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Infection with an acanthocephalan helminth reduces anxiety-like behaviour in crustacean host. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21649. [PMID: 36522391 PMCID: PMC9755125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophically transmitted heteroxenous parasites of diverse clades can decrease or reverse antipredator behaviours in their intermediate hosts, thereby increasing their chances of reaching their final hosts. Such behavioural alterations could result from compromised cognitive abilities affecting fear- or more generally stress-related neurophysiological pathways. We tested this hypothesis in a key model system in the study of parasitic manipulation, the fish acanthocephalan parasite Pomphorhynchus tereticollis and its intermediate crustacean host Gammarus fossarum, using the 'threat of electric shock' paradigm. We exposed uninfected and infected G. fossarum to chronic and/or acute electric shock programs at two different intensities (voltage), and then quantified their sheltering behaviour as a proxy for anxiety-like state. Infected gammarids did not express anxiety-like response to electric shocks, while uninfected gammarids hid more when exposed to acute treatments, and when exposed to the high intensity chronic treatment. Interestingly, the lack of response in infected gammarids depended on parasite developmental stage. Our results support the hypothesis that this acanthocephalan parasite impacts the general anxiety-like circuitry of their intermediate host. Further studies are needed to investigate whether it involves inappropriate processing of information, impaired integration, or altered activation of downstream pathways initiating behavioural action.
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2
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Infection patterns and new definitive host records for New Zealand gordiid hairworms (phylum Nematomorpha). Parasitol Int 2022; 90:102598. [PMID: 35568302 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Some parasites modify the phenotype of their host in order to increase transmission to another host or to an environment suitable for reproduction. This phenomenon, known as host manipulation, is found across many parasite taxa. Freshwater hairworms are known for the behavioural changes they cause in their terrestrial arthropod hosts, increasing their likelihood of entering water to exit the host and reproduce. Understanding how infected arthropods move around in the natural environment could help uncover alterations in spatial distribution or movement induced by hairworms in their terrestrial definitive hosts. Moreover, few hairworm-host records exist for New Zealand, so any additional record could help elucidate their true host specificity. Here, we investigated whether infected terrestrial arthropods were more likely to approach streams in two subalpine communities of invertebrates, using a spatial grid of specialised pitfall traps. Although hairworm infection could not explain the movements of arthropod hosts near streams, we found several new host records for hairworms, including the first records for the recently described Gordionus maori. We also found some new host-parasite associations for mermithid nematodes. These records show that the host specificity of hairworms is quite low, suggesting that their diversity and distribution may be greater than what is currently known for New Zealand.
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The Adaptiveness of Host Behavioural Manipulation Assessed Using Tinbergen's Four Questions. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:597-609. [PMID: 33568325 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Host organisms show altered phenotypic reactions when parasitised, some of which result from adaptive host manipulation, a phenomenon that has long been debated. Here, we provide an overview and discuss the rationale in distinguishing adaptive versus nonadaptive host behavioural manipulation. We discuss Poulin's criteria of adaptive host behavioural manipulation within the context of Tinbergen's four questions of ethology, while highlighting the importance of both the proximate and evolutionary explanations of such traits. We also provide guidelines for future studies exploring the adaptiveness of host behavioural manipulation. Through this article, we seek to encourage researchers to consider both the proximate and ultimate causes of host behavioural manipulation to infer on the adaptiveness of such traits.
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Abstract
The acanthocephalan parasite, Polymorphus minutus, manipulates its intermediate hosts' (gammarids) behaviour, presumably to facilitate its transmission to the definitive hosts. A fundamental question is whether this capability has evolved to target gammarids in general, or specifically sympatric gammarids. We assessed the responses to chemical cues from a non-host predator (the three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus) in infected and non-infected gammarids; two native (Gammarus pulex and Gammarus fossarum), and one invasive (Echinogammarus berilloni) species, all sampled in the Paderborn Plateau (Germany). The level of predator avoidance was assessed by subjecting gammarids to choice experiments with the presence or absence of predator chemical cues. We did not detect any behavioural differences between uninfected and infected G. pulex and E. berilloni, but an elevated degree of predator avoidance in infected G. fossarum. Avoiding non-host predators may ultimately increase the probability of P. minutus' of predation by the definitive host. Our results suggested that P. minutus' ability to alter the host's behaviour may have evolved to specifically target sympatric gammarid host species. Uninfected gammarids did not appear to avoid the non-host predator chemical cues. Overall the results also opened the possibility that parasites may play a critical role in the success or failure of invasive species.
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5
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Doherty JF. When fiction becomes fact: exaggerating host manipulation by parasites. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201081. [PMID: 33049168 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In an era where some find fake news around every corner, the use of sensationalism has inevitably found its way into the scientific literature. This is especially the case for host manipulation by parasites, a phenomenon in which a parasite causes remarkable change in the appearance or behaviour of its host. This concept, which has deservedly garnered popular interest throughout the world in recent years, is nearly 50 years old. In the past two decades, the use of scientific metaphors, including anthropomorphisms and science fiction, to describe host manipulation has become more and more prevalent. It is possible that the repeated use of such catchy, yet misleading words in both the popular media and the scientific literature could unintentionally hamper our understanding of the complexity and extent of host manipulation, ultimately shaping its narrative in part or in full. In this commentary, the impacts of exaggerating host manipulation are brought to light by examining trends in the use of embellishing words. By looking at key examples of exaggerated claims from widely reported host-parasite systems found in the recent scientific literature, it would appear that some of the fiction surrounding host manipulation has since become fact.
