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Craig AR, Agnew CN, Derrenbacker KE, Antúnez BA, Sullivan WE, Smith SW, DeBartelo J, Roane HS. Resurgence of ethanol seeking following voluntary abstinence produced by nondrug differential reinforcement of other behavior. J Exp Anal Behav 2024; 121:314-326. [PMID: 38499477 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Resurgence refers to the relapse of a target behavior following the worsening of a source of alternative reinforcement that was made available during response elimination. Most laboratory analyses of resurgence have used a combination of extinction and alternative reinforcement to reduce target behavior. In contingency-management treatments for alcohol use disorder, however, alcohol use is not placed on extinction. Instead, participants voluntarily abstain from alcohol use to access nondrug alternative reinforcers. Inasmuch, additional laboratory research on resurgence following voluntary abstinence is warranted. The present experiment evaluated resurgence of rats' ethanol seeking following voluntary abstinence produced by differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO). Lever pressing produced ethanol reinforcers during baseline phases. During DRO phases, lever pressing continued to produce ethanol and food reinforcers were delivered according to resetting DRO schedules. Ethanol and food reinforcers were suspended during resurgence test phases to evaluate resurgence following voluntary abstinence. Lever pressing was elevated during baseline phases and occurred at near-zero rates during DRO phases. During the resurgence test phases, lever pressing increased, despite that it no longer produced ethanol. The procedure introduced here may help researchers better understand the variables that affect voluntary abstinence from ethanol seeking and resurgence following voluntary abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Craig
- Golisano Center for Special Needs, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Charlene N Agnew
- Golisano Center for Special Needs, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kate E Derrenbacker
- Golisano Center for Special Needs, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Beatriz Arroyo Antúnez
- Golisano Center for Special Needs, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones en Comportamiento, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - William E Sullivan
- Golisano Center for Special Needs, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Sean W Smith
- Golisano Center for Special Needs, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jacqueline DeBartelo
- Golisano Center for Special Needs, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Henry S Roane
- Golisano Center for Special Needs, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Nawrocik-Madrid A, AlTfaili H, Lamb RJ, Ginsburg BC. A Rapid Procedure to Assess Shifts in Discriminative Control Over Drinking During Recovery-Like Behavior. Alcohol 2024:S0741-8329(24)00016-8. [PMID: 38395371 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we reported that recovery-like behavior decreases stimulus control over drinking, and this likely plays a role in the clinical observation that longer recovery increases relapse resistance. Those studies were conducted using a procedure that required repeated assessment, preventing a longitudinal analysis of the changes in stimulus control over time in each individual. Here we recapitulate those results and extend them to female rats using a more efficient procedure that allows repeated assessment of changes in stimulus control over drinking during recovery. METHODS Under a multiple concurrent schedule, rats were trained to reliably respond predominately for ethanol (concurrent Ethanol FR5, Food FR150) in the presence of one stimulus and for food (concurrent Ethanol FR5, Food FR5) in the presence of another stimulus. Stimuli were either lights or tones, depending on the group. After that, a drinking phase in which only the stimulus occasioning ethanol responding was presented (10 or 20 sessions) followed by recovery-like sessions in which only the stimulus occasioning food responding was presented. During these sessions, rats were exposed to the ethanol stimulus under extinction during the first component on sessions 0, 1, 2, 4,8, and 16. The number of food responses during these stimulus exposures prior to the first 5 ethanol responses was the primary measure. RESULTS Consistent with the earlier procedure, the number of food responses during ethanol tests increased as a function of the number of recovery sessions completed, regardless of whether the stimuli were visual or auditory. However, there were no significant effects of extended alcohol exposure or sex. CONCLUSIONS A rapid procedure consistent with the earlier procedure and clinical evidence was developed in which stimulus control over drinking decreased following longer periods of recovery. Under conditions tested, stimulus type, length of drinking history and sex did not affect this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acacia Nawrocik-Madrid
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hanana AlTfaili
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - R J Lamb
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Brett C Ginsburg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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AlTfaili H, Lamb RJ, Ginsburg BC. Shifts in stimulus control over opioid use with increasing periods of recovery. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 235:173693. [PMID: 38104948 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periods of engaging in an alternative behavior diminishes behavioral control by stimuli occasioning alcohol use. This increase in relapse resistance with increasing recovery suggests that changing stimulus control over substance use may be a mechanism responsible for decreased relapse rates with longer recovery. However, the generality of this phenomenon to other drugs of abuse, including opioid self-administration, remains unclear. This study tests the generality of these findings with etonitazene to determine whether the shift in attention represents a behavioral process that generalizes from conditions we previously reported. METHODS Five adult male Lewis rats were trained to respond on levers under two stimulus conditions; high-cost food (food FR150 and etonitazene FR5) and low-cost food (both food and etonitazene FR 5). Next, only the high-cost food stimulus (occasioning etonitazene responding) was presented for 20 sessions (Use Phase) followed by 9 sessions in which only the low-cost food stimulus (occasioning food responding) was presented (Recovery Phase). During the Recovery Phase, testing occurred during the first component of sessions 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 when rats were re-exposed to the high-cost food stimulus. The number of food responses prior to completing the etonitazene response requirement during this stimulus exposure was the primary measure. RESULTS Food responses during stimulus re-exposure increased significantly as a function of recovery sessions completed with a slope [95 % CI] of 2.49 responses/recovery session [0.16, 4.81]. The average number of etonitazene deliveries per use session was 32 ± 6.6 or an average daily dose of 48.8 ± 10.1 μg/kg. During Recovery Phase, etonitazene deliveries decreased to 2.4 ± 1 or 3.6 ± 1.5 μg/kg. CONCLUSION The decrease in stimulus control observed for ethanol self-administration appears to generalize to opioid self-administration, indicating this change in stimulus control may play a general role in recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanana AlTfaili
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - R J Lamb
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Brett C Ginsburg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Podlesnik CA, Ritchey CM, Waits J, Gilroy SP. A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Procedures and Analyses Used in Basic and Preclinical Studies of Resurgence, 1970-2020. Perspect Behav Sci 2023; 46:137-184. [PMID: 37006602 PMCID: PMC10050505 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-022-00361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resurgence is the return of a previously reinforced response as conditions worsen for an alternative response, such as the introduction of extinction, reductions in reinforcement, or punishment. As a procedure, resurgence has been used to model behavioral treatments and understand behavioral processes contributing both to relapse of problem behavior and flexibility during problem-solving. Identifying existing procedural and analytic methods arranged in basic/preclinical research could be used by basic and preclinical researchers to develop novel approaches to study resurgence, whereas translational and clinical researchers could identify potential approaches to combating relapse during behavioral interventions. Despite the study of resurgence for over half a century, there have been no systematic reviews of the basic/preclinical research on resurgence. To characterize the procedural and analytic methods used in basic/preclinical research on resurgence, we performed a systematic review consistent with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). We identified 120 articles consisting of 200 experiments that presented novel empirical research, examined operant behavior, and included standard elements of a resurgence procedure. We reported prevalence and trends in over 60 categories, including participant characteristics (e.g., species, sample size, disability), designs (e.g., single subject, group), procedural characteristics (e.g., responses, reinforcer types, control conditions), criteria defining resurgence (e.g., single test, multiple tests, relative to control), and analytic strategies (e.g., inferential statistics, quantitative analysis, visual inspection). We make some recommendations for future basic, preclinical, and clinical research based on our findings of this expanding literature. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40614-022-00361-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Podlesnik
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 114 Psychology Building, 945 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611-2250 USA
| | | | - Jo Waits
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
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Maddern XJ, Walker LC, Campbell EJ, Arunogiri S, Haber PS, Morley K, Manning V, Millan EZ, McNally GP, Lubman DI, Lawrence AJ. Can we enhance the clinical efficacy of cognitive and psychological approaches to treat substance use disorders through understanding their neurobiological mechanisms? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104899. [PMID: 36183863 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research in the field of addiction, relapse rates for substance use disorders remain high. Consequently, there has been growing focus on providing evidence-based treatments for substance use disorders, resulting in the increased development and use of cognitive and psychological interventions. Such treatment approaches, including contingency management, community-reinforcement approach, and cognitive bias modification, have shown promising clinical efficacy in reducing substance use and promoting abstinence during treatment. However, these interventions are still somewhat limited in achieving sustained periods of abstinence post-treatment. The neurobiological mechanisms underpinning these treatment approaches remain largely unknown and under-studied, in part, due to a lack of translational animal models. The adoption of a reverse translational approach may assist in development of more representative models that can facilitate elucidation of the mechanisms behind these clinically relevant interventions. This review examines our current understanding of addiction neurobiology from clinical, preclinical research and existing animal models, and considers how the efficacy of such behavioral-oriented interventions alone, or in combination with pharmacotherapy, may be enhanced to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier J Maddern
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Leigh C Walker
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Erin J Campbell
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Brain Neuromodulation Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Shalini Arunogiri
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul S Haber
- Edith Collins Centre, Drug Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirsten Morley
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Victoria Manning
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Dan I Lubman
