1
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Azizi N, Eslami R, Goudarzi S, Younesi H, Zarrin H. A Review of Current Achievements and Recent Challenges in Bacterial Medium-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Production and Potential Applications. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2679-2700. [PMID: 38656151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Using petroleum-derived plastics has contributed significantly to environmental issues, such as greenhouse gas emissions and the accumulation of plastic waste in ecosystems. Researchers have focused on developing ecofriendly polymers as alternatives to traditional plastics to address these concerns. This review provides a comprehensive overview of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs), biodegradable biopolymers produced by microorganisms that show promise in replacing conventional plastics. The review discusses the classification, properties, and potential substrates of less studied mcl-PHAs, highlighting their greater ductility and flexibility compared to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), a well-known but brittle PHA. The authors summarize existing research to emphasize the potential applications of mcl-PHAs in biomedicine, packaging, biocomposites, water treatment, and energy. Future research should focus on improving production techniques, ensuring economic viability, and addressing challenges associated with industrial implementation. Investigating the biodegradability, stability, mechanical properties, durability, and cost-effectiveness of mcl-PHA-based products compared to petroleum-based counterparts is crucial. The future of mcl-PHAs looks promising, with continued research expected to optimize production techniques, enhance material properties, and expand applications. Interdisciplinary collaborations among microbiologists, engineers, chemists, and materials scientists will drive progress in this field. In conclusion, this review serves as a valuable resource to understand mcl-PHAs as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. However, further research is needed to optimize production methods, evaluate long-term ecological impacts, and assess the feasibility and viability in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Azizi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Research and Innovation Department, Sensofine Inc., Innovation Boost Zone (IBZ), Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C2, Canada
| | - Reza Eslami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Research and Innovation Department, Sensofine Inc., Innovation Boost Zone (IBZ), Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C2, Canada
| | - Shaghayegh Goudarzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Habibollah Younesi
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Nour 64414-356, Iran
| | - Hadis Zarrin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Research and Innovation Department, Sensofine Inc., Innovation Boost Zone (IBZ), Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C2, Canada
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2
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de Mello AFM, Vandenberghe LPDS, Machado CMB, Brehmer MS, de Oliveira PZ, Binod P, Sindhu R, Soccol CR. Polyhydroxyalkanoates production in biorefineries: A review on current status, challenges and opportunities. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130078. [PMID: 37993072 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The need for a sustainable and circular bioeconomy model is imperative due to petroleum non-renewability, scarcity and environmental impacts. Biorefineries systems explore biomass to its maximum, being an important pillar for the development of circular bioeconomy. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) can take advantage of biorefineries, as they can be produced using renewable feedstocks, and are potential substitutes for petrochemical plastics. The present work aims to evaluate the current status of the industrial development of PHAs production in biorefineries and PHAs contributions to the bioeconomy, along with future development points. Advancements are noticed when PHA production is coupled in wastewater treatment systems, when residues are used as substrate, and also when analytical methodologies are applied to evaluate the production process, such as the Life Cycle and Techno-Economic Analysis. For the commercial success of PHAs, it is established the need for dedicated investment and policies, in addition to proper collaboration of different society actors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Fátima Murawski de Mello
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Centro Politécnico, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luciana Porto de Souza Vandenberghe
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Centro Politécnico, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Clara Matte Borges Machado
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Centro Politécnico, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mateus Seleme Brehmer
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Centro Politécnico, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, TKM Institute of Technology, Kollam 691 505, Kerala, India
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Centro Politécnico, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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3
