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Evaluating mechanical properties of silica-coated alginate beads for immobilized biocatalysis. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
In this review, methods for the most common microalgal immobilization procedures are gathered and described. Passive (due to natural adherence of cells to surfaces) and active immobilization methods should be distinguished. Among active immobilization methods, calcium alginate entrapment is the most widely used method if living cells are intended to be immobilized, due to the chemical, optical, and mechanical characteristics of this substance. Immobilization in synthetic foams, immobilization in agar and carrageenan as well as immobilization in silica-based matrix or filters are also discussed and described. Finally, some considerations on the use of flocculation for microalgae are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Moreno-Garrido
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalucia (ICMAN-CSIC), Cádiz, Spain
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Huang X, Zhang X, Wang X, Wang C, Tang B. Microenvironment of alginate-based microcapsules for cell culture and tissue engineering. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 114:1-8. [PMID: 22561878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a type of 3D model, the technology of microencapsulation holds significant promise for tissue engineering and cell therapy due to its unique performance. The microenvironmental factors within microcapsules play an important role in influencing the behaviors of encapsulated cells. The aim of this review article is to give an overview on the construction of the microenvironmental factors, which include 3D space, physicochemical properties of alginate matrix, cell spheroids, nutritional status, and so on. Furthermore, we clarified the effect of microenvironmental factors on the behaviors of encapsulated cells and the methods about improving the microenvironment of microcapsules. This review will help to understand the interaction of the microenvironment and the encapsulated cells and lay a solid foundation for microcapsule-based cell therapy and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Huang
- Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingze Road, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
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Sakai S, Kawakami K. Development of Porous Alginate-Based Scaffolds Covalently Cross-Linked through a Peroxidase-Catalyzed Reaction. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 22:2407-16. [DOI: 10.1163/092050610x540468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakai
- a Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Koei Kawakami
- b Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Sakai S, Ito S, Kawakami K. Calcium alginate microcapsules with spherical liquid cores templated by gelatin microparticles for mass production of multicellular spheroids. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3132-7. [PMID: 20144915 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular spheroids are important in biomedical applications, such as drug research and regenerative medicine. We developed microcapsules from sodium alginate and gelatin for mass production of size-controlled spheroids with diameters <200 microm. The microcapsules were composed of calcium alginate gels with spherical liquid cores (diameter approximately 150 microm) for formation of spheroids. The spherical liquid cores were prepared by incubating calcium alginate microcapsules containing thermally gelled, cell-enclosing gelatin microparticles about 150 microm in diameter, at 37 degrees C. The gelatin microparticles were encapsulated within the microcapsules by dropping a sodium alginate solution containing suspended gelatin microparticles into 100 mM CaCl(2). The enclosed feline renal fibroblast cell line, CRFK, cells showed 93.8% viability immediately after encapsulation, then grew and completely filled the spherical cores. Multicellular spheroids were collected within 1 min by soaking microcapsules in a medium containing alginate lyase.
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Sakai S, Kawakami K. Both ionically and enzymatically crosslinkable alginate–tyramine conjugate as materials for cell encapsulation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 85:345-51. [PMID: 17688281 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The swelling behavior of the structural material of cell-enclosing capsules is a key factor for the successful transplantation of these capsules in the treatment of diseases. The present study aimed to develop cell-enclosing capsules displaying minimal swelling under physiological conditions. We investigated the use of an alginate-tyramine conjugate synthesized by a carbodiimide/active-ester coupling reaction. The conjugate gel crosslinked by calcium ions and peroxidase-catalyzed oxidative coupling of phenols swelled less in saline than in unmodified alginate. The degree of swelling could be controlled by conjugate preparation conditions. The conjugate gel showed no obvious cytotoxicity for cells, including the process of oxidative coupling generation. Further, encapsulated cells could be cultured for up to 2 months and achieve approximately 5.2-fold greater mitochondrial activity after 51 days of encapsulation than after 1 day. These results show that this alginate-tyramine conjugate is a promising material for use in cell-enclosing capsules for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Sakai S, Hashimoto I, Ogushi Y, Kawakami K. Peroxidase-Catalyzed Cell Encapsulation in Subsieve-Size Capsules of Alginate with Phenol Moieties in Water-Immiscible Fluid Dissolving H2O2. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:2622-6. [PMID: 17630691 DOI: 10.1021/bm070300+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Cassino TR, Anderson R, Love BJ, Huckle WR, Seamans DK, Forsten-Williams K. Design and application of an oscillatory compression device for cell constructs. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 98:211-20. [PMID: 17657777 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical compression has been shown to impact cell activity; however a need for a single device to perform a broader range of parametric studies exists. We have developed an oscillatory displacement controlled device to uniaxially strain cell constructs under both static and dynamic compression and used this device to investigate gene expression in cell constructs. The device has a wide stroke (0.25-4 mm) and frequency range (0.1-3 Hz) and several loading waveforms are possible. Alginate cellular constructs with embedded equine chondrocytes were tested and viability was maintained for the 24 h test period. Off-line mechanical testing is described and a modulus value of 18.2 +/- 1.3 kPa found for alginate disks which indicates the level of stress achieved with this deformation profile. Static (15% strain) and dynamic (15% strain, 1 Hz, triangle waveform) testing of chondrocyte constructs was performed and static compression showed significantly higher collagen II expression than dynamic using quantitative RT-PCR. In contrast, differences in matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) expression were statistically insignificant. These studies indicate the utility of our device for studying cell activity in response to compression and suggest further studies regarding how the load and strain spectrum impact chondrocyte activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa R Cassino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA
