1
|
Rey RA, Bergadá I, Ballerini MG, Braslavsky D, Chiesa A, Freire A, Grinspon RP, Keselman A, Arcari A. Diagnosing and treating anterior pituitary hormone deficiency in pediatric patients. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:555-573. [PMID: 38112850 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypopituitarism, or the failure to secrete hormones produced by the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and/or to release hormones from the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis), can be congenital or acquired. When more than one pituitary hormone axis is impaired, the condition is known as combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). The deficiency may be primarily due to a hypothalamic or to a pituitary disorder, or concomitantly both, and has a negative impact on target organ function. This review focuses on the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of anterior pituitary hormone deficiency in the pediatric age. Congenital hypopituitarism is generally due to genetic disorders and requires early medical attention. Exposure to toxicants or intrauterine infections should also be considered as potential etiologies. The molecular mechanisms underlying the fetal development of the hypothalamus and the pituitary are well characterized, and variants in the genes involved therein may explain the pathophysiology of congenital hypopituitarism: mutations in the genes expressed in the earliest stages are usually associated with syndromic forms whereas variants in genes involved in later stages of pituitary development result in non-syndromic forms with more specific hormone deficiencies. Tumors or lesions of the (peri)sellar region, cranial radiation therapy, traumatic brain injury and, more rarely, other inflammatory or infectious lesions represent the etiologies of acquired hypopituitarism. Hormone replacement is the general strategy, with critical periods of postnatal life requiring specific attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo A Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina.
| | - Ignacio Bergadá
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Ballerini
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Débora Braslavsky
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Ana Chiesa
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Analía Freire
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Romina P Grinspon
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Ana Keselman
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Andrea Arcari
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cavarzere P, Pietrobelli A, Gandini A, Munari S, Baffico AM, Maffei M, Gaudino R, Guzzo A, Arrigoni M, Coviello D, Piacentini G, Antoniazzi F. Role of genetic investigation in the diagnosis of short stature in a cohort of Italian children. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:1237-1250. [PMID: 38087044 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short stature (SS) is defined as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and sex. Hypothyroidism, celiac disease, growth hormone deficiency, hormonal abnormalities, and genetic conditions are among its causes. A wide range of conditions often due to largely unknown genetic variants can elude conventional diagnostic workup. AIM We used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to better understand the etiology of SS in a cohort of Italian children. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study sample was 125 children with SS of unknown origin referred to our Institute between 2015 and 2021. All had undergone complete auxological and hormonal investigations to exclude common causes of SS. Genetic analysis was performed using a NGS panel of 104 genes. Clinical data were reviewed to clarify the pathogenicity of the variants detected. RESULTS In this cohort, 43 potentially causing variants were identified in 38 children. A syndromic genetic condition was diagnosed in 7: Noonan syndrome in 3, Leri-Weill syndrome in 3, and hypochondroplasia in 1. Moreover, 8 benign variants and other 37 like benign variants were found. In 88 children, 179 variants of uncertain significance (VUS) were identified. No variant was found in 16 children. CONCLUSION Genetic analysis is a useful tool in the diagnostic workup of patients with SS, in adapting management and treatment, and in identifying syndromes with mild atypical clinical features. The role of VUS should not be underestimated, particularly when multiple VUS with possible mutual worsening effects are present in the same child.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Cavarzere
- Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona (Full Member of European Reference Network Endo-ERN), Verona, Italy.
- Department of Pediatrics, Child and Mother's Hospital, Piazzale Stefani 1, 37126, Verona, Italy.