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Djobo O, Sina H, Tagba S, Ahyi V, Savadogo A, Adjanohoun A, Rendueles M, Baba-Moussa L. Bio-production of lactic and lactobionic acids using whey from the production of cow's milk Wagashi cheese in Benin. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1020934. [PMID: 36324617 PMCID: PMC9618735 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1020934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional cheese is the main milk derivative in Bénin. This traditional process is not efficient and generate a lot of whey which has no real use until now. It is just disposed without being environmentally treated. Its use as a source for lactobionic and lactic acids production by Pseudomonas taetrolens and Lactobacillus casei is studied in this work, being also a proposal that can greatly boost economically the dairy sector in the country and reduce the end-of-cycle impact of the residue. To our knowledge, no data is available in the metabolization of Bénin's traditional cheese whey and its potential transformation into commercially valuable products such as lactobionic and lactic acids. With bulk filtration, non-controlled pH batch fermentations and without nutrients supplementation, 66 and 22% of lactose in the traditional cheese whey have been converted into lactobionic acid and lactic acid using Pseudomonas taetrolens and Lactobacillus casei, respectively. Those are important results that encourage to enhance the bioprocesses used in a cost-effective way in order to scale up an industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumarou Djobo
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IRGIB-Africa, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Haziz Sina
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Souriatou Tagba
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Virgile Ahyi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IRGIB-Africa, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Aly Savadogo
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Manuel Rendueles
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lamine Baba-Moussa
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
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4
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Blunt W, Blanchard C, Morley K. Effects of environmental parameters on microbial rhamnolipid biosynthesis and bioreactor strategies for enhanced productivity. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Palos Pacheco R, Kegel LL, Pemberton JE. Interfacial and Solution Aggregation Behavior of a Series of Bioinspired Rhamnolipid Congeners Rha-C14-C x ( x = 6, 8, 10, 12, 14). J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13585-13596. [PMID: 34860023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnolipids are glycolipids produced by microorganisms with outstanding surfactant properties. They are a class of biosurfactants that are potential candidates for biodegradable and nontoxic replacements of current specialty synthetic surfactants. Building on our previous efforts in developing an efficient and practical chemical methodology to synthesize rhamnolipids allows us to now explore the tunability of rhamnolipid properties. Here, we explore the impact on solution self-assembly and adsorption at the air/water interface of symmetry of the two lipid tails for diastereomeric mixtures of a series of monorhamnolipids of the generic structure Rha-C14-Cx. Surface activity of the anionic forms of these molecules at pH 8 is described by surface tensiometry. Characteristics of their aggregation behavior in aqueous solutions including hydrodynamic radius, aggregation number, and aggregate morphology are determined using dynamic light scattering and time-resolved fluorescence quenching spectroscopy. The solution aggregation behavior of this series is found to unexpectedly vary in a nonmonotonic fashion. This is explained by molecular structural attributes of each series member that result in differences in the respective intermolecular interactions of various parts of these surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Palos Pacheco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Laurel L Kegel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeanne E Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Yadav B, Talan A, Tyagi RD, Drogui P. Concomitant production of value-added products with polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthesis: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125419. [PMID: 34147774 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The concern over the damaging effects of petrochemical plastics has inspired innumerable researchers to synthesize green plastics. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are promising candidates as they are biodegradable and possess characteristics similar to conventional plastics. However, their large-scale production and market application still have a long way to go due to the high production cost associated. Approaches like using industrial wastes as substrates and developing green strategies for PHA extraction during downstream processing have been investigated to make the process more economical. Recently, PHA production cost was minimized by concomitant synthesis of other valuable bioproducts with PHA. Investigating these co-products and recovering them can also make the process circular bioeconomic. Therefore, the paper attempts to review the recent strategies for the simultaneous synthesis of value-added bioproducts with PHA together with the challenges and opportunities for their large-scale production and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoomika Yadav
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Anita Talan
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - R D Tyagi
- School of Technology, Huzhou University, China; BOSK-Bioproducts, 100-399 rue Jacquard, Québec QC G1N 4J6, Canada.
