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Wang J, Yang J, Kopeček J. Nanomedicines in B cell-targeting therapies. Acta Biomater 2022; 137:1-19. [PMID: 34687954 PMCID: PMC8678319 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
B cells play multiple roles in immune responses related to autoimmune diseases as well as different types of cancers. As such, strategies focused on B cell targeting attracted wide interest and developed intensively. There are several common mechanisms various B cell targeting therapies have relied on, including direct B cell depletion, modulation of B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling, targeting B cell survival factors, targeting the B cell and T cell costimulation, and immune checkpoint blockade. Nanocarriers, used as drug delivery vehicles, possess numerous advantages to low molecular weight drugs, reducing drug toxicity, enhancing blood circulation time, as well as augmenting targeting efficacy and improving therapeutic effect. Herein, we review the commonly used targets involved in B cell targeting approaches and the utilization of various nanocarriers as B cell-targeted delivery vehicles. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: As B cells are engaged significantly in the development of many kinds of diseases, utilization of nanomedicines in B cell depletion therapies have been rapidly developed. Although numerous studies focused on B cell targeting have already been done, there are still various potential receptors awaiting further investigation. This review summarizes the most relevant studies that utilized nanotechnologies associated with different B cell depletion approaches, providing a useful tool for selection of receptors, agents and/or nanocarriers matching specific diseases. Along with uncovering new targets in the function map of B cells, there will be a growing number of candidates that can benefit from nanoscale drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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Dong F, Song X, Xing J, Tang X, Sheng X, Chi H, Zhan W. Immunological characteristics of dendritic cells marker CD83 in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Su C, Liu S, Ma X, Yang X, Liu J, Zheng P, Cao Y. Decitabine attenuates dextran sodium sulfate‑induced ulcerative colitis through regulation of immune regulatory cells and intestinal barrier. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:583-594. [PMID: 32468024 PMCID: PMC7307821 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of decitabine on the regulation of intestinal barrier function in mice with inflammatory bowel disease, an experimental model of colitis was established via drinking water with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the pathological changes of the colon. Cytokine production was measured by an ELISA assay. Flow cytometry was used to measure the level of regulatory T cells. Immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses detected the protein expression and distribution in colon tissue. Following the administration of decitabine, the symptoms of intestinal inflammation in the mice were significantly relieved; the expression of IL-17 was decreased, and the levels of TGF-β and IL-10 were increased. In addition, the induction of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) in naive T cells increased the proportion of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells in CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, decitabine increased the levels of zonular occludens-1 and occludin, and inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK and p38. In conclusion, the present study suggested that decitabine could alleviate DSS-induced impaired colon barrier and the weight loss, mucus and bloody stools in mice by releasing the inhibitory factor IL-10, reducing the pro-inflammatory factor IL-17, activating CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells and inhibiting the activation of the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Department of Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, P.R. China
| | - Shaoqun Liu
- Department of Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Jianwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Peiyong Zheng
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yiou Cao
- Department of Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, P.R. China
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Takheaw N, Earwong P, Laopajon W, Pata S, Kasinrerk W. Interaction of CD99 and its ligand upregulates IL-6 and TNF-α upon T cell activation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217393. [PMID: 31120992 PMCID: PMC6532917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CD99 has been reported to be involved in T cell regulation. CD99 ligand involvement in the regulation of T cell activation has been postulated. In this study, recombinant CD99 proteins were produced and used as a tool for determining the role of CD99 and its ligand interaction. Recombinant CD99 proteins induced the upregulation of IL-6 and TNF-α expression, but not IFN-γ, in anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody activated T cells. The cytokine alteration was not observed in unstimulated T cells indicating the cytokine upregulation required the signal from T cell activation. The upregulation of IL-6 and TNF-α was, in addition, observed in CD3- mononuclear cell population including monocytes and NK cells. The recombinant CD99 proteins, however, did not affect either CD25, CD69 or MHC class II expression or T cell proliferation, upon T cell activation. The CD99 ligands were demonstrated to be expressed on monocytes, NK cells and dendritic cells, but not on B and T cells. Our results indicated the presence of CD99 ligands on leukocyte surface. Interaction between CD99 and its ligands involves the regulation of cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuchjira Takheaw
