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Liao R, Song Z, Zhang X, Xiong X, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Sun F. Versatile enhancement for anaerobic moving bed biofilm (AnMBBR) treating pretreated landfill leachate by hydrochar: Energy recovery, greenhouse gas emission reduction and underlying microbial mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175161. [PMID: 39111435 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Hydrochars were prepared from fruit peels (HC-1) and vegetable waste (HC-2), and combined with fiber spheres, respectively, to form homogeneous biocompatible carriers, which were used for anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (AnMBBR) to enhance anaerobic digestion (AD) performance and energy recovery of landfill leachate treatment. Compared with the control AnMBBR with conventional fiber spheres as carriers, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of the AnMBBR with HC-2 increased from 75 % to 88 %, methane yield increased from 77.7 mL/g-COD to 155.3 mL/g-COD, and achieved greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reductions of 1.74 t CO2 eq/a during long-term operation. HC-2-fiber sphere biocarriers provided more sites for attached-growth biomass (AGBS) and significantly enhanced the abundance of functional microbial community, with the relative abundance of methanogenic bacteria Methanothrix increased from 0.03 % to over 24.4 %. Moreover, the gene abundance of most the key enzymes encoding the hydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis pathways were up-regulated with the assistance of HC-2. Consequently, hydrochar-assisted AnMBBR were effective to enhance methanogenesis performance, energy recovery and carbon reduction for high-strength landfill leachate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runfeng Liao
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zi Song
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiangyun Xiong
- Shenzhen Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen 518049, China.
| | - Zumin Zhang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Ningxia Institute of Science and Technology, Shizuishan 753000, China
| | - Zilong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Feiyun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; Joint Laboratory of Urban High Strength Wastewater Treatment and Resource Utilization, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Jagaba AH, Lawal DU, Yassin MA, Abdulazeez I, Mu'azu ND, Usman AK, Lim JW, Aljundi IH. Nickel augmented biochar for sustaining produced water treatment to decarbonize oil and gas industrial waste using anaerobic-aerobic granular cylindrical periodic discontinuous batch reactors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 257:119381. [PMID: 38857858 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed the efficacy of granular cylindrical periodic discontinuous batch reactors (GC-PDBRs) for produced water (PW) treatment by employing eggshell and waste activated sludge (WAS) derived Nickel (Ni) augmented biochar. The synthesized biochar was magnetized to further enhance its contribution towards achieving carbon neutrality due to carbon negative nature, Carbon dioxide (CO2) sorption, and negative priming effects. The GC-PDBR1 and GC-PDBR2 process variables were optimized by the application of central composite design (CCD). This is to maximize the decarbonization rate. Results showed that the systems could reduce total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 76-80% and 92-99%, respectively. Optimal organic matter and nutrient removals were achieved at 80% volumetric exchange ratio (VER), 5 min settling time and 3000 mg/L mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration with desirability values of 0.811 and 0.954 for GC-PDBR1 and GC-PDBR2, respectively. Employing four distinct models, the biokinetic coefficients of the GC-PDBRs treating PW were calculated. The findings indicated that First order (0.0758-0.5365) and Monod models (0.8652-0.9925) have relatively low R2 values. However, the Grau Second-order model and Modified Stover-Kincannon model have high R2 values. This shows that, the Grau Second Order and Modified Stover-Kincannon models under various VER, settling time, and MLSS circumstances, are more suited to explain the removal of pollutants in the GC-PDBRs. Microbiological evaluation demonstrated that a high VER caused notable rises in the quantity of several microorganisms. Under high biological selective pressure, GC-PDBR2 demonstrated a greater percentage of nitrogen removal via autotrophic denitrification and a greater number of nitrifying bacteria. The overgrowth of bacteria such as Actinobacteriota spp. Bacteroidota spp, Gammaproteobacteria, Desulfuromonas Mesotoga in the phylum, class, and genus, has positively impacted on granule formation and stability. Taken together, our study through the introduction of intermittent aeration GC-PDBR systems with added magnetized waste derived biochar, is an innovative approach for simultaneous aerobic sludge granulation and PW treatment, thereby providing valuable contributions in the journey toward achieving decarbonization, carbon neutrality and sustainable development goals (SDGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dahiru U Lawal
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Yassin
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ismail Abdulazeez
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nuhu Dalhat Mu'azu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31451 Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullahi Kilaco Usman
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hafr Al Batin, P.O. Box 1803, Hafr Al Batin, 39524, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Sustainable Energy, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Isam H Aljundi