| | - Patrick Drogui
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
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7
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Sun H, Wang L, Nie H, Diwu Z, Nie M, Zhang B. Optimization and characterization of rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa NY3 using waste frying oil as the sole carbon. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3155. [PMID: 33871921 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Yield and cost are two major factors limiting the widespread use of rhamnolipids (RLs). In the present study, waste frying oil (WFO) was used as the sole carbon source to produce environmentally friendly RLs by Pseudomonas aeruginosa NY3. The Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and Box-Behnken design (BBD) methods were used to maximize the production yield of RL. The PBD results showed that the concentrations of NaNO3 , Na2 HPO4 , and trace elements were the key factors affecting the yield of RL. Furthermore, the BBD results showed that at NaNO3 , Na2 HPO4 , and trace elements concentrations were 4.95, 0.66, and 0.64 mL/L, respectively, the average RL yield reached 9.15 ± 0.52 g/L, 1.58-fold higher than that observed before optimization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and liquid chromatography-ion trap-time of flight mass spectrometry (LCMS-IT-TOF) were used to elucidate the diversity of RL congeners. The results showed that, after optimization, the RL congener diversity increased, and the major RL constituent was converted from di-RLs (64.04%) to mono-RLs (60.44%). These results suggested that the concentrations of the components contained in the culture medium of P. aeruginosa NY3 influenced not only the yield of RL, but also its congener distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sun
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongyun Nie
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenjun Diwu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation, Xi'an, China
| | - Maiqian Nie
- Research Institute of Membrane Separation Technology of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
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8
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Dvořák P, Kováč J, de Lorenzo V. Biotransformation of d-xylose to d-xylonate coupled to medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate production in cellobiose-grown Pseudomonas putida EM42. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1273-1283. [PMID: 32363744 PMCID: PMC7264884 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-production of two or more desirable compounds from low-cost substrates by a single microbial catalyst could greatly improve the economic competitiveness of many biotechnological processes. However, reports demonstrating the adoption of such co-production strategy are still scarce. In this study, the ability of genome-edited strain Pseudomonas putida EM42 to simultaneously valorize d-xylose and d-cellobiose - two important lignocellulosic carbohydrates - by converting them into the platform chemical d-xylonate and medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates, respectively, was investigated. Biotransformation experiments performed with P. putida resting cells showed that promiscuous periplasmic glucose oxidation route can efficiently generate extracellular xylonate with a high yield. Xylose oxidation was subsequently coupled to the growth of P. putida with cytoplasmic β-glucosidase BglC from Thermobifida fusca on d-cellobiose. This disaccharide turned out to be a better co-substrate for xylose-to-xylonate biotransformation than monomeric glucose. This was because unlike glucose, cellobiose did not block oxidation of the pentose by periplasmic glucose dehydrogenase Gcd, but, similarly to glucose, it was a suitable substrate for polyhydroxyalkanoate formation in P. putida. Co-production of extracellular xylose-born xylonate and intracellular cellobiose-born medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates was established in proof-of-concept experiments with P. putida grown on the disaccharide. This study highlights the potential of P. putida EM42 as a microbial platform for the production of xylonate, identifies cellobiose as a new substrate for mcl-PHA production, and proposes a fresh strategy for the simultaneous valorization of xylose and cellobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Dvořák
- Department of Experimental Biology (Section of Microbiology)Faculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityKamenice 753/562500BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Jozef Kováč
- Department of Experimental Biology (Section of Microbiology)Faculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityKamenice 753/562500BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Víctor de Lorenzo
- Systems and Synthetic Biology ProgramCentro Nacional de Biotecnología CNB‐CSICCantoblancoDarwin 328049MadridSpain
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9
