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Shi W, Wu J, Pi Y, Yan X, Hu X, Cheng J, Yu H, Shao Z. E7 Peptide Enables BMSC Adhesion and Promotes Chondrogenic Differentiation of BMSCs Via the LncRNA H19/miR675 Axis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:781. [PMID: 37508808 PMCID: PMC10376115 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies based on utilizing endogenous BMSCs have been developed for the regeneration of bone, cartilage, and ligaments. We previously found that E7 peptide (EPLQLKM) could enhance BMSC homing in bio-scaffolds and, therefore, promote cartilage regeneration. However, the profile and mechanisms of E7 peptide in cartilage regeneration remain elusive. In this study, we examined the effect of E7 peptide on the BMSC phenotype, including adhesion, viability and chondrogenic differentiation, and its underlying mechanism. The konjac glucomannan microsphere (KGM), a carrier material that is free of BMSC adhesion ability, was used as the solid base of E7 peptide to better explore the independent role of E7 peptide in BMSC behavior. The results showed that E7 peptide could support BMSC adhesion and viability in a comparable manner to RGD and promote superior chondrogenic differentiation to RGD. We examined differentially expressed genes of BMSCs induced by E7 compared to RGD. Subsequently, a real-time PCR validated the significantly upregulated expression of lncRNA H19, and the knockdown of lncRNA H19 or miR675, a downstream functional unit of H19, could significantly obscure the chondrogenic differentiation induced by E7. In conclusion, this study confirmed the independent role of E7 in the adhesion and viability of BMSCs and revealed the pro-chondrogenic effect of E7 on BMSCs via the H19/miR675 axis. These results could help establish new therapeutic strategies based on employing endogenous BMSCs for cartilage tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Shi
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiangyi Wu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Yanbin Pi
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xingran Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huilei Yu
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhenxing Shao
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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2
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Xiang N, Yao Y, Yuen JSK, Stout AJ, Fennelly C, Sylvia R, Schnitzler A, Wong S, Kaplan DL. Edible films for cultivated meat production. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121659. [PMID: 35839585 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial scaffolds are critical components in cultivated meat production for enabling cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and orientation. Currently, there is limited information on the fabrication of edible/biodegradable scaffolds for cultivated meat applications. In the present work, several abundant, naturally derived biomaterials (gelatin, soy, glutenin, zein, cellulose, alginate, konjac, chitosan) were fabricated into films without toxic cross-linking or stabilizing agents. These films were investigated for support of the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of murine and bovine myoblasts. These biomaterials supported cell viability, and the protein-based films showed better cell adhesion than the polysaccharide-based films. Surface patterns induced cell alignment and guided myoblast differentiation and organization on the glutenin and zein films. The mechanical properties of the protein films were also assessed and suggested that a range of properties can be achieved to meet food-related goals. Overall, based on adherence, proliferation, differentiation, mechanics, and material availability, protein-based films, particularly glutenin and zein, showed the most promise for cultivated meat applications. Ultimately, this work presents a comparison of suitable biomaterials for cultivated meat applications and suggests future efforts to optimize scaffolds for efficacy and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, USA, 02155
| | - Ya Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, USA, 02155
| | - John S K Yuen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, USA, 02155
| | - Andrew J Stout
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, USA, 02155
| | - Colin Fennelly
- MilliporeSigma, Inc., 400 Summit Drive, Burlington, MA, USA, 1803
| | - Ryan Sylvia
- MilliporeSigma, Inc., 400 Summit Drive, Burlington, MA, USA, 1803
| | | | - Shou Wong
- MilliporeSigma, Inc., 400 Summit Drive, Burlington, MA, USA, 1803
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA, USA, 02155.