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Ruehle BP, Poulin R. Potential multidimensional behavioural impacts of differential infection in two fish populations. BEHAVIOUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Parasites can influence the behaviour of their hosts, however investigations on how they may shape multiple personality traits are uncommon. The flatworm parasite Tylodelphys darbyi resides in the eyes of common bully, Gobiomorphus cotidianus, a locally common fish host to a range of other parasites that could also influence their behaviour. Here we assess how parasitism may be related to personality traits of two G. cotidianus populations; one where T. darbyi is highly abundant and one where the parasite is absent. We hypothesized that T. darbyi would have a stronger association with the different personality traits than other parasite taxa, and that the effects of infection on personality traits would vary between populations. Our results demonstrate that T. darbyi infections correlate with boldness, exploration, and activity within and among individuals. Further, we show that the relationship and therefore possible influence of other parasites, e.g., Apatemon sp., on personality traits vary between two host populations. Our study has revealed potential patterns highlighting how parasitism may differentially contribute to behavioural and ecological divergence among host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P. Ruehle
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, North Dunedin, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, North Dunedin, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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7
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Fayard M, Dechaume-Moncharmont FX, Wattier R, Perrot-Minnot MJ. Magnitude and direction of parasite-induced phenotypic alterations: a meta-analysis in acanthocephalans. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1233-1251. [PMID: 32342653 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several parasite species have the ability to modify their host's phenotype to their own advantage thereby increasing the probability of transmission from one host to another. This phenomenon of host manipulation is interpreted as the expression of a parasite extended phenotype. Manipulative parasites generally affect multiple phenotypic traits in their hosts, although both the extent and adaptive significance of such multidimensionality in host manipulation is still poorly documented. To review the multidimensionality and magnitude of host manipulation, and to understand the causes of variation in trait value alteration, we performed a phylogenetically corrected meta-analysis, focusing on a model taxon: acanthocephalan parasites. Acanthocephala is a phylum of helminth parasites that use vertebrates as final hosts and invertebrates as intermediate hosts, and is one of the few parasite groups for which manipulation is predicted to be ancestral. We compiled 279 estimates of parasite-induced alterations in phenotypic trait value, from 81 studies and 13 acanthocephalan species, allocating a sign to effect size estimates according to the direction of alteration favouring parasite transmission, and grouped traits by category. Phylogenetic inertia accounted for a low proportion of variation in effect sizes. The overall average alteration of trait value was moderate and positive when considering the expected effect of alterations on trophic transmission success (signed effect sizes, after the onset of parasite infectivity to the final host). Variation in the alteration of trait value was affected by the category of phenotypic trait, with the largest alterations being reversed taxis/phobia and responses to stimuli, and increased vulnerability to predation, changes to reproductive traits (behavioural or physiological castration) and immunosuppression. Parasite transmission would thereby be facilitated mainly by changing mainly the choice of micro-habitat and the anti-predation behaviour of infected hosts, and by promoting energy-saving strategies in the host. In addition, infection with larval stages not yet infective to definitive hosts (acanthella) tends to induce opposite effects of comparable magnitude to infection with the infective stage (cystacanth), although this result should be considered with caution due to the low number of estimates with acanthella. This analysis raises important issues that should be considered in future studies investigating the adaptive significance of host manipulation, not only in acanthocephalans but also in other taxa. Specifically, the contribution of phenotypic traits to parasite transmission and the range of taxonomic diversity covered deserve thorough attention. In addition, the relationship between behaviour and immunity across parasite developmental stages and host-parasite systems (the neuropsychoimmune hypothesis of host manipulation), still awaits experimental evidence. Most of these issues apply more broadly to reported cases of host manipulation by other groups of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Fayard
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - François-Xavier Dechaume-Moncharmont
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rémi Wattier
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
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Forrester GE, Chille E, Nickles K, Reed K. Behavioural mechanisms underlying parasite-mediated competition for refuges in a coral reef fish. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15487. [PMID: 31664092 PMCID: PMC6820773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites have been increasingly recognized as participants in indirect ecological interactions, including those mediated by parasite-induced changes to host behaviour (trait-mediated indirect interactions or TMIIs). In most documented examples, host behaviours altered by parasites increase susceptibility to predation because the predator is also a host (host-manipulation). Here, we test for a TMII in which a parasitic copepod modifies the predator-prey interaction between a small goby host and several larger predatory fish. Gobies compete for crevices in the reef to avoid predation and goby mortality increases more rapidly with increasing refuge shortage for parasitized gobies than for those free of parasites. We found interactive effects of refuge shortage and parasitism on two behaviours we predicted might be associated with parasite-mediated competition for refuges. First, as refuge-shortage increases, the rate of aggression among gobies increases and parasitism intensifies this interaction. Second, goby proximity to refuges increases as refuges become scarce, but parasitism nullifies this increase. In combination, these parasite-induced changes in behaviour may explain why parasitized gobies are poor competitors for refuges. Because the parasite is not trophically transmitted via host manipulation, these altered behaviours in parasitized gobies are likely coincidental to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham E Forrester
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Natural Resources Science, Kingston, 02881, USA.
| | - Erin Chille
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Biological Science, Kingston, 02881, USA
| | - Katie Nickles
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Biological Science, Kingston, 02881, USA
| | - Kiran Reed
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Biological Science, Kingston, 02881, USA
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9
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Inter-population variation in the intensity of host manipulation by the fish acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus tereticollis: are differences driven by predation risk? Parasitology 2019; 146:1296-1304. [PMID: 31169092 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Many trophically-transmitted parasites induce behavioural alteration in their intermediate hosts that tend to increase host vulnerability to predation. Inter-population variability in parasite-induced alterations is expected to arise from variable local opportunities for trophic transmission. Yet, this hypothesis has not been investigated so far. We addressed the issue in four populations of the fish parasite Pomphorhynchus tereticollis (Acanthocephala), using variable fish biomass density as a proxy for transmission opportunities. We found variation in the intensity of parasite-induced changes in phototaxis and refuge use among populations. Two of the populations with the lowest predator biomass exhibited the highest levels of behavioural manipulation and prevalence, as expected at low transmission opportunities. They also exhibited micro-habitat segregation between infected and uninfected gammarids in the field. In addition, infection had variable effects on two physiological defence systems, immunity and antioxidant capacity, and on total protein content. Overall, our study brings partial support to the prediction that host manipulation and prevalence should be higher at low predator biomass. Although stronger evidence should be sought by increasing population replicates, our study points to the importance of the ecological context, specifically transmission opportunities brought about by predation pressure, for the evolution of parasite manipulation in trophically-transmitted parasites.