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Papawadee Earwong
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Witida Laopajon
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Supansa Pata
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Taborska P, Stakheev D, Strizova Z, Vavrova K, Podrazil M, Bartunkova J, Smrz D. Personalized ex vivo multiple peptide enrichment and detection of T cells reactive to multiple tumor-associated antigens in prostate cancer patients. Med Oncol 2017; 34:173. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-1035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lim SM, Jeong JJ, Jang SE, Han MJ, Kim DH. A mixture of the probiotic strains Bifidobacterium longum CH57 and Lactobacillus brevis CH23 ameliorates colitis in mice by inhibiting macrophage activation and restoring the Th17/Treg balance. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Najar M, Raicevic G, Fayyad-Kazan H, De Bruyn C, Bron D, Toungouz M, Lagneaux L. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Induce Proliferative, Cytokinic and Molecular Changes During the T Cell Response: The Importance of the IL-10/CD210 Axis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 11:442-52. [PMID: 25326368 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) display immunomodulatory features, representing a promising tool for cell-based therapies. However, the mechanisms used by MSCs to regulate T cell fate remain unclear. AIMS We investigated the potential of BM-MSCs to modulate T cell activation, proliferation, cytokine secretion and immunophenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS T cells were co-cultured with BM-MSCs to assess their immunomodulatory impact. T cell characterization was performed using cell tracing, ELISA, intracellular and surface staining, flow cytometry analysis and qPCR. RESULTS The activation and proliferation of T cells were downregulated during coculture with BM-MSCs. We also observed that BM-MSCs upregulated IL-10 secretion as well as the expression of its receptor CD210 on T cells, thus creating a loop favoring the expansion of IL-10-producing T cells. IL-10 neutralization restored T cell proliferation, demonstrating that IL-10 is functionally relevant during immunomodulation. Moreover, BM-MSCs differently modulated CD4 and CD8 T-cell immunophenotype by inducing broad changes in their molecular pattern. CONCLUSIONS We provide a comprehensive functional and molecular characterization of T cells that are immunomodulated by BM-MSCs. Indeed, a better understanding of the immunological interplay between T cells and MSCs will facilitate the development of new efficient approaches to improve cell-based immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Najar
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Institute Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Bâtiment de Transfusion (Level +1), Route de Lennik n° 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium,
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Lim SM, Kang GD, Jeong JJ, Choi HS, Kim DH. Neomangiferin modulates the Th17/Treg balance and ameliorates colitis in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:131-140. [PMID: 26926174 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemarrhena asphodeloides (Liliaceae family) and Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae family) contain neomangiferin as the main active constituent and have been used to treat inflammation, asthma, and pain. PURPOSE A preliminary study found that neomangiferin inhibited splenic T cell differentiation into Th17 cells and promoted Treg cell production in vitro. Therefore, we examined its anti-colitic effects in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Splenocytes isolated from C57BL/6J mice were treated with neomangiferin. Colitis was either induced in vivo by intrarectal administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) to C57BL/6J mice or occurred spontaneously in colitis caused by interleukin (IL)-10 knockout at age of 13 weeks. Mice were treated daily with neomangiferin or sulfasalazine. Inflammatory markers, cytokines, enzymes and transcription factors were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblot, and flow cytometry. RESULTS Neomangiferin suppressed retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) and IL-17 expression in IL-6/transforming growth factor β-stimulated Th17 splenocytes and increased IL-10 expression in vitro. Mouse TNBS-induced colon shortening, macroscopic score, and myeloperoxidase activity were inhibited by neomangiferin, which also reduced TNBS-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB and extracellular signal-regulated kinases, as well as expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, neomangiferin inhibited TNBS-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-17, IL-6, and IL-1β, and increased IL-10 expression. Neomangiferin inhibited TNBS-induced differentiation to Th17 cells and promoted the development of Treg cells. Moreover, in IL-10(-/-) mice, neomangiferin inhibited colonic myeloperoxidase activity, suppressed Th17 cell differentiation, and reduced levels of TNF-α and IL-17. CONCLUSION Neomangiferin may restore the balance between Th17/Treg cells by suppressing IL-17 and RORγt expression and inducing IL-10 and forkhead box P3 expression, thus ameliorating colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Lim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Geum-Dan Kang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Jeong
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Choi
- DongWha Pharm Research Institute, 35-71, Topsil-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-Shi, Gyeonggi, 46-902 South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea.
