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Louhasakul Y, Cheirsilp B. Potential use of industrial by-products as promising feedstock for microbial lipid and lipase production and direct transesterification of wet yeast into biodiesel by lipase and acid catalysts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 348:126742. [PMID: 35065222 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This work attempted the conversion of crude glycerol to lipid and lipase by Yarrowia lipolytica and the direct transesterification of wet yeast by its lipase into biodiesel via response surface methodology to enhance the cost-effectiveness of biodiesel production from the lipids. The yeast grew better and accumulated a high amount of lipids on the waste combined with fish waste hydrolysate, but only exhibited high lipase activity on the waste supplemented with surfactants (i.e., gum Arabic, Tween 20, Tween 80). However, the combination of both wastes and Tween 80 further improved growth, lipid productivity, and lipase activity. More importantly, lipase-direct transesterification under optimal conditions (wet cell concentration of 17.97 mg-DCW, methanol loading of 8.21 µL, and hexane loading of 10.26 µL) followed by acid-catalyst transesterification (0.4 M H2SO4), offered high FAME yields (>90%), showing the efficiency of the process when applied for the industrialization of biodiesel production from microbial lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmi Louhasakul
- Faculty of Science Technology and Agriculture, Yala Rajabhat University, Yala 95000, Thailand.
| | - Benjamas Cheirsilp
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand
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Abeln F, Chuck CJ. The history, state of the art and future prospects for oleaginous yeast research. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:221. [PMID: 34876155 PMCID: PMC8650507 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based biofuels, such as biodiesel and hydroprocessed esters, are a central part of the global initiative to reduce the environmental impact of the transport sector. The vast majority of production is currently from first-generation feedstocks, such as rapeseed oil, and waste cooking oils. However, the increased exploitation of soybean oil and palm oil has led to vast deforestation, smog emissions and heavily impacted on biodiversity in tropical regions. One promising alternative, potentially capable of meeting future demand sustainably, are oleaginous yeasts. Despite being known about for 143 years, there has been an increasing effort in the last decade to develop a viable industrial system, with currently around 100 research papers published annually. In the academic literature, approximately 160 native yeasts have been reported to produce over 20% of their dry weight in a glyceride-rich oil. The most intensively studied oleaginous yeast have been Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus (20% of publications), Rhodotorula toruloides (19%) and Yarrowia lipolytica (19%). Oleaginous yeasts have been primarily grown on single saccharides (60%), hydrolysates (26%) or glycerol (19%), and mainly on the mL scale (66%). Process development and genetic modification (7%) have been applied to alter yeast performance and the lipids, towards the production of biofuels (77%), food/supplements (24%), oleochemicals (19%) or animal feed (3%). Despite over a century of research and the recent application of advanced genetic engineering techniques, the industrial production of an economically viable commodity oil substitute remains elusive. This is mainly due to the estimated high production cost, however, over the course of the twenty-first century where climate change will drastically change global food supply networks and direct governmental action will likely be levied at more destructive crops, yeast lipids offer a flexible platform for localised, sustainable lipid production. Based on data from the large majority of oleaginous yeast academic publications, this review is a guide through the history of oleaginous yeast research, an assessment of the best growth and lipid production achieved to date, the various strategies employed towards industrial production and importantly, a critical discussion about what needs to be built on this huge body of work to make producing a yeast-derived, more sustainable, glyceride oil a commercial reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Abeln
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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Liu Z, Natalizio F, Dragone G, Mussatto SI. Maximizing the simultaneous production of lipids and carotenoids by Rhodosporidium toruloides from wheat straw hydrolysate and perspectives for large-scale implementation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125598. [PMID: 34330003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to select fermentation conditions able to simultaneously maximize the production of lipids and carotenoids by oleaginous yeast cultivated in wheat straw hydrolysate. An evolved strain of Rhodosporidium toruloides with improved tolerance to toxic compounds present in hydrolysate medium was used. Experiments were performed in order to investigate the effect of the temperature and inoculum load on the production of lipids and carotenoids by R. toruloides. Results revealed that the accumulation of both products can be simultaneously maximized when performing the fermentation at 17 °C and using 3.5 g/L of inoculum. This maximum simultaneous production opens up new perspectives for the establishment of a feasible and more sustainable large-scale process for the production of lipids and carotenoids. Even corresponding to only 1% of the cell mass, due to the high market value, carotenoids would account for more than 90% of the total income of the industrial plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Liu
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Francesca Natalizio
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Giuliano Dragone
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Solange I Mussatto
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Tsouko E, Papadaki A, Papanikolaou S, Danezis GP, Georgiou CA, Freire DM, Koutinas A. Enzymatic production of isopropyl and 2-ethylhexyl esters using γ-linolenic acid rich fungal oil produced from spent sulphite liquor. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.107956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Carmona-Cabello M, García IL, Papadaki A, Tsouko E, Koutinas A, Dorado MP. Biodiesel production using microbial lipids derived from food waste discarded by catering services. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 323:124597. [PMID: 33387710 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel production using microbial oil derived from food waste discarded by the hospilatity sector could provide a sustainable replacement for diesel fuel. Discarded potato peels were used in solid-state fermentations of Aspergillus awamori for the production of glucoamylase (30 U/g) and protease (50 U/g). Hospitality food waste hydrolysis led to 98% (w/w) starch to glucose conversion yields. Crude hydrolyzates were used in shake flask fermentations with the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides Y-27012 leading to 32.9 g/L total dry weight (TDW) with 36.4% (w/w) intracellular lipid content. Fed-bath bioreactor cultures resulted in TDW of 53.9 g/L and lipid concentration of 26.7 g/L. Principal component analysis showed a fatty acid profile similar to soybean oil and solid food waste oil. Microbial oil was transesterified into biodiesel with satisfactory performance considering the European standard EN 14214. This work demonstrated that valorization of food waste for biodiesel production is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Carmona-Cabello