| | - A Pietrobelli
- Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona (Full Member of European Reference Network Endo-ERN), Verona, Italy
- Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinic, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A Gandini
- Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinic, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - S Munari
- Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona (Full Member of European Reference Network Endo-ERN), Verona, Italy
| | - A M Baffico
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Maffei
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - R Gaudino
- Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona (Full Member of European Reference Network Endo-ERN), Verona, Italy
- Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinic, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A Guzzo
- Laboratory Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - M Arrigoni
- Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona (Full Member of European Reference Network Endo-ERN), Verona, Italy
| | - D Coviello
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - G Piacentini
- Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona (Full Member of European Reference Network Endo-ERN), Verona, Italy
- Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinic, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - F Antoniazzi
- Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona (Full Member of European Reference Network Endo-ERN), Verona, Italy
- Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinic, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Regional Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Rare Skeletal Disorders, Pediatric Clinic, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fernández-Arjona MDM, Navarro JA, López-Gambero AJ, de Ceglia M, Rodríguez M, Rubio L, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Barrios V, Chowen JA, Argente J, Rivera P, Suárez J. Sex-based differences in growth-related IGF1 signaling in response to PAPP-A2 deficiency: comparative effects of rhGH, rhIGF1 and rhPAPP-A2 treatments. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:34. [PMID: 38589872 PMCID: PMC11000399 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2) mutations resulting in low levels of bioactive insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) and progressive postnatal growth retardation have improved growth velocity and height following recombinant human (rh)IGF1 treatment. The present study aimed to evaluate whether Pappa2 deficiency and pharmacological manipulation of GH/IGF1 system are associated with sex-specific differences in growth-related signaling pathways. METHODS Plasma, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and liver of Pappa2ko/ko mice of both sexes, showing reduced skeletal growth, and liver of these mice treated with rhGH, rhIGF1 and rhPAPP-A2 from postnatal day (PND) 5 to PND35 were analyzed. RESULTS Reduced body and femur length of Pappa2ko/ko mice was associated with increases in: (1) components of IGF1 ternary complexes (IGF1, IGFBP5/Igfbp5, Igfbp3, Igfals) in plasma, hypothalamus and/or liver; and (2) key signaling regulators (phosphorylated PI3K, AKT, mTOR, GSK3β, ERK1/2 and AMPKα) in hypothalamus, pituitary gland and/or liver, with Pappa2ko/ko females having a more prominent effect. Compared to rhGH and rhIGF1, rhPAPP-A2 specifically induced: (1) increased body and femur length, and reduced plasma total IGF1 and IGFBP5 concentrations in Pappa2ko/ko females; and (2) increased Igf1 and Igf1r levels and decreased Ghr, Igfbp3 and Igfals levels in the liver of Pappa2ko/ko females. These changes were accompanied by lower phospho-STAT5, phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK2 levels and higher phospho-AMPK levels in the liver of Pappa2ko/ko females. CONCLUSIONS Sex-specific differences in IGF1 system and signaling pathways are associated with Pappa2 deficiency, pointing to rhPAPP-A2 as a promising drug to alleviate postnatal growth retardation underlying low IGF1 bioavailability in a female-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Fernández-Arjona
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, 29010, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Navarro
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain
- UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, 29010, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús López-Gambero
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, 33000, France
| | - Marialuisa de Ceglia
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain
- UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, 29010, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 32, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Leticia Rubio
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 32, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, 29010, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo 65, Madrid, 28009, Spain
- La Princesa Research Institute, Madrid, 28009, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo 65, Madrid, 28009, Spain
- La Princesa Research Institute, Madrid, 28009, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM & CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo 65, Madrid, 28009, Spain.
- La Princesa Research Institute, Madrid, 28009, Spain.
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM & CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
| | - Patricia Rivera
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain.
- UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, 29010, Spain.
| | - Juan Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain.
- Departamento de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 32, Málaga, 29071, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun F, Chao L, Zhang J, Pan X. Exercise combined with lysine-inositol vitamin B12 promotes height growth in children with idiopathic short stature. Growth Horm IGF Res 2023; 69-70:101535. [PMID: 37245296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2023.101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to systematically determine the effect of exercise combined with lysine-inositol vitamin B12 (VB12) therapy on the height of children with idiopathic short stature (ISS). METHODS Sixty children with ISS were randomly divided into observation and control groups (N = 30). Each group was given lysine-inositol VB12 oral solution (10 mL bid). Simultaneously, the observation group exercised following the "ISS exercise instruction sheet". The height (H), growth velocity (GV), height standard deviation score (HtSDS) and other indicators were compared after 6 and 12 months of intervention, respectively. After 12 months of intervention, the biochemical indicators of the two groups, together with the correlation between the average days of exercise per week and average minutes of exercise per day, GV and serum growth hormone were analyzed. RESULTS After 6 and 12 months of treatment, the GV, serum GHRH, GHBP, GH, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 levels in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and HtSDS was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.01). After 12 months of treatment, the height of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the biochemical indicators between two groups (P>0.05). Average days of exercise per week and average minutes of exercise per day were positively correlated with GV and GHBP levels. Serum GHRH, GH, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 levels were negatively correlated. Average minutes of exercise per day were negatively correlated with GV and GHBP levels. Serum GHRH, GH, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 levels were positively correlated. CONCLUSION Regular and moderate stretching exercises combined with lysine-inositol VB12 can effectively promote height growth of children with ISS, which is clinically safe. The mechanism promotes serum GHRH, GHBP, GH, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengping Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Zhengzhou 450053, Henan, China.