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3
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Yan XR, Li J, Na XM, Li T, Xia YF, Zhou WQ, Ma GH. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Proliferation on Konjac Glucomannan Microcarriers: Effect of Rigidity. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2800-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Oki Y, Harano K, Hara Y, Sasajima Y, Sasaki R, Ito T, Fujishiro M, Ito T. Cationic surface charge effect on proliferation and protein production of human dental pulp stem cells cultured on diethylaminoethyl-modified cellulose porous beads. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Ng S, Kurisawa M. Integrating biomaterials and food biopolymers for cultured meat production. Acta Biomater 2021; 124:108-129. [PMID: 33472103 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cultured meat has recently achieved mainstream prominence due to the emergence of societal and industrial interest. In contrast to animal-based production of traditional meat, the cultured meat approach entails laboratory cultivation of engineered muscle tissue. However, bioengineers have hitherto engineered tissues to fulfil biomedical endpoints, and have had limited experience in engineering muscle tissue for its post-mortem traits, which broadly govern consumer definitions of meat quality. Furthermore, existing tissue engineering approaches face fundamental challenges in technical feasibility and industrial scalability for cultured meat production. This review discusses how animal-based meat production variables influence meat properties at both the molecular and functional level, and whether current cultured meat approaches recapitulate these properties. In addition, this review considers how conventional meat producers employ exogenous biopolymer-based meat ingredients and processing techniques to mimic desirable meat properties in meat products. Finally, current biomaterial strategies for engineering muscle and adipose tissue are surveyed in the context of emerging constraints that pertain to cultured meat production, such as edibility, sustainability and scalability, and potential areas for integrating biomaterials and food biopolymer approaches to address these constraints are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Laboratory-grown or cultured meat has gained increasing interest from industry and the public, but currently faces significant impediment to market feasibility. This is due to fundamental knowledge gaps in producing realistic meat tissues via conventional tissue engineering approaches, as well as translational challenges in scaling up these approaches in an efficient, sustainable and high-volume manner. By defining the molecular basis for desirable meat quality attributes, such as taste and texture, and introducing the fundamental roles of food biopolymers in mimicking these properties in conventional meat products, this review aims to bridge the historically disparate fields of meat science and biomaterials engineering in order to inspire potentially synergistic strategies that address some of these challenges.
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Kiesslich S, Kamen AA. Vero cell upstream bioprocess development for the production of viral vectors and vaccines. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107608. [PMID: 32768520 PMCID: PMC7405825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Vero cell line is considered the most used continuous cell line for the production of viral vectors and vaccines. Historically, it is the first cell line that was approved by the WHO for the production of human vaccines. Comprehensive experimental data on the production of many viruses using the Vero cell line can be found in the literature. However, the vast majority of these processes is relying on the microcarrier technology. While this system is established for the large-scale manufacturing of viral vaccine, it is still quite complex and labor intensive. Moreover, scale-up remains difficult and is limited by the surface area given by the carriers. To overcome these and other drawbacks and to establish more efficient manufacturing processes, it is a priority to further develop the Vero cell platform by applying novel bioprocess technologies. Especially in times like the current COVID-19 pandemic, advanced and scalable platform technologies could provide more efficient and cost-effective solutions to meet the global vaccine demand. Herein, we review the prevailing literature on Vero cell bioprocess development for the production of viral vectors and vaccines with the aim to assess the recent advances in bioprocess development. We critically underline the need for further research activities and describe bottlenecks to improve the Vero cell platform by taking advantage of recent developments in the cell culture engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Kiesslich
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Amine A Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada.
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Chen Y, Song C, Lv Y, Qian X. Konjac glucomannan/kappa carrageenan interpenetrating network hydrogels with enhanced mechanical strength and excellent self-healing capability. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Derakhti S, Safiabadi-Tali SH, Amoabediny G, Sheikhpour M. Attachment and detachment strategies in microcarrier-based cell culture technology: A comprehensive review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Martins CR, Custódio CA, Mano JF. Multifunctional laminarin microparticles for cell adhesion and expansion. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 202:91-98. [PMID: 30287047 PMCID: PMC6443035 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfabrication technologies have been widely explored to produce microgels that can be assembled in functional constructs for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Here, we propose microfluidics coupled to a source of UV light to produce multifunctional methacrylated laminarin microparticles with narrow distribution of sizes using photopolymerization. The multifunctional microparticles were loaded with platelet lysates and further conjugated with an adhesive peptide. The adhesive peptides dictated cell adhesiveness to the laminarin microparticles, the incorporation of platelet lysates have resulted in improved cell expansion compared to clear microparticles. Overall, our findings demonstrate that multifunctional methacrylated laminarin microparticles provide an effective support for cell attachment and expansion. Moreover, expanded cells provide the link for microparticles aggregation resulting in robust 3D structures. This suggest the potential for using the methacrylated laminarin microplatforms capable to be assembled by the action of cells to rapidly produce large tissue engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Martins
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C A Custódio
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - J F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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França CG, Nascimento VF, Hernandez-Montelongo J, Machado D, Lancellotti M, Beppu MM. Synthesis and Properties of Silk Fibroin/Konjac Glucomannan Blend Beads. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10080923. [PMID: 30960848 PMCID: PMC6403648 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) and konjac glucomannan (KGM) are promising materials in the biomedical field due to their low toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability and low immune response. Beads of these natural polymers are interesting scaffolds for biomedical applications, but their fabrication is a challenge due to their low stability and the necessary adaptation of their chemical and mechanical properties to be successfully applied. In that sense, this study aimed to synthesize a blend of silk fibroin and konjac glucomannan (SF/KGM) in the form of porous beads obtained through dripping into liquid nitrogen, with a post-treatment using ethanol. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds promoted the integration of SF and KGM. Treated beads showed higher porous size, crystallinity, and stability than untreated beads. Characterization analyses by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XDR) evidenced that ethanol treatment allows a conformational transition from silk I to silk II in SF and an increase in the KGM deacetylation. Those chemical changes significantly enhanced the mechanical resistance of SF/KGM beads in comparison to pure SF and KGM beads. Moreover, samples showed cytocompatibility with HaCaT and BALB/c 3T3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Giometti França
- Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-852, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Vicente Franco Nascimento
- Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-852, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jacobo Hernandez-Montelongo
- Departamento de Ciencias Matemáticas y Físicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4813302, Chile.