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10
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Finnerty PB, Shine R, Brown GP. Survival of the feces: Does a nematode lungworm adaptively manipulate the behavior of its cane toad host? Ecol Evol 2018; 8:4606-4618. [PMID: 29760901 PMCID: PMC5938457 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites can enhance their fitness by modifying the behavior of their hosts in ways that increase rates of production and transmission of parasite larvae. We used an antihelminthic drug to experimentally alter infections of lungworms (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) in cane toads (Rhinella marina). We then compared subsequent behaviors of dewormed toads versus toads that retained infections. Both in the laboratory and in the field, the presence of parasites induced hosts to select higher body temperatures (thereby increasing rates of lungworm egg production), to defecate in moister sites, and to produce feces with higher moisture content (thereby enhancing survival of larvae shed in feces). Because those behavioral modifications enhance rather than decrease parasite fitness, they are likely to have arisen as adaptive manipulations of host behavior rather than as host adaptations to combat infection or as nonadaptive consequences of infection on host physiology. However, the mechanisms by which lungworms alter cane toad thermal preference and defecation are not known. Although many examples of host manipulation by parasites involve intermediate hosts facilitating their own demise, our findings indicate that manipulation of definitive hosts can be as subtle as when and where to defecate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Finnerty
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Richard Shine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Gregory P Brown
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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11
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Park T, Sparkes TC. Multidimensionality of Modification in an Isopod-Acanthocephalan System. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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12
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Bakker TCM, Frommen JG, Thünken T. Adaptive parasitic manipulation as exemplified by acanthocephalans. Ethology 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo C. M. Bakker
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Joachim G. Frommen
- Department of Behavioural Ecology; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Berne; Hinterkappelen Switzerland
| | - Timo Thünken
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
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13
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Hodille E, Cuerq C, Badiou C, Bienvenu F, Steghens JP, Cartier R, Bes M, Tristan A, Plesa A, Le VTM, Diep BA, Lina G, Dumitrescu O. Delta Hemolysin and Phenol-Soluble Modulins, but Not Alpha Hemolysin or Panton-Valentine Leukocidin, Induce Mast Cell Activation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:180. [PMID: 28018862 PMCID: PMC5149515 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are located at host interfaces, such as the skin, and contribute to the first-line defense against pathogens by releasing soluble mediators, including those that induce itching and scratching behavior. Here, we show that delta-hemolysin (Hld) and phenol soluble modulins (PSMs) PSMα1 and PSMα3, but not alpha-hemolysin (Hla) or Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), induce dose-dependent tryptase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release by the HMC-1 human mast cell line. Using supernatants from isogenic strains, we verified that tryptase and LDH release was Hld- and PSMα-dependent. PSMα1 and Hld production was detected in 65 and 17% of human Staphylococcus aureus-infected skin abscess specimens, respectively, but they were produced in vitro by all clinical isolates. The results suggest that Hld and PSM-α1 produced in vivo during S. aureus skin infections induce the release of mast cell mediators responsible for itching and scratching behavior, which may enhance skin to skin transmission of S. aureus via the hands. As Hld and PSMs are upregulated by accessory gene regulator (agr), their association may contribute to the elective transmission of S. aureus strains with a functional agr system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hodille
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1111, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de LyonLyon, France; Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France
| | - Charlotte Cuerq
- Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre de Biologie SudLyon, France
| | - Cédric Badiou
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1111, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon Lyon, France
| | - Françoise Bienvenu
- Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre de Biologie SudLyon, France
| | - Jean-Paul Steghens
- Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre de Biologie SudLyon, France
| | - Régine Cartier
- Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie, Groupement Hospitalier EstLyon, France
| | - Michèle Bes
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1111, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de LyonLyon, France; Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France; Centre National de Référence des StaphylocoquesBron, France
| | - Anne Tristan
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1111, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de LyonLyon, France; Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France; Centre National de Référence des StaphylocoquesBron, France
| | - Adriana Plesa
- Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France; Laboratoire d'hématologie, Centre de Biologie SudLyon, France
| | - Vien T M Le
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Binh A Diep
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gérard Lina
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1111, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de LyonLyon, France; Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France; Centre National de Référence des StaphylocoquesBron, France
| | - Oana Dumitrescu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1111, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de LyonLyon, France; Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France; Centre National de Référence des StaphylocoquesBron, France
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Kopp DA, Bierbower SM, Murphy AD, Mormann K, Sparkes TC. Parasite-related modification of mating behaviour and refuge use in the aquatic isopod Caecidotea intermedius: neurological correlates. BEHAVIOUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus dirus is a trophically transmitted parasite that infects freshwater isopods as intermediate hosts and fish as definitive hosts. Using a laboratory-based experiment, we examined if parasite infection was associated with changes in mating behaviour, refuge use and neurochemical levels of infected isopods (Caecidotea intermedius). Infected isopods were less likely to engage in mating behaviour and more likely to be located in the open than uninfected isopods. Infected isopods also contained lower levels of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) and had a greater mass of neural tissue (CNS) than uninfected isopods. We propose that the parasite-related changes in mating behaviour and refuge use may be modulated by the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. We also suggest that the parasites could potentially be modulating these behavioural changes by exploiting the neural-immune system of the hosts through their neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin A. Kopp
