH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Koudstaal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thierry van den Bosch
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Bergen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karishma Lila
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Bresser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harm Jan Bogaard
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Boomars
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan von der Thüsen
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Brollo M, Salvator H, Grassin-Delyle S, Glorion M, Descamps D, Buenestado A, Naline E, Tenor H, Tiotiu A, Devillier P. The IL-4/13-induced production of M2 chemokines by human lung macrophages is enhanced by adenosine and PGE 2. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111557. [PMID: 38266451 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lung macrophages (LMs) are critically involved in respiratory diseases. The primary objective of the present study was to determine whether or not an adenosine analog (NECA) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) affected the interleukin (IL)-4- and IL-13-induced release of M2a chemokines (CCL13, CCL17, CCL18, and CCL22) by human LMs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Primary macrophages isolated from resected human lungs were incubated with NECA, PGE2, roflumilast, or vehicle and stimulated with IL-4 or IL-13 for 24 h. The levels of chemokines and PGE2 in the culture supernatants were measured using ELISAs and enzyme immunoassays. KEY RESULTS Exposure to IL-4 (10 ng/mL) and IL-13 (50 ng/mL) was associated with greater M2a chemokine production but not PGE2 production. PGE2 (10 ng/mL) and NECA (10-6 M) induced the production of M2a chemokines to a lesser extent but significantly enhanced the IL-4/IL-13-induced production of these chemokines. At either a clinically relevant concentration (10-9 M) or at a concentration (10-7 M) that fully inhibited phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) activity, roflumilast did not increase the production of M2a chemokines and did not modulate their IL-13-induced production, regardless of the presence or absence of PGE2. CONCLUSIONS NECA and PGE2 enhanced the IL-4/IL-13-induced production of M2a chemokines. The inhibition of PDE4 by roflumilast did not alter the production of these chemokines. These results contrast totally with the previously reported inhibitory effects of NECA, PGE2, and PDE4 inhibitors on the lipopolysaccharide-induced release of tumor necrosis factor alpha and M1 chemokines in human LMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Brollo
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology, Faculté des Sciences de la Vie Simone Veil, VIM, UMR-0892, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Hélène Salvator
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology, Faculté des Sciences de la Vie Simone Veil, VIM, UMR-0892, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, France; Department of Airway Diseases, Respiratory Pharmacology Unit, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Department of Airway Diseases, Respiratory Pharmacology Unit, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France; Department of Airway Diseases, Thoracic surgery, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Mathieu Glorion
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology, Faculté des Sciences de la Vie Simone Veil, VIM, UMR-0892, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, France; INSERM U1173, Infection & Inflammation, Département de Biotechnologie de la Santé, Université Paris-Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Delphyne Descamps
- VIM, UMR-0892, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Amparo Buenestado
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology, Faculté des Sciences de la Vie Simone Veil, VIM, UMR-0892, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Emmanuel Naline
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology, Faculté des Sciences de la Vie Simone Veil, VIM, UMR-0892, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, France; Department of Airway Diseases, Respiratory Pharmacology Unit, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | | | - Angelica Tiotiu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Saint-Luc, Institut of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Devillier
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology, Faculté des Sciences de la Vie Simone Veil, VIM, UMR-0892, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, France; Department of Airway Diseases, Respiratory Pharmacology Unit, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France.
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Pokhreal D, Crestani B, Helou DG. Macrophage Implication in IPF: Updates on Immune, Epigenetic, and Metabolic Pathways. Cells 2023; 12:2193. [PMID: 37681924 PMCID: PMC10486697 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology with a poor prognosis. It is a chronic and progressive disease that has a distinct radiological and pathological pattern from common interstitial pneumonia. The use of immunosuppressive medication was shown to be completely ineffective in clinical trials, resulting in years of neglect of the immune component. However, recent developments in fundamental and translational science demonstrate that immune cells play a significant regulatory role in IPF, and macrophages appear to be among the most crucial. These highly plastic cells generate multiple growth factors and mediators that highly affect the initiation and progression of IPF. In this review, we will provide an update on the role of macrophages in IPF through a systemic discussion of various regulatory mechanisms involving immune receptors, cytokines, metabolism, and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pokhreal
- Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Inserm U1152, UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Inserm U1152, UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
- FHU APOLLO, Service de Pneumologie A, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 75877 Paris, France
| | - Doumet Georges Helou
- Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Inserm U1152, UFR de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
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