| | - Liqin Chao
- Medical School, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Medical School, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo D, Li X, Liu N, Yu X, Shu J, Sheng W, Li D, Cai C. Beware of missed diagnosis in patients with multiple genetic diseases: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:436. [PMID: 35858850 PMCID: PMC9297618 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive inherited disorder caused by the absence of the Dystrophin protein. Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are the most common vascular abnormalities in the central nervous system caused by the absence of the products of the CCM genes. Most CCMs cases reported occurring in a sporadic form are often asymptomatic. Case presentation We report a rare case of a 7-year-old Chinese boy with a co-existing DMD and sporadic CCMs. We found classic clinical features of DMD and non-specific pathological changes in his brain. We made the definitive diagnosis based on the results of whole-exome sequencing (WES), a repeat from exon 3 to exon 9 of the DMD inherited from his mother, and a de novo heterozygote nonsense mutation C.418G > T of the PDCD10 exon 6. Conclusion We should take care to avoid missed diagnoses in patients with multiple genetic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detong Guo
- Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Beichen District, No. 238 Longyan Road, Tianjin, 300134, China.,Graduate College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Beichen District, No. 238 Longyan Road, Tianjin, 300134, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Beichen District, No. 238 Longyan Road, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Beichen District, No. 238 Longyan Road, Tianjin, 300134, China.,Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin, 300134, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Beichen District, No. 238 Longyan Road, Tianjin, 300134, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Beichen District, No. 238 Longyan Road, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Jianbo Shu
- Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Beichen District, No. 238 Longyan Road, Tianjin, 300134, China.,Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin, 300134, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Wenchao Sheng
- Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Beichen District, No. 238 Longyan Road, Tianjin, 300134, China.,Graduate College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Dong Li
- Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Beichen District, No. 238 Longyan Road, Tianjin, 300134, China. .,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Beichen District, No. 238 Longyan Road, Tianjin, 300134, China.
| | - Chunquan Cai
- Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Beichen District, No. 238 Longyan Road, Tianjin, 300134, China. .,Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin, 300134, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin, 300134, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin, 300134, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Martín-Rivada Á, Pozo-Román J, Güemes M, Ortiz-Cabrera NV, Pérez-Jurado LA, Argente J. Primary Dwarfism, Microcephaly, and Chorioretinopathy due to a PLK4 Mutation in Two Siblings. Horm Res Paediatr 2022; 93:567-572. [PMID: 33756487 DOI: 10.1159/000514280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary autosomal recessive microcephalies (MCPHs) are characterized by primary dwarfism with MCPH and may present delayed psychomotor development and visual impairment. Biallelic loss of function variants in the PLK4 gene, which encodes the polo-like kinase 4 protein involved in centriole biogenesis, has been recently identified in several patients with MCPH and various ethnic backgrounds. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we describe 2 siblings of different sex from Equatorial Guinea harboring a homozygous frameshift mutation in PLK4 (c.1299_1303del, p.Phe433Leufs*6). A Seckel syndrome spectrum phenotype was present in both siblings, with short stature, severe MCPH, reduced brain volume, and distinctive facial features. They also presented severe intellectual disability, lissencephaly/pachygyria, subependymal heterotopia, and ophthalmological impairment. One of them suffered from deafness, and scoliosis was observed in the other. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Biallelic variants in PLK4 lead to a syndrome where severe short stature, MCPH, and cognitive impairment are constant features. However, ocular, skeletal, and other neurological manifestations can vary upon the same genetic basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Martín-Rivada
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute "La Princesa,", Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pozo-Román
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute "La Princesa,", Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Güemes
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute "La Princesa,", Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luis A Pérez-Jurado
- Genetics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Women's and Children's Hospital, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jesús Argente
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute "La Princesa,", Madrid, Spain, .,Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, .,IMDEA, Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSI, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Willems M, Amouroux C, Barat-Houari M, Salles JP, Edouard T. Exploring the genetic causes of isolated short stature. What has happened to idiopathic short stature? Arch Pediatr 2022; 28:8S27-8S32. [PMID: 37870530 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(22)00040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Statural growth is underpinned by development of the growth plate during the process of endochondral ossification, which is strongly regulated by numerous local factors (intracellular, paracrine and extracellular matrix factors) and systemic factors (nutrition, hormones, proinflammatory cytokines and extracellular fluids). This explains why growth retardation can be associated with numerous pathologies, particularly genetic syndromes, hormonal or inflammatory conditions, or gastrointestinal disorders having a nutritional