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sonya M. Bierbower
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | - Alexandrea D. Murphy
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
- United Way of Metropolitan Chicago, Chicago, IL 60604, USA
| | - Kimberly Mormann
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Molecular Engineering and Physical Science Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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15
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Arnal A, Droit A, Elguero E, Ducasse H, Sánchez MI, Lefevre T, Misse D, Bédèrina M, Vittecoq M, Daoust S, Thomas F. Activity level and aggregation behavior in the crustacean gammarid Gammarus insensibilis parasitized by the manipulative trematode Microphallus papillorobustus. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Casalins LM, Brugni NL, Rauque CA. The Behavior Response of Amphipods Infected by Hedruris suttonae (Nematoda) and Pseudocorynosoma sp. (Acanthocephala). J Parasitol 2015; 101:647-50. [PMID: 26295566 DOI: 10.1645/13-327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The manipulation of intermediate host behavior may increase chances of parasite transmission to the definitive host. In freshwater environments of the Neotropical Region, studies on behavioral manipulations by parasites are rare, and the majority of these consider only a single parasite species and/or 1 life stage of a particular parasite species. In Andean Patagonian lakes of Argentina, the amphipod Hyalella patagonica is infected by larvae of the fish nematode Hedruris suttonae and by the bird acanthocephalan Pseudocorynosoma sp. The 3 objectives of the present study were to determine whether H. suttonae and Pseudocorynosoma sp. differ in their effects on behavior of H. patagonica , whether such modification is associated with parasite development, and to assess the associations between behavioral traits. From naturally parasitized amphipods, activity (swimming levels) and phototaxis (light preference) was measured. Only in phototaxis trials did larvae of H. suttonae induce significantly higher levels of photophilia, suggesting that they are manipulative. Scores of activity and phototaxis were positive and significantly related for non-parasitized female amphipods and for amphipods parasitized by larvae of Pseudocorynosoma sp. but were not associated in amphipods parasitized with larvae of H. suttonae (infective and non-infective), suggesting that infection separated the relationship between these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Casalins
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, INIBIOMA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), 1250 Quintral, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - Norma L Brugni
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, INIBIOMA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), 1250 Quintral, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Rauque
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, INIBIOMA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), 1250 Quintral, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina
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17
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Perrot‐Minnot M, Maddaleno M, Cézilly F. Parasite‐induced inversion of geotaxis in a freshwater amphipod: a role for anaerobic metabolism? Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthieu Maddaleno
- Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté UB, CNRS, Biogéosciences UMR6282 F‐21000 Dijon France
| | - Frank Cézilly
- Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté UB, CNRS, Biogéosciences UMR6282 F‐21000 Dijon France
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Perrot-Minnot MJ, Sanchez-Thirion K, Cézilly F. Multidimensionality in host manipulation mimicked by serotonin injection. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20141915. [PMID: 25339729 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulative parasites often alter the phenotype of their hosts along multiple dimensions. 'Multidimensionality' in host manipulation could consist in the simultaneous alteration of several physiological pathways independently of one another, or proceed from the disruption of some key physiological parameter, followed by a cascade of effects. We compared multidimensionality in 'host manipulation' between two closely related amphipods, Gammarus fossarum and Gammarus pulex, naturally and experimentally infected with Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala), respectively. To that end, we calculated in each host-parasite association the effect size of the difference between infected and uninfected individuals for six different traits (activity, phototaxis, geotaxis, attraction to conspecifics, refuge use and metabolic rate). The effects sizes were highly correlated between host-parasite associations, providing evidence for a relatively constant 'infection syndrome'. Using the same methodology, we compared the extent of phenotypic alterations induced by an experimental injection of serotonin (5-HT) in uninfected G. pulex to that induced by experimental or natural infection with P. laevis. We observed a significant correlation between effect sizes across the six traits, indicating that injection with 5-HT can faithfully mimic the 'infection syndrome'. This is, to our knowledge, the first experimental evidence that multidimensionality in host manipulation can proceed, at least partly, from the disruption of some major physiological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank Cézilly
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
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19
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Making the best of a bad situation: host partial resistance and bypass of behavioral manipulation by parasites? Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:413-8. [PMID: 26072349 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With few exceptions, parasitic manipulation dramatically reduces host fitness. That said, evidence of host resistance to behavior-manipulating parasites is scarce. Here, we suggest that the evolution of partial resistance, as well as bypass, to manipulation (PRM and BPM, respectively) represents new, seldom-explored options for parasitized hosts. Natural selection could favor hosts that partially resist certain manipulative dimensions to postpone their death and perform additional reproductive episodes (PRM). Alternatively, manipulated hosts may express novel traits that do not alter the manipulation per se but that alleviate its detrimental fitness consequences (BPM). If effective, PRM and BPM have many implications for the ecology and evolution of hosts and their parasites, especially the evolution of multidimensional manipulations.