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Zhao L, Cheng Y, Yin Z, Chen D, Bao M, Lu J. Insights into the effect of different levels of crude oil on hydrolyzed polyacrylamide biotransformation in aerobic and anoxic biosystems: Bioresource production, enzymatic activity, and microbial function. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 293:122023. [PMID: 31472407 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The differences of crude oil recovery ratio resulted in different levels of crude oil in actual hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM)-containing wastewater. The effect of crude oil on HPAM biotransformation was explored from bioresource production, enzymatic activity and microbial function. In aerobic biosystems, the highest polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) yield (19.6%-40.2%) and dehydrogenase (DH) activity (4.06-8.32 mg·g-1 VSS) occurred in the 48th hour, and increased with crude oil concentration (0-400 mg·L-1). In anoxic biosystems, the highest PHA yield (24.5%-50.5%) and DH activity (3.24-6.69 mg·g-1 VSS) occurred in the 72nd hour, and increased with crude oil concentration. The higher substrate removal (38.5%-65.7%) occurred in aerobic biosystems, while the higher PHA accumulation occurred in anoxic biosystems. PHA yield, DH activity and HPAM removal were related. Microbial function related to HPAM biodegradation and PHA synthesis was discussed. The main function of Pseudomonas and Bacillus in aerobic biosystems was to degrade HPAM, and in anoxic biosystems was to synthesize PHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zichao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dafan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Mutai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Jinren Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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10
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Kumar P, Kim BS. Valorization of polyhydroxyalkanoates production process by co-synthesis of value-added products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 269:544-556. [PMID: 30201320 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are the only polyesters that are completely synthesized biologically and possess features equivalent to petroleum-based plastics besides being biodegradable. PHA based materials may certainly prove helpful in addressing the concerns caused due to the indiscriminate use of synthetic plastics. However, the cost of producing these polymers on a large scale is still uneconomical. Various approaches have been developed to tackle this issue through usage of agro-industrial wastes, co-production of high market value products, polymer extraction using green solvents, etc. The advent of recombineering and CRISPR technologies has broadened the scope of constructing a microbe capable of synthesizing multiple products with economic feasibility. Quite a few high-market value chemicals are possible to synthesize along with the favorable accumulation of PHA. The present article attempts to review all PHA polymer co-production processes with other chemicals reported till date and discusses the opportunities for their large-scale operation in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Irorere VU, Smyth TJ, Cobice D, McClean S, Marchant R, Banat IM. Fatty acid synthesis pathway provides lipid precursors for rhamnolipid biosynthesis in Burkholderia thailandensis E264. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6163-6174. [PMID: 29752487 PMCID: PMC6013509 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnolipid production was monitored for a period of 216 h using different substrates in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Burkholderia thailandensis E264 which showed comparable crude yields attained by both after 216 h. The crude yield for P. aeruginosa, however, was significantly higher at the early stages of fermentation (72 or 144 h). Additionally, P. aeruginosa produced rhamnolipid with odd and even carbon chain lipid moieties using odd carbon chain fatty acid substrates (up to 45.97 and 67.57%, respectively). In contrast, B. thailandensis produced rhamnolipid with predominantly even carbon chain lipid moieties (up to 99.26). These results indicate the use of the fatty acid synthesis (FAS II) pathway as the main source of lipid precursors in rhamnolipid biosynthesis by B. thailandensis. Isotope tracing using 0.25% stearic acid – d35 + 1% glycerol as carbon substrate showed a single pattern of deuterium incorporation: with predominantly less than 15 deuterium atoms incorporated into a single Di-C14-C14 rhamnolipid molecule. This further indicates that the FAS II pathway is the main source of the lipid precursor in rhamnolipid biosynthesis by B. thailandensis. The pathogenicity of these strains was also assessed, and results showed that B. thailandensis is significantly less pathogenic than P. aeruginosa with an LC50 at 24 h > 2500, approximately three logs higher than P. aeruginosa using the Galleria mellonella larva model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U Irorere
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Thomas J Smyth
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology Sligo, County Sligo, Ireland
| | - Diego Cobice
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Stephen McClean
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Roger Marchant
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Ibrahim M Banat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK.