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Thrailkill EA, Alcalá JA. Relapse after incentivized choice treatment in humans: A laboratory model for studying behavior change. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:220-234. [PMID: 33507769 PMCID: PMC8363208 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Behavior change interventions that incentivize desired behavior are highly effective for improving personal health, but difficult to maintain long term. Relapse is common and examining the mechanisms that contribute to relapse in experimental settings can identify processes relevant to substance abuse treatment. We developed a laboratory task that parallels a recent operant model of relapse after incentivized choice reported in the rodent laboratory. In two experiments, undergraduate participants first learned to make an operant response (keyboard button; R1) to earn a reinforcer consisting of an image of a preferred snack food (O1). In a second phase (Phase 2), R1 was still reinforced, but a new response (R2) was introduced and reinforced with a different reinforcer (a coin; O2). In a test phase, contingent incentives for R2 were removed (extinction) and relapse of R1 was assessed. Experiment 1 found that the O2 contingency suppressed R1 during Phase 2, and R1 relapsed rapidly in the test. Neither effect was consistently related to O2 value. Experiment 2 examined whether noncontingent presentations of O1 or O2 during the test could weaken relapse. Here, we found that noncontingent reinforcers did little to reduce or slow the increase in R1 responding. The present experiments highlight a laboratory approach to studying variables that may influence relapse after incentivized treatment. We identify and discuss areas for development to address differences between the present results and prior observations from animal and clinical studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José A. Alcalá
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester,Department of Psychology, University of Jaén
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Cues Associated with Alternative Reinforcement During Extinction Can Attenuate Resurgence of an Extinguished Instrumental Response. Learn Behav 2020; 47:66-79. [PMID: 30054852 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-018-0339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In resurgence, a target behavior (R1) is acquired in an initial phase and extinguished in a second phase while an R2 behavior is reinforced. When R2 is extinguished, R1 behavior can return or resurge. Two experiments tested the effectiveness of a potential retrieval cue associated with extinction in attenuating resurgence. Experiment 1 established that a 2-s cue paired with outcome delivery in Phase 2 can attenuate resurgence when presented during testing. This effect depended on the cue being associated with the outcome, and it occurred if the cue was delivered contingently or noncontingently on responding during testing. Pairing the cue with reinforcement might be necessary to maintain attention to it during Phase 2. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the cue must be experienced in sessions that also include R1 extinction and that it does not reduce resurgence through a conditioned reinforcement mechanism. The results suggest that previously neutral stimuli can attenuate resurgence if they are first paired with alternative reinforcement and presented in sessions in which R1 is extinguished. They build on existing literature that suggests enhancing generalization between extinction and testing reduces resurgence. The results may have implications for reducing relapse following interventions in humans such as contingency management (CM), in which participants can earn vouchers contingent upon drug abstinence. A cue associated with CM might help reduce this relapse.
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Ginsburg BC, Lamb RJ. Frustration stress (unexpected loss of alternative reinforcement) increases opioid self-administration in a model of recovery. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 182:33-39. [PMID: 29136564 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Engaging in alternative activities in the context where opioid use had occurred can constrain opioid use and helps to maintain recovery. However, "frustration stress" that occurs when contingencies on these alternative activities unexpectedly change (e.g., job loss or divorce) is thought to threaten recovery by prompting a return to drug use. Yet it remains unclear whether frustration stress can result in a return to drug use, and if so, whether it returns to prior levels or to even greater levels. PROCEDURES We examine the impact of unsignaled extinction of alternative reinforcement on opioid use. Rats were trained to respond for an etonitazene solution (5μg/ml, p.o.), then for food in alternating daily sessions. Subsequently, food and etonitazene were made concurrently available. Under concurrent availability conditions, rats were exposed to 1, 2, or 4 sessions of unsignaled food extinction, and effects on responding for etonitazene and food measured. FINDINGS When etonitazene was the only reinforcer available, rats earned 58.3±20.3μg/kg/session (mean±S.E.M.). When food was available in alternating sessions, etonitazene earned was unchanged (65.3±19.2μg/kg/session). Concurrent food availability decreased etonitazene earned (13.5±4.5μg/kg/session). Unsignaled food extinction returned etonitazene earnedto levels similar to (60.5±18.4μg/kg/session), but not greater than, those observed previously when etonitazene alone was available. CONCLUSIONS Unsignaled extinction of alternative behavior controlling opioid use can result in increased opioid use, but this use does not rise beyond previous levels observed when opioid use is unconstrained by alternative reinforced behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett C Ginsburg
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - R J Lamb
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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Kuroda T, Mizutani Y, Cançado CR, Podlesnik CA. Reversal learning and resurgence of operant behavior in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). Behav Processes 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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