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Jacquin L, Mori Q, Pause M, Steffen M, Medoc V. Non-specific manipulation of gammarid behaviour by P. minutus parasite enhances their predation by definitive bird hosts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101684. [PMID: 25000519 PMCID: PMC4084987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophically-transmitted parasites often change the phenotype of their intermediate hosts in ways that increase their vulnerability to definitive hosts, hence favouring transmission. As a "collateral damage", manipulated hosts can also become easy prey for non-host predators that are dead ends for the parasite, and which are supposed to play no role in transmission strategies. Interestingly, infection with the acanthocephalan parasite Polymorphus minutus has been shown to reduce the vulnerability of its gammarid intermediate hosts to non-host predators, whose presence triggered the behavioural alterations expected to favour trophic transmission to bird definitive hosts. Whilst the behavioural response of infected gammarids to the presence of definitive hosts remains to be investigated, this suggests that trophic transmission might be promoted by non-host predation risk. We conducted microcosm experiments to test whether the behaviour of P. minutus-infected gammarids was specific to the type of predator (i.e. mallard as definitive host and fish as non-host), and mesocosm experiments to test whether trophic transmission to bird hosts was influenced by non-host predation risk. Based on the behaviours we investigated (predator avoidance, activity, geotaxis, conspecific attraction), we found no evidence for a specific fine-tuned response in infected gammarids, which behaved similarly whatever the type of predator (mallard or fish). During predation tests, fish predation risk did not influence the differential predation of mallards that over-consumed infected gammarids compared to uninfected individuals. Overall, our results bring support for a less sophisticated scenario of manipulation than previously expected, combining chronic behavioural alterations with phasic behavioural alterations triggered by the chemical and physical cues coming from any type of predator. Given the wide dispersal range of waterbirds (the definitive hosts of P. minutus), such a manipulation whose efficiency does not depend on the biotic context is likely to facilitate its trophic transmission in a wide range of aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Jacquin
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; McGill University, Department of Biology & Redpath Museum, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Quentin Mori
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Pause
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Steffen
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Medoc
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Cézilly F, Perrot-Minnot MJ, Rigaud T. Cooperation and conflict in host manipulation: interactions among macro-parasites and micro-organisms. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:248. [PMID: 24966851 PMCID: PMC4052506 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several parasite species are known to manipulate the phenotype of their hosts in ways that enhance their own transmission. Co-occurrence of manipulative parasites, belonging to the same species or to more than one species, in a single host has been regularly observed. Little is known, however, on interactions between co-occurring manipulative parasites with same or different transmission routes. Several models addressing this problem have provided predictions on how cooperation and conflict between parasites could emerge from multiple infections. Here, we review the empirical evidence in favor of the existence of synergistic or antagonistic interactions between co-occurring parasites, and highlight the neglected role of micro-organisms. We particularly discuss the actual importance of selective forces shaping the evolution of interactions between manipulative parasites in relation to parasite prevalence in natural populations, efficiency in manipulation, and type of transmission (i.e., horizontal versus vertical), and we emphasize the potential for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Cézilly
- Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
- Institut Universitaire de FranceStrasbourg, France
| | | | - Thierry Rigaud
- Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
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Does the carotenoid-based colouration of Polymorphus minutus facilitate its trophic transmission to definitive hosts? Parasitology 2013; 140:1310-5. [PMID: 23866854 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater gammarids infected with the acanthocephalan parasite Polymorphus minutus show behavioural alterations but also differ from uninfected individuals in their appearance because of the carotenoid-based colouration of the parasite visible through the cuticle. However, it's not clear whether this phenotypic alteration is an adaptation favouring parasite transmission to the definitive host. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the selective preference of mallard towards two prey types: uninfected gammarids on which we applied a dot of inconspicuous brown paint, and uninfected gammarids on which we applied a dot of bright orange paint to mimic the change in appearance due to P. minutus without changes in host behaviour. Mallards showed a significant preference for orange-painted gammarids regardless of how gammarids were distributed (isolated or aggregated). This suggests that parasite's colouration may play a role in enhanced transmission to definitive avian hosts. The role of P. minutus' colouration in the conspicuousness of gammarids has however to be balanced by the extent to which mallards use visual cues to forage in the field. From the perspective of a multidimensional manipulation, this study suggests that the change in appearance may act synergistically with the changes in behaviour to promote transmission to waterbirds.
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23
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Dubois F, Thomas F, Brodeur J. When should a trophically transmitted parasite exploit host compensatory responses? Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Dubois
- Département de sciences biologiques; Université de Montréal; Montréal; QC; Canada
| | | | - Jacques Brodeur
- Département de sciences biologiques; Université de Montréal; Montréal; QC; Canada
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24
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Cézilly F, Favrat A, Perrot-Minnot MJ. Multidimensionality in parasite-induced phenotypic alterations: ultimate versus proximate aspects. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:27-35. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.074005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Summary
In most cases, parasites alter more than one dimension in their host phenotype. Although multidimensionality in parasite-induced phenotypic alterations (PIPAs) seems to be the rule, it has started to be addressed only recently. Here, we critically review some of the problems associated with the definition, quantification and interpretation of multidimensionality in PIPAs. In particular, we confront ultimate and proximate accounts, and evaluate their own limitations. We end up by introducing several suggestions for the development of future research, including some practical guidelines for the quantitative analysis of multidimensionality in PIPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Cézilly
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Institut Universitaire de France
| | - Adrien Favrat
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Jeanne Perrot-Minnot
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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25
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Abstract
Summary