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12
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13
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Liu G, Zhong H, Yang X, Liu Y, Shao B, Liu Z. Advances in applications of rhamnolipids biosurfactant in environmental remediation: A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:796-814. [PMID: 29240227 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the advances in the applications of rhamnolipids biosurfactants in soil and ground water remediation for removal of petroleum hydrocarbon and heavy metal contaminants. The properties of rhamnolipids associated with the contaminant removal, that is, solubilization, emulsification, dispersion, foaming, wetting, complexation, and the ability to modify bacterial cell surface properties, were reviewed in the first place. Then current remediation technologies with integration of rhamnolipid were summarized, and the effects and mechanisms for rhamnolipid to facilitate contaminant removal for these technologies were discussed. Finally rhamnolipid-based methods for remediation of the sites co-contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals were presented and discussed. The review is expected to enhance our understanding on environmental aspects of rhamnolipid and provide some important information to guide the extending use of this fascinating chemical in remediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guansheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Binbin Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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14
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Kourmentza C, Costa J, Azevedo Z, Servin C, Grandfils C, De Freitas V, Reis MAM. Burkholderia thailandensis as a microbial cell factory for the bioconversion of used cooking oil to polyhydroxyalkanoates and rhamnolipids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 247:829-837. [PMID: 30060419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work assessed the feasibility of used cooking oil as a low cost carbon source for rhamnolipid biosurfactant production employing the strain Burkholderia thailandensis. According to the results, B. thailandensis was able to produce rhamnolipids up to 2.2 g/L, with the dominant congener being the di-rhamnolipid Rha-Rha-C14-C14. Rhamnolipids had the ability to reduce the surface tension to 37.7 mN/m and the interfacial tension against benzene and oleic acid to 4.2 and 1.5 mN/m, while emulsification index against kerosene reached up to 64%. The ability of B. thailandensis to accumulate intracellular biopolymers, in the form of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), was also monitored. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) was accumulated simultaneously and consisted of up to 60% of the cell dry weight. PHB was further characterized in terms of its molecular weight and thermal properties. This is the first study reporting the simultaneous production of polyhydroxyalkanoates and rhamnolipids by the non-pathogen rhamnolipid producer B. thailandensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kourmentza
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCT/UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - J Costa
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCT/UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Z Azevedo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - C Servin
- Interfacultary Research Centre of Biomaterials (CEIB), University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - C Grandfils
- Interfacultary Research Centre of Biomaterials (CEIB), University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - V De Freitas
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - M A M Reis
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCT/UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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15
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Li T, Elhadi D, Chen GQ. Co-production of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates with other chemicals. Metab Eng 2017; 43:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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Alonso S, Rendueles M, Díaz M. Tunable decoupled overproduction of lactobionic acid in Pseudomonas taetrolens through temperature-control strategies. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Palos Pacheco R, Eismin RJ, Coss CS, Wang H, Maier RM, Polt R, Pemberton JE. Synthesis and Characterization of Four Diastereomers of Monorhamnolipids. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5125-5132. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Palos Pacheco
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Soil, Water and Environmental
Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Ryan J. Eismin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Soil, Water and Environmental
Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Clifford S. Coss
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Soil, Water and Environmental
Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Soil, Water and Environmental
Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Raina M. Maier
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Soil, Water and Environmental
Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Robin Polt
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Soil, Water and Environmental
Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeanne E. Pemberton
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Soil, Water and Environmental
Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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18
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Behrens B, Engelen J, Tiso T, Blank LM, Hayen H. Characterization of rhamnolipids by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2505-14. [PMID: 26879646 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnolipids are surface-active agents with a broad application potential that are produced in complex mixtures by bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. Analysis from fermentation broth is often characterized by laborious sample preparation and requires hyphenated analytical techniques like liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to obtain detailed information about sample composition. In this study, an analytical procedure based on chromatographic method development and characterization of rhamnolipid sample material by LC-MS as well as a comparison of two sample preparation methods, i.e., liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction, is presented. Efficient separation was achieved under reversed-phase conditions using a mixed propylphenyl and octadecylsilyl-modified silica gel stationary phase. LC-MS/MS analysis of a supernatant from Pseudomonas putida strain KT2440 pVLT33_rhlABC grown on glucose as sole carbon source and purified by solid-phase extraction revealed a total of 20 congeners of di-rhamnolipids, mono-rhamnolipids, and their biosynthetic precursors 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy)alkanoic acids (HAAs) with different carbon chain lengths from C8 to C14, including three rhamnolipids with uncommon C9 and C11 fatty acid residues. LC-MS and the orcinol assay were used to evaluate the developed solid-phase extraction method in comparison with the established liquid-liquid extraction. Solid-phase extraction exhibited higher yields and reproducibility as well as lower experimental effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Behrens