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Kang GD, Lim S, Kim DH. Oleanolic acid ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice by restoring the balance of Th17/Treg cells and inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:393-400. [PMID: 26514300 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In a preliminary experiment, it was found that oleanolic acid (OA), which is widely distributed in food and medicinal plants, inhibited interleukin (IL)-6/tumor growth factor beta-induced differentiation of splenic T cells into Th17 cells. Moreover, OA induced the differentiation of splenic T cells into Treg cells. Therefore, we examined the anti-inflammatory effect of OA in mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Oral administration of OA significantly inhibited DSS-induced colon shortening, macroscopic score, and myeloperoxidase activity. Treatment with OA inhibited DSS-induced differentiation to Th17 cells and downregulated the expression of RORγt and IL-17 in the lamina propria of colon and Treg cell differentiation and Foxp3 and IL-10 expression were increased. OA treatment increased the DSS-suppressed expression of tight junction proteins such as ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 in the colon. Moreover, OA treatment inhibited DSS-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-17, the activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases, and increased IL-10 expression. OA also inhibited the activation of NF-κB and expression of proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. These findings suggest that OA may ameliorate inflammatory diseases such as colitis by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation and increasing Treg cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Dan Kang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Lim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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Lee SY, Jeong JJ, Le THV, Eun SH, Nguyen MD, Park JH, Kim DH. Ocotillol, a Majonoside R2 Metabolite, Ameliorates 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis in Mice by Restoring the Balance of Th17/Treg Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7024-7031. [PMID: 26194345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In a preliminary experiment, majonoside R2 (MR2), isolated from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.), inhibited differentiation to Th17 cells and was metabolized to ocotillol via pseudoginsenoside RT4 (PRT4) by gut microbiota. Therefore, we examined the inhibitory effects of MR2 and its metabolites PRT4 and ocotillol against Th17 cell differentiation. These ginsenosides significantly suppressed interleukin (IL)-6/tumor growth factor beta-induced differentiation of splenic CD4(+) T cells into Th17 cells and expression of IL-17 in vitro. Among these ginsenosides, ocotillol showed the highest inhibitory effect. We also examined the anti-inflammatory effect of ocotillol in mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. Oral administration of ocotillol significantly suppressed TNBS-induced colon shortening, macroscopic score, myeloperoxidase activity, and production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. Ocotillol treatment increased TNBS-suppressed expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 in the colon. Treatment with ocotillol inhibited TNBS-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β, as well as activation of NF-κB and MAPKs. Moreover, treatment with ocotillol inhibited TNBS- induced differentiation to Th17 cells in the lamina propria of colon, as well as expression of T-bet, RORγt, IL-17, and IL-23. Ocotillol treatment also increased Treg cell differentiation and Foxp3 and IL-10 expression. These findings suggest that orally administered MR2 may be metabolized to ocotillol in the intestine by gut microbiota and the transformed ocotillol may ameliorate inflammatory diseases such as colitis by restoring the balance of Th17/Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yun Lee
- †Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Jeong
- †Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Thi Hong Van Le
- ‡School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Dinh Tien Hoang Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Su-Hyeon Eun
- †Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- ‡School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Dinh Tien Hoang Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- §College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- †Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Bertolini M, Zilio F, Rossi A, Kleditzsch P, Emelianov VE, Gilhar A, Keren A, Meyer KC, Wang E, Funk W, McElwee K, Paus R. Abnormal interactions between perifollicular mast cells and CD8+ T-cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of alopecia areata. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94260. [PMID: 24832234 PMCID: PMC4022513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a CD8+ T-cell dependent autoimmune disease of the hair follicle (HF) in which the collapse of HF immune privilege (IP) plays a key role. Mast cells (MCs) are crucial immunomodulatory cells implicated in the regulation of T cell-dependent immunity, IP, and hair growth. Therefore, we explored the role of MCs in AA pathogenesis, focusing on MC interactions with CD8+ T-cells in vivo, in both human and mouse skin with AA lesions. Quantitative (immuno-)histomorphometry revealed that the number, degranulation and proliferation of perifollicular MCs are significantly increased in human AA lesions compared to healthy or non-lesional control skin, most prominently in subacute AA. In AA patients, perifollicular MCs showed decreased TGFβ1 and IL-10 but increased tryptase immunoreactivity, suggesting that MCs switch from an immuno-inhibitory to a pro-inflammatory phenotype. This concept was supported by a decreased number of IL-10+ and PD-L1+ MCs, while OX40L+, CD30L+, 4–1BBL+ or ICAM-1+ MCs were increased in AA. Lesional AA-HFs also displayed significantly more peri- and intrafollicular- CD8+ T-cells as well as more physical MC/CD8+ T-cell contacts than healthy or non-lesional human control skin. During the interaction with CD8+ T-cells, AA MCs prominently expressed MHC class I and OX40L, and sometimes 4–1BBL or ICAM-1, suggesting that MC may present autoantigens to CD8+ T-cells and/or co-stimulatory signals. Abnormal MC numbers, activities, and interactions with CD8+ T-cells were also seen in the grafted C3H/HeJ mouse model of AA and in a new humanized mouse model for AA. These phenomenological in vivo data suggest the novel AA pathobiology concept that perifollicular MCs are skewed towards pro-inflammatory activities that facilitate cross-talk with CD8+ T-cells in this disease, thus contributing to triggering HF-IP collapse in AA. If confirmed, MCs and their CD8+ T-cell interactions could become a promising new therapeutic target in the future management of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bertolini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Federica Zilio