For millions of years, parasites have altered the behaviour of their hosts. Parasites can affect host behaviour by: (1) interfering with the host’s normal immune–neural communication, (2) secreting substances that directly alter neuronal activity via non-genomic mechanisms and (3) inducing genomic- and/or proteomic-based changes in the brain of the host. Changes in host behaviour are often restricted to particular behaviours, with many other behaviours remaining unaffected. Neuroscientists can produce this degree of selectivity by targeting specific brain areas. Parasites, however, do not selectively attack discrete brain areas. Parasites typically induce a variety of effects in several parts of the brain. Parasitic manipulation of host behaviour evolved within the context of the manipulation of other host physiological systems (especially the immune system) that was required for a parasite’s survival. This starting point, coupled with the fortuitous nature of evolutionary innovation and evolutionary pressures to minimize the costs of parasitic manipulation, likely contributed to the complex and indirect nature of the mechanisms involved in host behavioural control. Because parasites and neuroscientists use different tactics to control behaviour, studying the methods used by parasites can provide novel insights into how nervous systems generate and regulate behaviour. Studying how parasites influence host behaviour will also help us integrate genomic, proteomic and neurophysiological perspectives on behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Anne Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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26
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Abstract
Summary
The past decades have seen mounting evidence that parasites alter their host’s behaviour in ways that benefit transmission, based on differences in the expression of behavioural traits between infected and control individuals, or on significant correlations between trait expression and infection levels. The multidimensional nature of host manipulation has only recently been recognised: parasites do not target single host traits, but instead suites of interrelated traits. Here, I use recent research on animal personality (behavioural differences among individuals consistent across time and situations) and behavioural syndromes (correlations at the population level among distinct behavioural traits, or between the same trait expressed in different contexts) to provide a framework from which simple testable patterns of host behavioural changes can be predicted. Following infection, a manipulative parasite could (i) change the temporal consistency of its host’s behavioural responses, (ii) change the slope of a host reaction norm, i.e. the way host behavioural traits are expressed as a function of an environmental gradient, or (iii) decouple two or more host behavioural traits and/or change the way in which they correlate with each other. Two case studies involving trematode parasites and their freshwater hosts are used to provide empirical illustrations of the above scenarios. These clearly illustrate the full richness of behavioural alterations induced by parasites, and how these effects would go unnoticed using the classical trait-by-trait comparisons of mean values between parasitised and non-parasitised individuals. However, the power of animal personality and behavioural syndromes to inform research on host manipulation by parasites will only be fully realised when underlying mechanisms are elucidated and linked to their phenotypic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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27
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Perrot-Minnot MJ, Cézilly F. Investigating candidate neuromodulatory systems underlying parasitic manipulation: concepts, limitations and prospects. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:134-41. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.074146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Studies addressing the functional basis of parasitic manipulation suggest that alteration of the neuromodulatory system is a common feature of manipulated hosts. Screening of the neuromodulatory system has so far been carried out by performing ethopharmacological analysis, biochemical quantification of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and/or immunocytochemistry. Here, we review the advantages and limitations of such approaches through the analysis of case studies. We further address whether the analysis of candidate neuromodulatory systems fits the current view of manipulation as being multidimensional. The benefits in combining ethopharmacology with more recent molecular tools to investigate candidate neuromodulatory pathways is also emphasized. We conclude by discussing the value of a multidisciplinary study of parasitic manipulation, combining evolutionary (parasite transmission), behavioural (syndrome of manipulation) and neuroimmunological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Jeanne Perrot-Minnot
- Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Frank Cézilly
- Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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28
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Durieux R, Rigaud T, Médoc V. Parasite-induced suppression of aggregation under predation risk in a freshwater amphipod. Behav Processes 2012; 91:207-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Manipulative parasites may not alter intermediate host distribution but still enhance their transmission: field evidence for increased vulnerability to definitive hosts and non-host predator avoidance. Parasitology 2012; 140:258-65. [PMID: 23068018 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural alterations induced by parasites in their intermediate hosts can spatially structure host populations, possibly resulting in enhanced trophic transmission to definitive hosts. However, such alterations may also increase intermediate host vulnerability to non-host predators. Parasite-induced behavioural alterations may thus vary between parasite species and depend on each parasite definitive host species. We studied the influence of infection with 2 acanthocephalan parasites (Echinorhynchus truttae and Polymorphus minutus) on the distribution of the amphipod Gammarus pulex in the field. Predator presence or absence and predator species, whether suitable definitive host or dead-end predator, had no effect on the micro-distribution of infected or uninfected G. pulex amphipods. Although neither parasite species seem to influence intermediate host distribution, E. truttae infected G. pulex were still significantly more vulnerable to predation by fish (Cottus gobio), the parasite's definitive hosts. In contrast, G. pulex infected with P. minutus, a bird acanthocephalan, did not suffer from increased predation by C. gobio, a predator unsuitable as host for P. minutus. These results suggest that effects of behavioural changes associated with parasite infections might not be detectable until intermediate hosts actually come in contact with predators. However, parasite-induced changes in host spatial distribution may still be adaptive if they drive hosts into areas of high transmission probabilities.
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30
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Gismondi E, Beisel JN, Cossu-Leguille C. Polymorphus minutus affects antitoxic responses of Gammarus roeseli exposed to cadmium. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41475. [PMID: 22911795 PMCID: PMC3401126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The acanthocephalan parasite Polymorphus minutus is a manipulator of its intermediate host Gammarus roeseli, which favours its transmission to the final host, a water bird. In contaminated environments, G. roeseli have to cope with two stresses, i.e. P. minutus infection and pollutants. As P. minutus survival relies on its host's survival, we investigated the influence of P. minutus on the antitoxic defence capacities and the energy reserves of G. roeseli females after cadmium exposure. In parallel, malondialdehyde, a toxic effect biomarker, was measured in G. roeseli females and in P. minutus. The results revealed that infected females displayed higher cell damage than uninfected ones, despite an apparent increase in reduced glutathione and metallothionein production. In fact, the increase of these antitoxic systems could be counterbalanced by carotenoid intake by the parasite, so that the overall defence system seemed less efficient in infected females than in uninfected ones. In addition, we demonstrated that cadmium induced cell damage in P. minutus, probably linked with cadmium accumulation in the parasite. Altogether, we observed a paradoxical pattern of responses suggesting that P. minutus increases cadmium toxicity in G. roeseli females although (i) it tends to increase several host antitoxic defence capacities and (ii) it bears part of the pollutant, as reflected by cell damage in the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gismondi
- Laboratoire des Interactions Ecotoxicologie Biodiversité Ecosystèmes (LIEBE), CNRS UMR 7146, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France.