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jeannine Engelen
- Department of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
- A&M Stabtest GmbH, Kopernikusstr. 25, 50126, Bergheim, Germany
| | - Till Tiso
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars Mathias Blank
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Dobler L, Vilela LF, Almeida RV, Neves BC. Rhamnolipids in perspective: gene regulatory pathways, metabolic engineering, production and technological forecasting. N Biotechnol 2015; 33:123-35. [PMID: 26409933 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnolipids have emerged as a very promising class of biosurfactants in the last decades, exhibiting properties of great interest in several industrial applications, and have represented a suitable alternative to chemically-synthesized surfactants. This class of biosurfactants has been extensively studied in recent years, aiming at their large-scale production based on renewable resources, which still require high financial costs. Development of non-pathogenic, high-producing strains has been the focus of a number of studies involving heterologous microbial hosts as platforms. However, the intricate gene regulation network controlling rhamnolipid biosynthesis represents a challenge to metabolic engineering and remains to be further understood and explored. This article provides an overview of the biosynthetic pathways and the main gene regulatory factors involved in rhamnolipid production within Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the prototypal producing species. In addition, we provide a perspective view into the main strategies applied to metabolic engineering and biotechnological production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Dobler
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo F Vilela
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo V Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca C Neves
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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20
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Liang Q, Qi Q. From a co-production design to an integrated single-cell biorefinery. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1328-1335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Microbial bio-based plastics from olive-mill wastewater: Generation and properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates from mixed cultures in a two-stage pilot scale system. J Biotechnol 2014; 188:138-47. [PMID: 25157746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The operational efficiency of a two stage pilot scale system for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production from three phase olive oil mill wastewater (OMW) was investigated in this study. A mixed anaerobic, acidogenic culture derived from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, was used in the first stage, aiming to the acidification of OMW. The effluent of the first bioreactor that was operated in continuous mode, was collected in a sedimentation tank in which partial removal of the suspended solids was taking place, and was then forwarded to an aerobic reactor, operated in sequential batch mode under nutrient limitation. In the second stage an enriched culture of Pseudomonas sp. was used as initial inoculum for the production of PHAs from the acidified waste. Clarification of the acidified waste, using aluminium sulphate which causes flocculation and precipitation of solids, was also performed, and its effect on the composition of the acidified waste as well as on the yields and properties of PHAs was investigated. It was shown that clarification had no significant qualitative or quantitative effect on the primary carbon sources, i.e. short chain fatty acids and residual sugars, but only on the values of total suspended solids and total chemical oxygen demand of the acidified waste. The type and thermal characteristics of the produced PHAs were also similar for both types of feed. However the clarification of the waste seemed to have a positive impact on final PHAs yield, measured as gPHAs/100g of VSS, which reached up to 25%. Analysis of the final products via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the existence of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 3-hydroxyoctanoate (HO) units, leading to the conclusion that the polymer could be either a blend of P3HB and P3HO homopolymers or/and the 3HB-co-3HO co-polymer, an unusual polymer occurring in nature with advanced properties.
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22
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Abdel-Mawgoud AM, Lépine F, Déziel E. A stereospecific pathway diverts β-oxidation intermediates to the biosynthesis of rhamnolipid biosurfactants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:156-64. [PMID: 24374163 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnolipids are multipurpose surface-active molecules produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa from L-rhamnose and R-3-hydroxyalkanoate (C₁₀±₂) precursors. R-3-hydroxyalkanoate precursor is believed to be synthesized de novo. We demonstrate, however, that β-oxidation is the predominant source of this precursor. Inhibition of β-oxidation sharply decreases rhamnolipids production, even when using a nonfatty acid carbon source (glycerol). Isotope tracing shows that β-oxidation intermediates are direct precursors of rhamnolipids. A mutant-based survey revealed an operon coding for enoyl-CoA hydratases/isomerases (ECH/I), named RhlYZ, implicated in rhamnolipids production via an axial role in 3-hydroxyalkanoate synthesis. In vitro, RhlZ is an R-ECH/I transforming 2-decenoyl-CoA, a β-oxidation intermediate, into R-3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA, the potential rhamnolipids precursor. Interestingly, polyhydroxyalkanoates share with rhamnolipids the RhlYZ-generated R-3-hydroxyalkanoates pool, as demonstrated by the decrease of polyhydroxyalkanoates upon mutation of rhlYZ and the increase of rhamnolipids in a polyhydroxyalkanoates-defective mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Déziel
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada.