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Sakai S, Hashimoto I, Kawakami K. Production of cell-enclosing hollow-core agarose microcapsules via jetting in water-immiscible liquid paraffin and formation of embryoid body-like spherical tissues from mouse ES cells enclosed within these microcapsules. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 99:235-43. [PMID: 17705234 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We developed agarose microcapsules with a single hollow core templated by alginate microparticles using a jet-technique. We extruded an agarose aqueous solution containing suspended alginate microparticles into a coflowing stream of liquid paraffin and controlled the diameter of the agarose microparticles by changing the flow rate of the liquid paraffin. Subsequent degradation of the inner alginate microparticles using alginate lyase resulted in the hollow-core structure. We successfully obtained agarose microcapsules with 20-50 microm of agarose gel layer thickness and hollow cores ranging in diameter from ca. 50 to 450 microm. Using alginate microparticles of ca. 150 microm in diameter and enclosing feline kidney cells, we were able to create cell-enclosing agarose microcapsules with a hollow core of ca. 150 microm in diameter. The cells in these microcapsules grew much faster than those in alginate microparticles. In addition, we enclosed mouse embryonic stem cells in agarose microcapsules. The embryonic stem cells began to self-aggregate in the core just after encapsulation, and subsequently grew and formed embryoid body-like spherical tissues in the hollow core of the microcapsules. These results show that our novel microcapsule production technique and the resultant microcapsules have potential for tissue engineering, cell therapy and biopharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Abstract
AbstractIn this work we present experimental results about the formation, properties and structure of sol — gel silica based biocomposite containing Calcium alginate as an organic compound. Two different types of silicon precursors have been used in the synthesis: tetramethylortosilicate (TMOS) and ethyltrimethoxysilane (ETMS). The samples have been prepared at room temperature. The hybrids have been synthesized by replacing different quantitis of the inorganic precursor with alginate. The structure of the obtained hybrid materials has been studied by XRD, IR Spectroscopy, EDS, BET and AFM. The results proved that all samples are amorphous possessing a surface area from 70 to 290 m2/g. It has also been established by FT IR spectra that the hybrids containing TMOS display Van der Walls and Hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interactions between the organic and inorganic components. Strong chemical bonds between the inorganic and organic components in the samples with ETMS are present. A self-organized nanostructure has been observed by AFM. In the obtained hybrids the nanobuilding blocks average in size at about 8–14 nm for the particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Chernev
- 1Department of Silicate Technology, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bisserka Samuneva
- 1Department of Silicate Technology, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Djambaski
- 1Department of Silicate Technology, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Isabel Salvado
- 2Department of Ceremics and Glass Engineering, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Fernandes
- 2Department of Ceremics and Glass Engineering, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Papi RM, Chaitidou SA, Trikka FA, Kyriakidis DA. Encapsulated Escherichia coli in alginate beads capable of secreting a heterologous pectin lyase. Microb Cell Fact 2005; 4:35. [PMID: 16354300 PMCID: PMC1325241 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-4-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Production of heterologous proteins in the E. coli periplasm, or into the extracellular fluid has many advantages; therefore naturally occurring signal peptides are selected for proteins translocation. The aim of this study was the production in high yields of a recombinant pectin lyase that is efficiently secreted and the encapsulation of transformed E. coli cells for pectin degradation in a biotechnological process. Results The nucleotide sequence of Bacillus subtilis α-amylase's signal peptide was fused to the N-terminal of an heterologously expressed pectin lyase in E. coli BL21 [DE3]. Thus pectin lyase secretion was achieved into the extracellular growth medium. E. coli cells harboring the recombinant plasmid heterologously express pectin lyase to around 22% of the total cellular proteins, as it was estimated by SDS-PAGE and image analysis. IPTG induces the heterologously expressed enzyme, which is initially distributed extracellularly (7 hour) and later on at the periplasmic (9 hours) or cytosolic fraction (20 hours). No pectin lyase activity was found in the membranes fraction and in the inclusion bodies. Encapsulation of the recombinant strains of E. coli in alginate or alginate/silica beads 1:5 showed that pectin lyase could degrade effectively its substrate, for at least ten operational cycles. Conclusion Secretion of an heterologously overexpressed pectin lyase in E. coli BL21 [DE3] was achieved in this study. For this purpose the signal peptide of α-amylase from B. subtilis was fused to the N-terminal domain of pectin lyase. Encapsulated E. coli BL21 [DE3] cells harboring pET29c/exPNL were used successfully for pectin degradation up to ten operational cycles indicating that under special conditions this might have biotechnological implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigini M Papi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Sotiria A Chaitidou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Fotini A Trikka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Dimitrios A Kyriakidis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vasileos Konstantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
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Sakai S, Masuhara H, Yamada Y, Ono T, Ijima H, Kawakami K. Transition of mechanical property of porous alginate scaffold with cells during culture period. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 100:127-9. [PMID: 16233864 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.100.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The rupture forces of porous alginate scaffolds seeded with hepatocytes or fibroblast-like cells increased during 3 d of culture and then decreased. The phenomenon was independent of the number of viable cells within the scaffolds, but dependent on protein adsorption to the alginate as well as a reduction in the degree of crosslinks of the calcium-alginate gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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