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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Zhu Y, Guo F, Li J, Wang Z, Liang Z, Yi C. Development of a Novel Energy Saving and Environmentally Friendly Starch via a Graft Copolymerization Strategy for Efficient Warp Sizing and Easy Removal. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:182. [PMID: 38256984 PMCID: PMC10820382 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Warp sizing is a key process in textile production. However, before the yarn/fabric finishing, such as dyeing, the paste adhering to the warp must be eliminated to ensure optimal dyeing properties and the flexibility of the fabric. Therefore, the sizing will often consume a lot of energy and produce a lot of industrial wastewater, which will cause serious harm to the environment. In this study, we have developed an energy saving and environmentally friendly starch-based slurry by modifying natural starch with acrylamide. The paste has excellent viscosity stability and fiber adhesion, and exhibits excellent performance during warp sizing. In addition, the slurry has good water solubility at 60-70 °C, so it is easy to desize at low temperatures. Because of this, the sizing of the warp can be deslimed directly from the yarn during subsequent washing processes. This work can not only reduce some costs for the textile industry, but also achieve the purpose of energy conservation and emission reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zihui Liang
- National Local Joint Laboratory for Advanced Textile Processing and Clean Production, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Changhai Yi
- National Local Joint Laboratory for Advanced Textile Processing and Clean Production, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
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Jagaba AH, Lawal IM, Ghfar AA, Usman AK, Yaro NSA, Noor A, Abioye KJ, Birniwa AH. Biochar-based geopolymer nanocomposite for COD and phenol removal from agro-industrial biorefinery wastewater: Kinetic modelling, microbial community, and optimization by response surface methodology. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139620. [PMID: 37524265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Agro-industrial biorefinery effluent (AIBW) is considered a highly polluting source responsible for environmental contamination. It contains high loads of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and phenol, with several other organic and inorganic constituents. Thus, an economic treatment approach is required for the sustainable discharge of the effluent. The long-term process performance, contaminant removal and microbial response of AIBW to rice straw-based biochar (RSB) and biochar-based geopolymer nanocomposite (BGC) as biosorbents in an activated sludge process were investigated. The adsorbents operated in an extended aeration system with a varied hydraulic retention time of between 0.5 and 1.5 d and an AIBW concentration of 40-100% for COD and phenol removal under standard conditions. Response surface methodology was utilised to optimize the process variables of the bioreactor system. Process results indicated a significant reduction of COD (79.51%, 98.01%) and phenol (61.94%, 74.44%) for BEAS and GEAS bioreactors respectively, at 1 d HRT and AIBW of 70%. Kinetic model analysis indicated that the Stover-Kincannon model best describes the system functionality, while the Grau model was better in predicting substrate removal rate and both with a precision of between R2 (0.9008-0.9988). Microbial communities examined indicated the abundance of genera, following the biosorbent addition, while RSB and BGC had no negative effect on the bioreactor's performance and bacterial community structure of biomass. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were abundant in BEAS. While the GEAS achieved higher COD and phenol removal due to high Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira, Comamonas, Methanomethylovorans and Acinetobacter abundance in the activated sludge. Thus, this study demonstrated that the combination of biosorption and activated sludge processes could be promising, highly efficient, and most economical for AIBW treatment, without jeopardising the elimination of pollutants or the development of microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria.
| | - Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ayman A Ghfar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nura Shehu Aliyu Yaro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, 810107, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Azmatullah Noor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Kunmi Joshua Abioye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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Shahzad HMA, Khan SJ, Khan M, Schönberger H, Weber FA. Performance and cost-benefit analysis of anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor for pretreatment of textile wastewater. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2023; 40:1389-1400. [PMID: 37325271 PMCID: PMC9999335 DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Performance of an anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (AnMBBR) was evaluated for pretreatment of real textile desizing wastewater at organic loading rate (OLR) of 1±0.05 to 6.3±0.37 kgCOD/m3/d. After OLR optimization, the performance of AnMBBR was evaluated for biodegradation of reactive dyes. AnMBBR was operated under a mesophilic temperature range of 30 to 36 °C, while the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH were in the range of 504 to 594 (-mV) and 6.98 to 7.28, respectively. By increasing the OLR from 1±0.05 to 6.3±0.37 kgCOD/m3/d, COD and BOD5 removal was decreased from 84 to 39% and 89 to 49%, respectively. While the production of biogas was increased from 0.12 to 0.83 L/L·d up to an optimum OLR of 4.9±0.43 kgCOD/m3/d. With increase in the dye concentration in the feed, COD, BOD5, color removal and biogas production reduced from 56, 63, 70% and 0.65 L/L·d to 34, 43, 41% and 0.08 L/L·d, respectively. Based on the data obtained, a cost-benefit analysis of AnMBBR was also investigated for the pretreatment of real textile desizing wastewater. Cost estimation of anaerobic pretreatment of textile desizing wastewater indicated a net profit of 21.09 million PKR/yr (114,000 €/yr) and a potential payback period of 2.54 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Aamir Shahzad
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sher Jamal Khan
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Musharib Khan
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Harald Schönberger
- Institut für Siedlungswasserbau, Wassergüte und Abfallwirtschaft, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank-Andreas Weber
- Forschungsinstitut für Wasser-und Abfallwirtschaft an der RWTH Aachen (FiW) e.V., Aachen, Germany