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23
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Fatty acid cosubstrates provide β-oxidation precursors for rhamnolipid biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as evidenced by isotope tracing and gene expression assays. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:8611-22. [PMID: 23042167 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02111-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhamnolipids have multiple potential applications as "green" surfactants for industry, remediation, and medicine. As a result, they have been intensively investigated to add to our understanding of their biosynthesis and improve yields. Several studies have noted that the addition of a fatty acid cosubstrate increases rhamnolipid yields, but a metabolic explanation has not been offered, partly because biosynthesis studies to date have used sugar or sugar derivatives as the carbon source. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of fatty acid cosubstrates in improving rhamnolipid biosynthesis. A combination of stable isotope tracing and gene expression assays was used to identify lipid precursors and potential lipid metabolic pathways used in rhamnolipid synthesis when fatty acid cosubstrates are present. To this end, we compared the rhamnolipids produced and their yields using either glucose alone or glucose and octadecanoic acid-d(35) as cosubstrates. Using a combination of sugar and fatty acids, the rhamnolipid yield was significantly higher (i.e., doubled) than when glucose was used alone. Two patterns of deuterium incorporation (either 1 or 15 deuterium atoms) in a single Rha-C(10) lipid chain were observed for octadecanoic acid-d(35) treatment, indicating that in the presence of a fatty acid cosubstrate, both de novo fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation are used to provide lipid precursors for rhamnolipids. Gene expression assays showed a 200- to 600-fold increase in the expression of rhlA and rhlB rhamnolipid biosynthesis genes and a more modest increase of 3- to 4-fold of the fadA β-oxidation pathway gene when octadecanoic acid was present. Taken together, these results suggest that the simultaneous use of de novo fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation pathways allows for higher production of lipid precursors, resulting in increased rhamnolipid yields.
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24
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Zhu L, Yang X, Xue C, Chen Y, Qu L, Lu W. Enhanced rhamnolipids production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on a pH stage-controlled fed-batch fermentation process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 117:208-213. [PMID: 22613897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnolipids find broad applications as natural surfactants, emulsifiers, and antibiotics because of their low toxicity, high biodegradability and environmental soundness. In this study, a pH stage-controlled process of fermentation of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa O-2-2 was established. A yield of 24.06 g/L in batch fermentation was achieved in a 5-L fermentor via the optimization of stirring speed. By controlling pH, rhamnolipid production was increased to 28.8 g/L, an improvement of 19.7%, and more substrate was converted to rhamnolipids rather than to biomass. Fermentation kinetics models for cell growth, product synthesis and substrate consumption based on the pH stage-controlled fermentation indicated that rhamnolipid production could be further improved by fed-batch fermentation. Rhamnolipid production reached 70.56 g/L, an improvement of 193%, in the pH stage-controlled fed-batch fermentation when the stirring speeds was controlled at 500 rpm and the fermentation temperature was maintained at 30 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqing Zhu
- Department of Biological Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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25
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Makkar RS, Cameotra SS, Banat IM. Advances in utilization of renewable substrates for biosurfactant production. AMB Express 2011; 1:5. [PMID: 21906330 PMCID: PMC3159906 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosurfactants are amphiphilic molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties which partition preferentially at the interfaces such as liquid/liquid, gas/liquid or solid/liquid interfaces. Such characteristics enable emulsifying, foaming, detergency and dispersing properties. Their low toxicity and environmental friendly nature and the wide range of potential industrial applications in bioremediation, health care, oil and food processing industries makes them a highly sought after group of chemical compounds. Interest in them has also been encouraged because of the potential advantages they offer over their synthetic counterparts in many fields spanning environmental, food, biomedical, petrochemical and other industrial applications. Their large scale production and application however are currently restricted by the high cost of production and by the limited understanding of their interactions with cells and with the abiotic environment. In this paper, we review the current knowledge and latest advances in the search for cost effective renewable agro industrial alternative substrates for their production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swaranjit S Cameotra
- Scientist F, Fellow AMI, FNABS, NESA Environmentalist, Member WFCC Task Groups, Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Ibrahim M Banat
- Professor Ibrahim M. Banat BSc PhD CBiol FIBiol, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
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