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31
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Does the acanthocephalan parasite Polymorphus minutus modify the energy reserves and antitoxic defences of its intermediate host Gammarus roeseli? Parasitology 2012; 139:1054-61. [PMID: 22405348 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In disturbed environments, infected organisms have to face both parasitic and chemical stresses. Although this situation is common, few studies have been devoted to the effects of infection on hosts' energy reserves and antitoxic defence capacities, while parasite survival depends on host survival. In this study, we tested the consequences of an infection by Polymorphus minutus on the energy reserves (protein, lipid and glycogen) and antioxidant defence capacities (reduced glutathione, γ-glutamylcysteine ligase activity) of Gammarus roeseli males and females, in the absence of chemical stress. Moreover, malondialdehyde concentration was used as a toxicity biomarker. The results revealed that in infected G. roeseli, whatever their gender and the sampling month, protein and lipid contents were lower, but glycogen contents were higher. This could be explained by the fact that the parasite diverts part of the host's energy for its own development. Moreover, glutathione concentrations and γ-glutamylcysteine ligase activity were both lower, which could lead to lower antitoxic defence in the host. These results suggest negative effects on individuals in the case of additional stress (e.g. pollutant exposure). In the absence of chemical stress, the lower malondialdehyde level in infected gammarids could imply a probable protective effect of the parasite.
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32
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Kolluru GR, Green ZS, Vredevoe LK, Kuzma MR, Ramadan SN, Zosky MR. Parasite infection and sand coarseness increase sand crab (Emerita analoga) burrowing time. Behav Processes 2011; 88:184-91. [PMID: 21959036 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Médoc V, Beisel JN. When trophically-transmitted parasites combine predation enhancement with predation suppression to optimize their transmission. OIKOS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Duffy MA, Housley JM, Penczykowski RM, Cáceres CE, Hall SR. Unhealthy herds: indirect effects of predators enhance two drivers of disease spread. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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36
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Cézilly F, Perrot-Minnot MJ. Interpreting multidimensionality in parasite-induced phenotypic alterations: panselectionism versus parsimony. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Cézilly F, Thomas F, Médoc V, Perrot-Minnot MJ. Host-manipulation by parasites with complex life cycles: adaptive or not? Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:311-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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38
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Franceschi N, Cornet S, Bollache L, Dechaume-Moncharmont FX, Bauer A, Motreuil S, Rigaud T. VARIATION BETWEEN POPULATIONS AND LOCAL ADAPTATION IN ACANTHOCEPHALAN-INDUCED PARASITE MANIPULATION. Evolution 2010; 64:2417-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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40
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A manipulative parasite increasing an antipredator response decreases its vulnerability to a nonhost predator. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Seppälä O, Jokela J. Host manipulation as a parasite transmission strategy when manipulation is exploited by non-host predators. Biol Lett 2009; 4:663-6. [PMID: 18700200 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophically transmitted parasites often alter their intermediate host's phenotype, thereby predisposing hosts to increased predation. This is generally considered to be a parasite strategy evolved to enhance transmission to the next host. However, the adaptive value of host manipulation is not clear, as it may be associated with costs, such as increased susceptibility to predator species that are unsuitable next hosts for the parasites. Thus, it has been proposed that, to be adaptive, manipulation should be specific by predisposing hosts more strongly to predation by target hosts (next host in the life cycle) than to non-hosts. Here we formally evaluate this prediction, and show that manipulation does not have to be specific to be adaptive. However, when manipulation is nonspecific, it needs to effectively increase the overall predation risk of infected hosts if it is to increase the parasite transmission probability. Thus, when initial predation risk is low, even highly nonspecific manipulation strategies can be adaptive. However, when initial predation risk is high, manipulation needs to be more specific to increase parasite transmission success. Therefore, nonspecific host manipulation may evolve in nature, but the adaptive value of a certain manipulation strategy can vary among different parasite populations depending on the variation in initial predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Seppälä
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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42
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Parker GA, Ball MA, Chubb JC, Hammerschmidt K, Milinski M. WHEN SHOULD A TROPHICALLY TRANSMITTED PARASITE MANIPULATE ITS HOST? Evolution 2009; 63:448-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Medeiros MND, Belmonte R, Soares BCC, Medeiros LND, Canetti C, Freire-de-Lima CG, Maya-Monteiro CM, Bozza PT, Almeida IC, Masuda H, Kurtenbach E, Machado EA. Arrest of oogenesis in the bug Rhodnius prolixus challenged with the fungus Aspergillus niger is mediated by immune response-derived PGE2. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 55:150-157. [PMID: 19059412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work we characterized the immune response of the insect Rhodnius prolixus to a direct injection into the hemocoel of the non-entomopathogenic fungus Aspergillus niger, and evaluated its consequences on host oogenesis. These animals were able to respond by mounting effective cellular and humoral responses to this fungus; these responses were shown, however, to have reproductive fitness costs, as the number of eggs laid per female was significantly reduced. The disturbance of egg formation during infectious process correlated with an elevation in the titer of hemolymph prostaglandin E2 48 h post-challenge. Administration of Zymosan A as an immunogenic non-infectious challenge produced similar effects on phenoloxidase and prophenoloxidase activities, oocyte development and prostaglandin E2 titer, precluding the hypothesis of an effect mediated by fungal metabolites in animals challenged with fungus. Ovaries at 48 h post-challenge showed absence of vitellogenic ovarian follicles, and the in vivo administration of prostaglandin E2 or its receptor agonist misoprostol, partially reproduced this phenotype. Together these data led us to hypothesize that immune-derived prostaglandin E2 raised from the insect response to the fungal challenge is involved in disturbing follicle development, contributing to a reduction in host reproductive output and acting as a host-derived adaptive effector to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Neves de Medeiros