impact. However, in most cases (80%), no specific aetiology is found after clinical investigation and conventional additional tests have been carried out. In such cases, "idiopathic" short stature is diagnosed, which includes patients presenting with constitutional delay of growth and development and familial short stature, but also patients with very subtle constitutional skeletal dysplasia which are not easily identifiable. In recent years, new methods of genetic investigation (e.g. gene panels, exome or genome sequencing) have made it possible to identify many genetic variants associated with apparently isolated short stature. Indeed, it is still difficult to estimate the proportion of patients presenting with idiopathic short stature for which a molecular diagnosis of monogenic conditions could be made. This estimate varies hugely depending on the thoroughness of the clinical, laboratory and radiological assessments performed prior to molecular analysis, since retrospective analysis of positive cases usually reveals subtle signs of underlying syndromes or rare skeletal disorders. Molecular diagnosis in children is important to be able to offer genetic counselling and to organise patient management. Moreover, improved understanding of the molecular basis of these cases of short stature opens up numerous possibilities for more specific treatments targeting the growth plate. © 2022 French Society of Pediatrics. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Willems
- Medical Genetic Department for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, Reference Centre AD SOOR, AnDDI-RARE, Competence Centre for Rare Skeletal Disorders, OSCAR Network, Inserm U1298, INM, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - C Amouroux
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Competence Centre for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, OSCAR Network, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - M Barat-Houari
- Molecular Biology Unit, Competence Centre for Rare Skeletal Disorders, OSCAR Network, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - J-P Salles
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases and Genetics Unit, Reference Centre for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism and Competence Centre for Rare Skeletal Disorders, ERN BOND, OSCAR Network, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - T Edouard
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases and Genetics Unit, Reference Centre for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism and Competence Centre for Rare Skeletal Disorders, ERN BOND, OSCAR Network, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tsai MJM, Lee NC, Chien YH, Hwu WL, Tung YC. Short stature leads to a diagnosis of Jansen-de Vries syndrome in two unrelated Taiwanese girls: A case report and literature review. J Formos Med Assoc 2022; 121:856-860. [PMID: 35016835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Short stature and intellectual disability are two of the major components of many dysmorphic syndromes. Jansen-de Vries syndrome (JDVS) is a rare syndromic disorder that was discovered recently using next-generation sequencing. It is characterized by hypotonia, developmental delay, a dysmorphic face, short stature, and high pain threshold and is caused by the variants of the protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1D (PPM1D) gene. Here, we report the first two cases of PPM1D mutations in Taiwan; both had de novo variants in exon 6. Both presented with short stature, developmental delay, and dysmorphic faces. In addition to the characteristics listed above, syndactyly was noted in one. Genetic studies should be considered when approaching a patient with growth retardation, intellectual disability, and other major or minor dysmorphisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ju Melody Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Chung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hsiu Chien
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Tung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Savage MO, Storr HL. Balanced assessment of growth disorders using clinical, endocrinological, and genetic approaches. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 26:218-226. [PMID: 34991299 PMCID: PMC8749028 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2142208.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the pathogenesis of pediatric growth disorders is often challenging. In many cases, no pathogenesis is identified, and a designation of idiopathic short stature is used. The investigation of short stature requires a combination of clinical, endocrinological, and genetic evaluation. The techniques used are described, with equal importance being given to each of the 3 approaches. Clinical skills are essential to elicit an accurate history, family pedigree, and symptoms of body system dysfunction. Endocrine assessment requires hormonal determination for the diagnosis of hormone deficiency and initiation of successful replacement therapy. Genetic analysis has added a new dimension to the investigation of short stature and now uses next-generation sequencing with a candidate gene approach to confirm probable recognizable monogenic disorders and exome sequencing for complex phenotypes of unknown origin. Using the 3 approaches of clinical, endocrine, and genetic probes with equal status in the hierarchy of investigational variables provides the clinician with the highest chance of identifying the correct causative pathogenetic mechanism in a child presenting with short stature of unknown origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Oswald Savage
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK,Address for correspondence: Martin Oswald Savage Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Helen Louise Storr