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Nowrouzi M, Abyar H, Rohani S. A comparison of nitrogen removal systems through cost-coupled life cycle assessment and energy efficiency analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159787. [PMID: 36309255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The global water crisis reflects the necessity of exploring the best approaches for the water supply. Therefore, for the first time, the current study compares nitrogen removal systems (NRSs) from life cycle assessment (LCA), economic, kinetic, thermodynamic, and synergistic perspectives. The assessed systems were sequential batch reactor (SBR), oxic/anoxic (OA), and oxic/anaerobic/oxic (OAO) bioreactors. Among all, the SBR configuration showed the best efficiency (98.74 %) for nitrogen removal. The environmental impacts notably presented by marine + freshwater ecotoxicity (53.76 %), and climate change categories (16.39 %), significantly because of metal emissions. Non-renewable sources supplied 95 % of total energy demand. The operation of NRSs showed the most impact on human health (63.67 %) through CH4 and CO2 emissions. The total costs significantly belonged to the construction (<86.37 %) > amortization> operation. The influent COD illustrated the most role in environmental burdens (16.44 %) based on the sensitivity analysis. The removal reaction was endothermic, physical, non-spontaneous, and followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 > 0.98). The chemical exergy provided the major portion of the total calculated exergy (83 %). The exergetic efficiency of the system was 69 %, which was predominantly supplied by biogas (∼50.75 %). Accordingly, this study can present a stepwise guideline for further related investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Nowrouzi
- Department of Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Nano and Bio Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 75169-13798, Iran.
| | - Hajar Abyar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49189-43464, Iran.
| | - Sohrab Rohani
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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Samuchiwal S, Vishwakarma R, Singh NV, Kalia S, Wadhawan G, Ahammad SZ, Malik A. Integration of coagulation-flocculation process for improved solid–liquid separation of anaerobically treated textile effluent. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2022.2140437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Samuchiwal
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, India
| | - Rashi Vishwakarma
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, India
| | - Nagesh Vikram Singh
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, India
| | - Shweta Kalia
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, India
| | - Gunisha Wadhawan
- Environmental Microbiology Lab, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, Hauz Khas, India
| | - Shaikh Ziauddin Ahammad
- Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, India
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, India
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Mullai P, Vishali S, Sobiya E. Experiments and adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system modelling in a hybrid up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor to assess industrial azadirachtin effluent quality. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 358:127395. [PMID: 35636676 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Experimental investigations were carried out for the treatment of industrial azadirachtin effluent in a hybrid up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (HUASB) reactor continuously for 115 days in three stages at mesophilic temperature (30 - 35˚C). An adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) modelling and statistical regression analysis were applied with the raw data. In the ANFIS modelling as well as in the statistical regression analysis, the operating parameters such as initial pH, influent COD, effluent COD and biogas generation (X1, X2, X3 and X4) were taken as variables and effluent BOD values as a response (Y). The average percentage error (APE) values of ANFIS modelling were 2.18, 12.29, and 0.01%, for stage-I, II and III respectively. These values indicated that ANFIS modelling performed well in all the three stages and provided more accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mullai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S Vishali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - E Sobiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ismail GA, Sakai H. Review on effect of different type of dyes on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for textile color removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132906. [PMID: 34785181 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The textile industry is one of the most valuable industries, especially in developing countries, because it employs a large portion of the workforce. However, the development of the textile industry has led to increasing concern about environmental issues. Wastewater from the textile industry has a high COD and an undesirable color. Color is one of the problems with the wastewater due to its toxicity and low biodegradability. Color in textile wastewater mainly originates from the dyestuff used during the dyeing or printing process. Amongst all of available technology for color removal, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are considered one of the best and the most potential technology. However, the understanding of AOPs reaction mechanism to degrade dyestuff is still limited. In general, dyes degradation mechanism will vary and mainly depend on the chemical structure of the dyes itself. Some reaction pathway that seems less favorable thermodynamically can still happen during the process. Understanding the mechanism will be beneficial for future dyes improvement, especially on developing the moiety of the aromatic compound in order to produce easily degraded dyes while maintaining the fastness quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guntur Adisurya Ismail
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-city, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Chemical Engineering Department, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesa Street no. 8, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Hiroshi Sakai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-city, Tokyo, Japan.
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