- Programa de Biologia Celular e Parasitologia, IBCCF, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Field evidence for non-host predator avoidance in a manipulated amphipod. Naturwissenschaften 2009; 96:513-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-008-0503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kaldonski N, Perrot-Minnot MJ, Dodet R, Martinaud G, Cézilly F. Carotenoid-based colour of acanthocephalan cystacanths plays no role in host manipulation. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:169-76. [PMID: 18796399 PMCID: PMC2614247 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulation by parasites is a catchy concept that has been applied to a large range of phenotypic alterations brought about by parasites in their hosts. It has, for instance, been suggested that the carotenoid-based colour of acanthocephalan cystacanths is adaptive through increasing the conspicuousness of infected intermediate hosts and, hence, their vulnerability to appropriate final hosts such as fish predators. We revisited the evidence in favour of adaptive coloration of acanthocephalan parasites in relation to increased trophic transmission using the crustacean amphipod Gammarus pulex and two species of acanthocephalans, Pomphorhynchus laevis and Polymorphus minutus. Both species show carotenoid-based colorations, but rely, respectively, on freshwater fish and aquatic bird species as final hosts. In addition, the two parasites differ in the type of behavioural alteration brought to their common intermediate host. Pomphorhynchus laevis reverses negative phototaxis in G. pulex, whereas P. minutus reverses positive geotaxis. In aquaria, trout showed selective predation for P. laevis-infected gammarids, whereas P. minutus-infected ones did not differ from uninfected controls in their vulnerability to predation. We tested for an effect of parasite coloration on increased trophic transmission by painting a yellow-orange spot on the cuticle of uninfected gammarids and by masking the yellow-orange spot of infected individuals with inconspicuous brown paint. To enhance realism, match of colour between painted mimics and true parasite was carefully checked using a spectrometer. We found no evidence for a role of parasite coloration in the increased vulnerability of gammarids to predation by trout. Painted mimics did not differ from control uninfected gammarids in their vulnerability to predation by trout. In addition, covering the place through which the parasite was visible did not reduce the vulnerability of infected gammarids to predation by trout. We discuss alternative evolutionary explanations for the origin and maintenance of carotenoid-based colorations in acanthocephalan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kaldonski
- Université de Bourgogne6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon 21000, France
- UMR CNRS 5561 Biogéocsciences, Université de Bourgogne6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Marie-Jeanne Perrot-Minnot
- Université de Bourgogne6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon 21000, France
- UMR CNRS 5561 Biogéocsciences, Université de Bourgogne6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Raphaël Dodet
- Université de Bourgogne6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon 21000, France
| | | | - Frank Cézilly
- Université de Bourgogne6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon 21000, France
- UMR CNRS 5561 Biogéocsciences, Université de Bourgogne6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon 21000, France
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Cornet S, Franceschi N, Bauer A, Rigaud T, Moret Y. Immune depression induced by acanthocephalan parasites in their intermediate crustacean host: Consequences for the risk of super-infection and links with host behavioural manipulation. Int J Parasitol 2009; 39:221-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Lefèvre T, Lebarbenchon C, Gauthier-Clerc M, Missé D, Poulin R, Thomas F. The ecological significance of manipulative parasites. Trends Ecol Evol 2008; 24:41-8. [PMID: 19026461 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of ways in which host manipulation by parasites interferes with ecological and evolutionary processes governing biotic interactions has been recently documented, and indicates that manipulative parasites are full participants in the functioning of ecosystems. Phenotypic alterations in parasitised hosts modify host population ecology, apparent competition processes, food web structure and energy and nutrient flow between habitats, as well as favouring habitat creation. As is usually the case in ecology, these phenomena can be greatly amplified by a series of secondary consequences (cascade effects). Here we review the ecological relevance of manipulative parasites in ecosystems and propose directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Lefèvre
- GEMI/UMR CNRS-IRD 2724, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Seppälä O, Valtonen ET, Benesh DP. Host manipulation by parasites in the world of dead-end predators: adaptation to enhance transmission? Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:1611-5. [PMID: 18430644 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophically transmitted parasites often alter their intermediate host's phenotype, thereby predisposing the hosts to increased predation. This is generally considered a parasite strategy evolved to enhance transmission to the next hosts. However, the adaptive value of host manipulation is not clear as it may be associated with costs, such as increased susceptibility to predators that are unsuitable next hosts for the parasites. We examined the ratio between the benefits and costs of host manipulation for transmission success of Acanthocephalus lucii (Acanthocephala), a parasite that alters the hiding behaviour and pigmentation of its isopod hosts. We experimentally compared the susceptibility of infected and uninfected isopods to predation by perch (Perca fluvialis; definitive host of the parasite) and dragonfly larvae (dead end). We found that the parasite predisposed the isopods to predation by both predators. However, the increased predation vulnerability of the infected isopods was higher towards perch. This suggests that, despite the costs due to non-host predation, host manipulation may still be advantageous for the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Seppälä
- Department of Aquatic Ecology (ECO), EAWAG, Uberlandstrasse 133, PO Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Lefèvre T, Thomas F. Behind the scene, something else is pulling the strings: Emphasizing parasitic manipulation in vector-borne diseases. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2008; 8:504-19. [PMID: 17588825 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 05/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Merging the field of epidemiology with those of evolutionary and behavioural ecology can generate considerable fundamental knowledge, as well as help to guide public health policies. An attempt is made here to integrate these disciplines by focusing on parasitic manipulation in vector-borne diseases. Parasitic manipulation is a fascinating strategy of transmission which occurs when a parasite alters phenotypic trait(s) of its host in a way that enhances its probability of transmission. Vector-borne parasites are responsible for many of the most harmful diseases affecting humans, and thus represent public health priority. It has been shown for several decades that viruses, bacteria and protozoa can alter important features of their arthropod vector and vertebrate host in a way that increases their probability of transmission. Here, we review these changes, including, the feeding behaviour, survival and immune system of the vector, as well as attraction, defensive behaviour, blood characteristics and immune system of the vertebrate host. Based on the classic measure of vector-borne disease transmission R(0), additional changes, such as, vertebrate host choice by infected vectors or parasite development duration in the vector are expected. Reported or expected phenotypic changes are discussed in terms of costs and benefits to the parasite, its vector, and the vertebrate host. Introducing the parasitic manipulation concept into vector-borne diseases clearly highlights fruitful avenues not only for fundamental research, but also for developing strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Lefèvre
- GEMI, UMR CNRS-IRD 2724, IRD, 911, av. Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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