- Núcleo de Investigación en Bioproductos y Materiales Avanzados (BioMa), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4781312, Chile.
| | - Daisy Machado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Lancellotti
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Masumi Beppu
- Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-852, São Paulo, Brazil.
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11
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Qu JB, Liu Y, Liu JY, Huan GS, Wei SN, Li SH, Liu JG. One-Pot Synthesis of Bimodal Gigaporous Polystyrene Microspheres with Hydrophilic Surfaces. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Sheng Huan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Nan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Hai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
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12
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Tan YJ, Tan X, Yeong WY, Tor SB. Hybrid microscaffold-based 3D bioprinting of multi-cellular constructs with high compressive strength: A new biofabrication strategy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39140. [PMID: 27966623 PMCID: PMC5155425 DOI: 10.1038/srep39140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A hybrid 3D bioprinting approach using porous microscaffolds and extrusion-based printing method is presented. Bioink constitutes of cell-laden poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) porous microspheres with thin encapsulation of agarose-collagen composite hydrogel (AC hydrogel). Highly porous microspheres enable cells to adhere and proliferate before printing. Meanwhile, AC hydrogel allows a smooth delivery of cell-laden microspheres (CLMs), with immediate gelation of construct upon printing on cold build platform. Collagen fibrils were formed in the AC hydrogel during culture at body temperature, improving the cell affinity and spreading compared to pure agarose hydrogel. Cells were proven to proliferate in the bioink and the bioprinted construct. High cell viability up to 14 days was observed. The compressive strength of the bioink is more than 100 times superior to those of pure AC hydrogel. A potential alternative in tissue engineering of tissue replacements and biological models is made possible by combining the advantages of the conventional solid scaffolds with the new 3D bioprinting technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jun Tan
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical &Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Xipeng Tan
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical &Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Wai Yee Yeong
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical &Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Shu Beng Tor
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical &Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
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Behera SS, Ray RC. Konjac glucomannan, a promising polysaccharide of Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch in health care. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:942-956. [PMID: 27481345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent year, konjac glucomannan (KGM) has attracted more attention due to its non-harmful and non-toxic properties, good biocompatibility, biodegradability and hydrophilic ability. Moreover, KGM and their derivatives have several importances in the multidirectional research areas such as nutritional, biotechnological and fine chemical fields. In the previous article, we have reviewed the nutritional aspects of KGM covering the various aspects of functional foods, food additives and their derivatives. This review aims at highlighting the diverse biomedical research conducted on KGM in the past ten years, covering therapies for anti-obesity, regulation in lipid metabolism, laxative effect, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, prebiotic to wound dressing applications. Moreover, this review deals with global health aspects of KGM and the disparate health related factors associated with diseases and their control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu S Behera
- Department of Fisheries and Animal Resource Development, Government of Odisha, India.
| | - Ramesh C Ray
- ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (Regional Centre), Bhubaneswar 751 019, India
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Gallo-Ramírez LE, Nikolay A, Genzel Y, Reichl U. Bioreactor concepts for cell culture-based viral vaccine production. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1181-95. [PMID: 26178380 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1067144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine manufacturing processes are designed to meet present and upcoming challenges associated with a growing vaccine market and to include multi-use facilities offering a broad portfolio and faster reaction times in case of pandemics and emerging diseases. The final products, from whole viruses to recombinant viral proteins, are very diverse, making standard process strategies hardly universally applicable. Numerous factors such as cell substrate, virus strain or expression system, medium, cultivation system, cultivation method, and scale need consideration. Reviewing options for efficient and economical production of human vaccines, this paper discusses basic factors relevant for viral antigen production in mammalian cells, avian cells and insect cells. In addition, bioreactor concepts, including static systems, single-use systems, stirred tanks and packed-beds are addressed. On this basis, methods towards process intensification, in particular operational strategies, the use of perfusion systems for high product yields, and steps to establish continuous processes are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilí Esmeralda Gallo-Ramírez
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg; Sandtorstr. 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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