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Miclea D, Alkhzouz C, Bucerzan S, Grigorescu-Sido P. Genetic testing in pediatric endocrine pathology. Med Pharm Rep 2021; 94:S15-S18. [PMID: 34527901 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In genetic endocrine diseases, genetic testing is necessary for a precise diagnosis, which will provide a better knowledge of the evolution and prognosis and also indicate the adequate therapy, targeting the precise etiopathogenesis of the disease. Genetic testing in endocrinology is often based on classical cytogenetic techniques, molecular cytogenetic analysis or molecular biology techniques. Genetic testing in disorders of sex development includes the karyotype and SRY gene analysis and depending on the presence of associated clinical signs and on the observations at paraclinical examination, these tests will be followed by chromosomal array techniques and NGS sequencing. In short stature, the decision to perform a genetic test is taken depending on clinical, paraclinical and imaging signs. In case of a short stature associated with a low weight/length for gestational age, genetic testing is proposed to evaluate a Russell-Silver syndrome or if the short stature is associated with other clinical signs (e.g. intellectual disability), chromosomal analysis by microarray is proposed. If the short stature is disproportionate, it is indicated to perform a next generation sequencing (NGS) of a panel of genes involved in skeletal dysplasia. If an endocrine cause for short stature is observed at the hormonal evaluation, it is indicated to test a panel of genes involved in these pathways. In genetic obesity, depending on clinical signs associated to obesity, it will be a more targeted genetic testing. If obesity is associated with intellectual disability or other nonspecific neurological changes, a chromosomal analysis by microarray will be indicated. If monogenic obesity is suspected, NGS testing will be indicated (as genes panel or whole exome or genome analysis). Genetic testing in endocrine diseases brings an etiological diagnosis, but a favorable cost-benefit ratio derives from an adequate indication of these tests, generally proposed in expert centers for rare endocrine diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Miclea
- Molecular Sciences Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Medical Genetics Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Camelia Alkhzouz
- Medical Genetics Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Mother and Child Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona Bucerzan
- Medical Genetics Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Mother and Child Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paula Grigorescu-Sido
- Mother and Child Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
García-Foncillas J, Argente J, Bujanda L, Cardona V, Casanova B, Fernández-Montes A, Horcajadas JA, Iñiguez A, Ortiz A, Pablos JL, Pérez Gómez MV. Milestones of Precision Medicine: An Innovative, Multidisciplinary Overview. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 25:563-576. [PMID: 34331269 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-021-00544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the concept of precision medicine, in which healthcare is tailored to the molecular and clinical characteristics of each individual, is not new, its implementation in clinical practice has been heterogenous. In some medical specialties, precision medicine has gone from being just a promise to a reality that achieves better patient outcomes. This is a fact if we consider, for example, the great advances made in the genetic diagnosis and subsequent treatment of countless hereditary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, which have improved the life expectancy of many of the affected children. In the field of oncology, the development of targeted therapies has prolonged the survival of patients with breast, lung, colorectal, melanoma, and hematological malignancies. In other disciplines, clinical milestones are perhaps less well known, but no less important. The current challenge is to expand and generalize the use of technologies that are central to precision medicine, such as massively parallel sequencing, to improve the management (prevention and treatment) of complex conditions such as cardiovascular, kidney, or autoimmune diseases. This process requires investment in specialized expertise, multidisciplinary collaboration, and the nationwide organization of genetic laboratories for diagnosis of specific diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García-Foncillas
- Department of Oncology, Oncohealth Institute, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain. .,Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IMDEA Institute, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Spanish PUBERE Registry, CIBER of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IMDEA Institute, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Spanish PUBERE Registry, CIBER of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Donostia/Instituto Biodonostia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Victoria Cardona
- Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,ARADyAL Research Network, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Casanova
- Neuroimmunology Unit, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-Montes
- Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, Spain
| | | | - Andrés Iñiguez
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Vigo, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Pablos
- Grupo de Enfermedades Inflamatorias y Autoinmunes, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fernandez-Luque L, Al Herbish A, Al Shammari R, Argente J, Bin-Abbas B, Deeb A, Dixon D, Zary N, Koledova E, Savage MO. Digital Health for Supporting Precision Medicine in Pediatric Endocrine Disorders: Opportunities for Improved Patient Care. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:715705. [PMID: 34395347 PMCID: PMC8358399 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.715705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Digitalization of healthcare delivery is rapidly fostering development of precision medicine. Multiple digital technologies, known as telehealth or eHealth tools, are guiding individualized diagnosis and treatment for patients, and can contribute significantly to the objectives of precision medicine. From a basis of "one-size-fits-all" healthcare, precision medicine provides a paradigm shift to deliver a more nuanced and personalized approach. Genomic medicine utilizing new technologies can provide precision analysis of causative mutations, with personalized understanding of mechanisms and effective therapy. Education is fundamental to the telehealth process, with artificial intelligence (AI) enhancing learning for healthcare professionals and empowering patients to contribute to their care. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region is rapidly implementing telehealth strategies at all levels and a workshop was convened to discuss aspirations of precision medicine in the context of pediatric endocrinology, including diabetes and growth disorders, with this paper based on those discussions. GCC regional investment in AI, bioinformatics and genomic medicine, is rapidly providing healthcare benefits. However, embracing precision medicine is presenting some major new design, installation and skills challenges. Genomic medicine is enabling precision and personalization of diagnosis and therapy of endocrine conditions. Digital education and communication tools in the field of endocrinology include chatbots, interactive robots and augmented reality. Obesity and diabetes are a major challenge in the GCC region and eHealth tools are increasingly being used for management of care. With regard to growth failure, digital technologies for growth hormone (GH) administration are being shown to enhance adherence and response outcomes. While technical innovations become more affordable with increasing adoption, we should be aware of sustainability, design and implementation costs, training of HCPs and prediction of overall healthcare benefits, which are essential for precision medicine to develop and for its objectives to be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Riyad Al Shammari
- National Center for Artificial Intelligence, Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bassam Bin-Abbas
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Deeb
- Paediatric Endocrine Division, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - David Dixon
- Connected Health and Devices, Merck, Ares Trading SA, Aubonne, Switzerland
| | - Nabil Zary
- Institute for Excellence in Health Professions Education, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Martin O. Savage
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Babiker A, Al Noaim K, Al Swaid A, Alfadhel M, Deeb A, Martín-Rivada Á, Barrios V, Pérez-Jurado LA, Alfares A, Al Alwan I, Argente J. Short stature with low insulin-like growth factor 1 availability due to pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2 deficiency in a Saudi family. Clin Genet 2021; 100:601-606. [PMID: 34272725 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In 2016 a new syndrome with postnatal short stature and low IGF1 bioavailability caused by biallelic loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the metalloproteinase pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2 (PAPP-A2) was described in two families. Here we report two siblings of a third family from Saudi Arabia with postnatal growth retardation and decreased IGF1 availability due to a new homozygous nonsense mutation (p.Glu886* in exon 7) in PAPPA2. The two affected males showed progressively severe short stature starting around 8 years of age, moderate microcephaly, decreased bone mineral density, and high circulating levels of total IGF1, IGFBP3, and the IGF acid-labile subunit (IGFALS), with decreased free IGF1 concentrations. Interestingly, circulating IGF2 and IGFBP5 were not increased. An increase in growth velocity and height was seen in the prepuberal patient in response to rhIGF1. These patients contribute to the confirmation of the clinical picture associated with PAPP-A2 deficiency and that the PAPPA2 gene should be studied in all patients with short stature with this characteristic phenotype. Hence, pediatric endocrinologists should measure circulating PAPP-A2 levels in the study of short stature as very low or undetectable levels of this protein can help to focus the diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Babiker
- King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Al Noaim
- King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al Swaid
- King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Deeb
- Pediatric Endocrine Division, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi & Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Álvaro Martín-Rivada
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A Pérez-Jurado
- Genetics Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Service of Genetics, Hospital del Mar and Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ahmed Alfares
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Departement of Laboratory and Pathology Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Departement of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Al Alwan
- King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA. Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSI, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zervas A, Chrousos G, Livadas S. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: a fairytale for endocrinologists. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:R189-R199. [PMID: 33878729 PMCID: PMC8183629 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
'Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs', a fairytale that is widely known across the Western world, was originally written by the Brothers Grimm, and published in 1812 as 'Snow White'. Though each dwarf was first given an individual name in the 1912 Broadway play, in Walt Disney's 1937 film 'Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs', they were renamed, and the dwarfs have become household names. It is well known that myths, fables, and fairytales, though appearing to be merely children's tales about fictional magical beings and places, have, more often than not, originated from real facts. Therefore, the presence of the seven brothers with short stature in the story is, from an endocrinological point of view, highly intriguing, in fact, thrilling. The diversity of the phenotypes among the seven dwarfs is also stimulating, although puzzling. We undertook a differential diagnosis of their common underlying disorder based on the original Disney production's drawings and the unique characteristics of these little gentlemen, while we additionally evaluated several causes of short stature and, focusing on endocrine disorders that could lead to these clinical features among siblings, we have, we believe, been able to reveal the underlying disease depicted in this archetypal tale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - George Chrousos
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Sarantis Livadas
- Endocrine Unit, Athens Medical Centre, Athens, Greece
