1
|
Baluk MA, Trzebiatowska PJ, Pieczyńska A, Makowski D, Kroczewska M, Łuczak J, Zaleska-Medynska A. A new strategy for PET depolymerization: Application of bimetallic MOF-74 as a selective catalyst. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 363:121360. [PMID: 38850902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Large-volume production of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), especially in the form of bottles and food packaging containers, causes problems with polymer waste management. Waste PET could be recycled thermally, mechanically or chemically and the last method allows to obtain individual monomers, but most often it is carried out in the presence of homogeneous catalysts, that are difficult to separate and reuse. In view of this, this work reports for the first time, application of bimetallic MOF-74 - as heterogeneous catalyst - for depolymerization of PET with high monomer (bishydroxyethyl terephthalate, BHET) recovery. The effect of type and amount of second metal in the MOF-74 (Mg/M) was systematically investigated. The results showed increased activity of MOF-74 (Mg/M) containing Co2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+ as a second metal, while the opposite correlation was observed for Cu2+ and Ni2+. It was found that the highest catalytic activity was demonstrated by the introduction of Mg-Mn into MOF-74 with ratio molar 1:1, which resulted in complete depolymerization of PET and 91.8% BHET yield within 4 h. Furthermore, the obtained catalyst showed good stability in 5 reaction cycles and allowed to achieve high-purity BHET, which was confirmed by HPLC analysis. The as-prepared MOF-74 (Mg/Mn) was easy to separate from the post-reaction mixture, clean and reuse in the next depolymerization reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Adam Baluk
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | | | - Aleksandra Pieczyńska
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Damian Makowski
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Malwina Kroczewska
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Justyna Łuczak
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland; Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adriana Zaleska-Medynska
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Osiebe O, Adewale IO, Omafuvbe BO. Production and characterization of intracellular invertase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (OL629078.1), using cassava-soybean as a cost-effective substrate. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16295. [PMID: 37770493 PMCID: PMC10539294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing global market for industrial enzymes has led to a constant search for efficient, cost-effective methods for their production. This study reports the production of invertase using inexpensive and readily available agro-materials. Starch-digesting enzymes extracted from malted unkilned sorghum were used to hydrolyze cassava starch supplemented with 2% whole soybean. The production of intracellular invertase by Saccharomyces cerevisiae OL629078.1 in cassava-soybean and yeast sucrose broth was compared. The purification and characterization of invertase produced using the low-cost medium were also reported. The results showed that there was a 4.1-fold increase in the units of invertase produced in cassava-soybean medium (318.605 U/mg) compared to yeast sucrose broth medium (77.6 U/mg). The invertase produced was purified by chromatographic methods up to 5.53-fold with a recovery of 62.6%. Estimation of the molecular weight with gel filtration indicated a molecular weight of 118 kDa. The enzyme demonstrated its maximum activity at 50 °C and there was no decrease in its activity following a 1-h incubation at this temperature. At a pH of 5.0, the enzyme demonstrated optimal activity and it maintained over 60% of its activity in the acid range (pH 3-6). The Michalis-Menten constants Km and Vmax of intracellular invertase were 5.85 ± 1.715 mM and 6.472 ± 2.099 U/mg, respectively. These results suggest that Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on cassava-soybean is a viable, cost-effective alternative for commercial invertase production, which can be explored for biotechnological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oghenesivwe Osiebe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - Isaac Olusanjo Adewale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aristizábal-Lanza L, Mankar SV, Tullberg C, Zhang B, Linares-Pastén JA. Comparison of the enzymatic depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate and AkestraTM using Humicola insolens cutinase. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1048744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic depolymerization of synthetic polyesters has become of great interest in recycling plastics. Most of the research in this area focuses on the depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) due to its widespread use in various applications. However, the enzymatic activity on other commercial polyesters is less frequently investigated. Therefore, AkestraTM attracted our attention, which is a copolymer derived from PET with a partially biobased spirocyclic acetal structure. In this study, the activity of Humicola insolens cutinase (HiCut) on PET and AkestraTM films and powder was investigated. HiCut showed higher depolymerization activity on amorphous PET films than on Akestra™ films. However, an outstanding performance was achieved on AkestraTM powder, reaching 38% depolymerization in 235h, while only 12% for PET powder. These results are consistent with the dependence of the enzymes on the crystallinity of the polymer since Akestra™ is amorphous while the PET powder has 14% crystallinity. On the other hand, HiCut docking studies and molecular dynamic simulations (MD) suggested that the PET-derived mono (hydroxyethyl)terephthalate dimer (MHET)2 is a hydrolyzable ligand, producing terephthalic acid (TPA), while the Akestra™-derived TPA-spiroglycol ester is not, which is consistent with the depolymerization products determined experimentally. MD studies also suggest ligand-induced local conformational changes in the active site.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang T, Shen C, Yu G, Chen X. The upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate using protic ionic liquids as catalyst. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
5
|
Ma M, Wang S, Liu Y, Yu H, Yu S, Ji C, Li H, Nie G, Liu S. Insights into the depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate in methanol. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow Reaction and Separation Engineering of Shandong Province, College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow Reaction and Separation Engineering of Shandong Province, College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow Reaction and Separation Engineering of Shandong Province, College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Hailong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow Reaction and Separation Engineering of Shandong Province, College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Shitao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow Reaction and Separation Engineering of Shandong Province, College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Congcong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow Reaction and Separation Engineering of Shandong Province, College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow Reaction and Separation Engineering of Shandong Province, College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Genkuo Nie
- Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow Reaction and Separation Engineering of Shandong Province, College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow Reaction and Separation Engineering of Shandong Province, College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abedsoltan H, Coleman MR. Aryl sulfonic acid catalysts: Effect of pendant group structure on activity in hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Abedsoltan
- Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA
| | - Maria R. Coleman
- Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA
- Polymer Institute University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Abstract
The serious issue of textile waste accumulation has raised attention on biodegradability as a possible route to support sustainable consumption of textile fibers. However, synthetic textile fibers that dominate the market, especially poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), resist biological degradation, creating environmental and waste management challenges. Because pure natural fibers, like cotton, both perform well for consumer textiles and generally meet certain standardized biodegradability criteria, inspiration from the mechanisms involved in natural biodegradability are leading to new discoveries and developments in biologically accelerated textile waste remediation for both natural and synthetic fibers. The objective of this review is to present a multidisciplinary perspective on the essential bio-chemo-physical requirements for textile materials to undergo biodegradation, taking into consideration the impact of environmental or waste management process conditions on biodegradability outcomes. Strategies and recent progress in enhancing synthetic textile fiber biodegradability are reviewed, with emphasis on performance and biodegradability behavior of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as an alternative biobased, biodegradable apparel textile fiber, and on biological strategies for addressing PET waste, including industrial enzymatic hydrolysis to generate recyclable monomers. Notably, while pure PET fibers do not biodegrade within the timeline of any standardized conditions, recent developments with process intensification and engineered enzymes show that higher enzymatic recycling efficiency for PET polymer has been achieved compared to cellulosic materials. Furthermore, combined with alternative waste management practices, such as composting, anaerobic digestion and biocatalyzed industrial reprocessing, the development of synthetic/natural fiber blends and other strategies are creating opportunities for new biodegradable and recyclable textile fibers.