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Applied Thermodynamics, EPS, Edificio Leonardo da Vinci, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - I L García
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Applied Thermodynamics, EPS, Edificio Leonardo da Vinci, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aikaterini Papadaki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli 28100, Kefalonia, Greece
| | - Erminda Tsouko
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolis Koutinas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - M P Dorado
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Applied Thermodynamics, EPS, Edificio Leonardo da Vinci, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Strategies for an improved extraction and separation of lipids and carotenoids from oleaginous yeast. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Current Pretreatment/Cell Disruption and Extraction Methods Used to Improve Intracellular Lipid Recovery from Oleaginous Yeasts. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020251. [PMID: 33513696 PMCID: PMC7910848 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of lipids from oleaginous yeasts involves several stages starting from cultivation and lipid accumulation, biomass harvesting and finally lipids extraction. However, the complex and relatively resistant cell wall of yeasts limits the full recovery of intracellular lipids and usually solvent extraction is not sufficient to effectively extract the lipid bodies. A pretreatment or cell disruption method is hence a prerequisite prior to solvent extraction. In general, there are no recovery methods that are equally efficient for different species of oleaginous yeasts. Each method adopts different mechanisms to disrupt cells and extract the lipids, thus a systematic evaluation is essential before choosing a particular method. In this review, mechanical (bead mill, ultrasonication, homogenization and microwave) and nonmechanical (enzyme, acid, base digestions and osmotic shock) methods that are currently used for the disruption or permeabilization of oleaginous yeasts are discussed based on their principle, application and feasibility, including their effects on the lipid yield. The attempts of using conventional and “green” solvents to selectively extract lipids are compared. Other emerging methods such as automated pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and simultaneous in situ lipid recovery using capturing agents are also reviewed to facilitate the choice of more effective lipid recovery methods.
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Nguyen HC, Nguyen ML, Wang FM, Juan HY, Su CH. Biodiesel production by direct transesterification of wet spent coffee grounds using switchable solvent as a catalyst and solvent. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 296:122334. [PMID: 31698223 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are a promising material for sustainable preparation of biodiesel. This study proposed a new approach for biodiesel synthesis from wet SCGs using 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as both a green solvent and catalyst. The optimal reaction conditions were determined as a methanol amount of 6.25 mL/g of wet SCGs, DBU amount of 14.46 mL/g of wet SCGs, temperature of 60.2 °C, and reaction time of 28.65 min through response surface methodology. Under these conditions, the maximum biodiesel yield was 97.18%. Notably, DBU polarity could be regulated reversibly, facilitating its reusability and a simple process for product separation. Under optimal conditions, DBU could be potentially reused for at least 10 cycles to yield high amounts of biodiesel. This study suggests that the switchable solvent-assisted direct transesterification of wet SCGs is a potential, efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly approach for biodiesel synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Chinh Nguyen
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
| | - My Linh Nguyen
- Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ming Wang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
| | - Horng-Yi Juan
- Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Su
- Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
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Papadaki A, Fernandes KV, Chatzifragkou A, Aguieiras ECG, da Silva JAC, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Papanikolaou S, Koutinas A, Freire DMG. Bioprocess development for biolubricant production using microbial oil derived via fermentation from confectionery industry wastes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:311-318. [PMID: 30029176 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial oil produced from confectionery and wheat milling side streams has been evaluated as novel feedstock for biolubricant production. Nutrient-rich fermentation media were produced by a two-step bioprocess involving crude enzyme production by solid state fermentation followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of confectionery industry waste. Among 5 yeast strains and 2 fungal strains cultivated on the crude hydrolysate, Rhodosporidium toruloides and Cryptococcus curvatus were selected for further evaluation for biolubricant production based on fermentation efficiency and fatty acid composition. The extracted microbial oils were enzymatically hydrolysed and the free fatty acids were esterified by Lipomod 34-MDP in a solvent-free system with trimethylolpropane (TMP) and neopentyl glycol (NPG). The highest conversion yields were 88% and 82.7% for NPG esters of R. toruloides and C. curvatus, respectively. This study also demonstrates that NPG esters produced from microbial oil have promising physicochemical properties for bio-based lubricant formulations that could substitute for conventional lubricants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Papadaki
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - Keysson Vieira Fernandes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Centro de Tecnologia, BL A, SL 549, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Afroditi Chatzifragkou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - Erika Cristina Gonçalves Aguieiras
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Centro de Tecnologia, BL A, SL 549, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Seraphim Papanikolaou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolis Koutinas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece.
| | - Denise Maria Guimarães Freire
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Centro de Tecnologia, BL A, SL 549, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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