- Correspondence should be addressed to S Livadas:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Recombinant IGF-1 Induces Sex-Specific Changes in Bone Composition and Remodeling in Adult Mice with Pappa2 Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084048. [PMID: 33919940 PMCID: PMC8070906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2), an IGF-1 availability regulator, causes postnatal growth failure and dysregulation of bone size and density. The present study aimed to determine the effects of recombinant murine IGF-1 (rmIGF-1) on bone composition and remodeling in constitutive Pappa2 knock-out (ko/ko) mice. To address this challenge, X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infra-red (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and gene expression analysis of members of the IGF-1 system and bone resorption/formation were performed. Pappa2ko/ko mice (both sexes) had reduced body and bone length. Male Pappa2ko/ko mice had specific alterations in bone composition (mineral-to-matrix ratio, carbonate substitution and mineral crystallinity), but not in bone remodeling. In contrast, decreases in collagen maturity and increases in Igfbp3, osteopontin (resorption) and osteocalcin (formation) characterized the bone of Pappa2ko/ko females. A single rmIGF-1 administration (0.3 mg/kg) induced short-term changes in bone composition in Pappa2ko/ko mice (both sexes). rmIGF-1 treatment in Pappa2ko/ko females also increased collagen maturity, and Igfbp3, Igfbp5, Col1a1 and osteopontin expression. In summary, acute IGF-1 treatment modifies bone composition and local IGF-1 response to bone remodeling in mice with Pappa2 deficiency. These effects depend on sex and provide important insights into potential IGF-1 therapy for growth failure and bone loss and repair.
Collapse
|
16
|
Rapaport R, Wit JM, Savage MO. Growth failure: 'idiopathic' only after a detailed diagnostic evaluation. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:R125-R138. [PMID: 33543731 PMCID: PMC8052574 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The terms 'idiopathic short stature' (ISS) and 'small for gestational age' (SGA) were first used in the 1970s and 1980s. ISS described non-syndromic short children with undefined aetiology who did not have growth hormone (GH) deficiency, chromosomal defects, chronic illness, dysmorphic features or low birth weight. Despite originating in the pre-molecular era, ISS is still used as a diagnostic label today. The term 'SGA' was adopted by paediatric endocrinologists to describe children born with low birth weight and/or length, some of whom may experience lack of catch-up growth and present with short stature. GH treatment was approved by the FDA for short children born SGA in 2001, and by the EMA in 2003, and for the treatment of ISS in the US, but not Europe, in 2003. These approvals strengthened the terms 'SGA' and 'ISS' as clinical entities. While clinical and hormonal diagnostic techniques remain important, it is the emergence of genetic investigations that have led to numerous molecular discoveries in both ISS and SGA subjects. The primary message of this article is that the labels ISS and SGA are not definitive diagnoses. We propose that the three disciplines of clinical evaluation, hormonal investigation and genetic sequencing should have equal status in the hierarchy of short stature assessments and should complement each other to identify the true pathogenesis in poorly growing patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rapaport
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Hospital and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin O Savage
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Duan X, An B, Du L, Chang T, Liang M, Yang BG, Xu L, Zhang L, Li J, E G, Gao H. Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Growth Curve Parameters in Chinese Simmental Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010192. [PMID: 33467455 PMCID: PMC7830728 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for growth curve parameters using nonlinear models that fit original weight-age records. In this study, data from 808 Chinese Simmental beef cattle that were weighed at 0, 6, 12, and 18 months of age were used to fit the growth curve. The Gompertz model showed the highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.954). The parameters' mature body weight (A), time-scale parameter (b), and maturity rate (K) were treated as phenotypes for single-trait GWAS and multi-trait GWAS. In total, 9, 49, and 7 significant SNPs associated with A, b, and K were identified by single-trait GWAS; 22 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified by multi-trait GWAS. Among them, we observed several candidate genes, including PLIN3, KCNS3, TMCO1, PRKAG3, ANGPTL2, IGF-1, SHISA9, and STK3, which were previously reported to associate with growth and development. Further research for these candidate genes may be useful for exploring the full genetic architecture underlying growth and development traits in livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghai Duan
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.D.); (B.A.); (L.D.); (T.C.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (J.L.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Bingxing An
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.D.); (B.A.); (L.D.); (T.C.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Lili Du
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.D.); (B.A.); (L.D.); (T.C.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Tianpeng Chang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.D.); (B.A.); (L.D.); (T.C.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Mang Liang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.D.); (B.A.); (L.D.); (T.C.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Bai-Gao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Lingyang Xu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.D.); (B.A.); (L.D.); (T.C.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Lupei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.D.); (B.A.); (L.D.); (T.C.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Junya Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.D.); (B.A.); (L.D.); (T.C.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Guangxin E
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
- Correspondence: (G.E); (H.G.)