Article Highlights
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) leads other synthetic textile fibers in meeting both performance and biodegradation criteria.
Recent research with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) polymer shows potential for efficient enzyme catalyzed industrial recycling.
Synthetic/natural fiber blends and other strategies could open opportunities for new biodegradable and recyclable textile fibers.
Collapse
|
8
|
Carniel A, Waldow VDA, Castro AMD. A comprehensive and critical review on key elements to implement enzymatic PET depolymerization for recycling purposes. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 52:107811. [PMID: 34333090 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plastics production and recycling chains must be refitted to a circular economy. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is especially suitable for recycling because of its hydrolysable ester bonds and high environmental impact due to employment in single-use packaging, so that recycling processes utilizing enzymes are a promising biotechnological route to monomer recovery. However, enzymatic PET depolymerization still faces challenges to become a competitive route at an industrial level. In this review, PET characteristics as a substrate for enzymes are discussed, as well as the analytical methods used to evaluate the reaction progress. A comprehensive view on the biocatalysts used is discussed. Subsequently, different strategies pursued to improve enzymatic PET depolymerization are presented, including enzyme modification through mutagenesis, utilization of multiple enzymes, improvement of the interaction between enzymes and the hydrophobic surface of PET, and various reaction conditions (e.g., particle size, reaction medium, agitation, and additives). All scientific developments regarding these different aspects of PET depolymerization are crucial to offer a scalable and competitive technology. However, they must be integrated into global processes from upstream to downstream, discussed here at the final sections, which must be evaluated for their economic feasibility and life cycle assessment to check if PET recycling chains can be broadly incorporated into the future circular economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Carniel
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 21949-900, Brazil
| | - Vinicius de Abreu Waldow
- Petrobras Research, Development and Innovation Center (Cenpes), Av. Horácio Macedo, n° 950 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 21941-915, Brazil
| | - Aline Machado de Castro
- Petrobras Research, Development and Innovation Center (Cenpes), Av. Horácio Macedo, n° 950 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 21941-915, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
da Costa AM, de Oliveira Lopes VR, Vidal L, Nicaud JM, de Castro AM, Coelho MAZ. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) degradation by Yarrowia lipolytica: Investigations on cell growth, enzyme production and monomers consumption. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
10
|
Non-Hydrolyzable Plastics - An Interdisciplinary Look at Plastic Bio-Oxidation. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:12-23. [PMID: 32487438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic plastic conversion has emerged recently as a potential adjunct and alternative to conventional plastic waste management technology. Publicity over progress in the enzymatic degradation of polyesters largely neglects that the majority of commercial plastics, including polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride, are still not biodegradable. Details about the mechanisms used by enzymes and an understanding of macromolecular factors influencing these have proved to be vital in developing biodegradation methods for polyesters. To expand the application of enzymatic degradation to other more recalcitrant plastics, extensive knowledge gaps need to be addressed. By drawing on interdisciplinary knowledge, we suggest that physicochemical influences also have a crucial impact on reactions in less well-studied types of plastic, and these need to be investigated in detail.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Cutinases are α/β hydrolases, and their role in nature is the degradation of cutin. Such enzymes are usually produced by phytopathogenic microorganisms in order to penetrate their hosts. The first focused studies on cutinases started around 50 years ago. Since then, numerous cutinases have been isolated and characterized, aiming at the elucidation of their structure–function relations. Our deeper understanding of cutinases determines the applications by which they could be utilized; from food processing and detergents, to ester synthesis and polymerizations. However, cutinases are mainly efficient in the degradation of polyesters, a natural function. Therefore, these enzymes have been successfully applied for the biodegradation of plastics, as well as for the delicate superficial hydrolysis of polymeric materials prior to their functionalization. Even though research on this family of enzymes essentially began five decades ago, they are still involved in many reports; novel enzymes are being discovered, and new fields of applications arise, leading to numerous related publications per year. Perhaps the future of cutinases lies in their evolved descendants, such as polyesterases, and particularly PETases. The present article reviews the biochemical and structural characteristics of cutinases and cutinase-like hydrolases, and their applications in the field of bioremediation and biocatalysis.
Collapse
|