| | - Huijiang Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.D.); (B.A.); (L.D.); (T.C.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.E); (H.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Martín-Rivada Á, Rodríguez-Contreras FJ, Muñoz-Calvo MT, Güemes M, González-Casado I, Del Pozo JS, Campos-Barros Á, Argente J. A novel GLI2 mutation responsible for congenital hypopituitarism and polymalformation syndrome. Growth Horm IGF Res 2019; 44:17-19. [PMID: 30583238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We report a novel GLI2 frameshift mutation and describe the phenotypic spectrum of mutations within this gene. PATIENTS AND METHODS A male with congenital hypopituitarism and polymalformation syndrome was clinically, biochemically and neuroradiologically characterized. Genetic analysis for congenital hypopituitarism was performed using a targeted NGS custom gene panel. RESULTS A heterozygous frameshift mutation, NM_005270.4:c.2125del, p.(Leu709Trpfs*15), was identified in GLI2 exon 12. This mutation has not been previously reported and confirms the diagnosis of Culler-Jones syndrome (MIM #615849). CONCLUSION GLI2 mutations should be suspected in the presence of congenital hypopitutarism, characteristic facial abnormalities and polydactyly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Martín-Rivada
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Research Institute "La Princesa", Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mª Teresa Muñoz-Calvo
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Research Institute "La Princesa", Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Güemes
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Research Institute "La Princesa", Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Sánchez Del Pozo
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Dysmorphology Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Campos-Barros
- Institute of Medical & Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Research Institute "La Princesa", Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Department of Pediatrics, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA, Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSI, Crta. de Cantoblanco, 8, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Argente J, Tatton-Brown K, Lehwalder D, Pfäffle R. Genetics of Growth Disorders-Which Patients Require Genetic Testing? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:602. [PMID: 31555216 PMCID: PMC6742727 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The second 360° European Meeting on Growth Hormone Disorders, held in Barcelona, Spain, in June 2017, included a session entitled Pragmatism vs. Curiosity in Genetic Diagnosis of Growth Disorders, which examined current concepts of genetics and growth in the clinical setting, in terms of both growth failure and overgrowth. For patients with short stature, multiple genes have been identified that result in GH deficiency, which may be isolated or associated with additional pituitary hormone deficiencies, or in growth hormone resistance, primary insulin-like growth factor (IGF) acid-labile subunit deficiency, IGF-I deficiency, IGF-II deficiency, IGF-I resistance, and primary PAPP-A2 deficiency. While genetic causes of short stature were previously thought to primarily be associated with the GH-IGF-I axis, it is now established that multiple genetic anomalies not associated with the GH-IGF-I axis can result in short stature. A number of genetic anomalies have also been shown to be associated with overgrowth, some of which involve the GH-IGF-I axis. In patients with overgrowth in combination with an intellectual disability, two predominant gene families, the epigenetic regulator genes, and PI3K/AKT pathway genes, have now been identified. Specific processes should be followed for decisions on which patients require genetic testing and which genes should be examined for anomalies. The decision to carry out genetic testing should be directed by the clinical process, not merely for research purposes. The intention of genetic testing should be to direct the clinical options for management of the growth disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Argente
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III and IMDEA Institute, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jesús Argente
| | - Katrina Tatton-Brown
- Institute of Cancer Research, St George's University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London and St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dagmar Lehwalder
- Global Medical Affairs, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Roland Pfäffle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Roland Pfäffle
| |
Collapse
|