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alfredo Rossi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrick Kleditzsch
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Vladimir E. Emelianov
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Chuvash State University Medical School, Cheboksary, Russia
| | - Amos Gilhar
- Laboratory for Skin Research, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Flieman Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aviad Keren
- Laboratory for Skin Research, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Katja C. Meyer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Eddy Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Kevin McElwee
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute for Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Sanchez-Lockhart M, Rojas AV, Fettis MM, Bauserman R, Higa TR, Miao H, Waugh RE, Miller J. T cell receptor signaling can directly enhance the avidity of CD28 ligand binding. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89263. [PMID: 24586641 PMCID: PMC3933428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell activation takes place in the context of a spatial and kinetic reorganization of cell surface proteins and signaling molecules at the contact site with an antigen presenting cell, termed the immunological synapse. Coordination of the activation, recruitment, and signaling from T cell receptor (TCR) in conjunction with adhesion and costimulatory receptors regulates both the initiation and duration of signaling that is required for T cell activation. The costimulatory receptor, CD28, is an essential signaling molecule that determines the quality and quantity of T cell immune responses. Although the functional consequences of CD28 engagement are well described, the molecular mechanisms that regulate CD28 function are largely unknown. Using a micropipet adhesion frequency assay, we show that TCR signaling enhances the direct binding between CD28 and its ligand, CD80. Although CD28 is expressed as a homodimer, soluble recombinant CD28 can only bind ligand monovalently. Our data suggest that the increase in CD28-CD28 binding is mediated through a change in CD28 valency. Molecular dynamic simulations and in vitro mutagenesis indicate that mutations at the base of the CD28 homodimer interface, distal to the ligand-binding site, can induce a change in the orientation of the dimer that allows for bivalent ligand binding. When expressed in T cells, this mutation allows for high avidity CD28–CD80 interactions without TCR signaling. Molecular dynamic simulations also suggest that wild type CD28 can stably adopt a bivalent conformation. These results support a model whereby inside-out signaling from the TCR can enhance CD28 ligand interactions by inducing a change in the CD28 dimer interface to allow for bivalent ligand binding and ultimately the transduction of CD28 costimulatory signals that are required for T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Ana V. Rojas
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Margaret M. Fettis
- David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Bauserman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Trissha R. Higa
- David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Miao
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Waugh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jim Miller
- David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yan J, Wang C, Wang Z, Yuan W. The effect of CD137-CD137 ligand interaction on phospholipase C signaling pathway in human endothelial cells. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:256-61. [PMID: 24070733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the emerging role of CD137-CD137L interaction in inflammation and atherosclerosis. The mechanism of CD137-CD137L interaction may be related to a variety of signaling pathways. The most important signaling pathway involves the activation of phospholipase C(PLC) which induces the diacylglycerol-protein kinase C(DAG-PKC) and the inositol trisphosphate-intracellular free calcium (IP3-[Ca(2+)]i) pathway. In the current study, we investigated whether CD137-CD137L interaction can stimulate the PLC signaling pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3) levels in HUVEC were measured by radioenzymatic assay. The activity of protein kinase (PKC) was detected by its ability to transfer phosphate from [γ-(32)P]ATP to lysine-rich histone. The [Ca(2+)]i concentrations were measured by flow cytometric analysis. The DAG level and PKC activity were increased in a concentration-dependent, biphasic manner in HUVEC induced by anti-CD137. PKC activity was mainly in the cytosol at rest, and then translocated to the membrane when stimulated by anti-CD137. Similarly, rapid IP3 formation induced by anti-CD137 coincided with the peak of the DAG level. Moreover, anti-CD137 induced peak [Ca(2+)]i responses including the rapid transient phase and the sustained phase. However, anti-CD137L suppressed the activation of the DAG-PKC and IP3-[Ca(2+)]i signaling pathway, which was stimulated by anti-CD137 in HUVEC. In conclusion, the data suggested that CD137-CD137L interaction induces robust activation of the PLC signaling pathway in HUVEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212001, PR China.
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Lin PJ, Tam YYC, Hafez I, Sandhu A, Chen S, Ciufolini MA, Nabi IR, Cullis PR. Influence of cationic lipid composition on uptake and intracellular processing of lipid nanoparticle formulations of siRNA. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:233-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Basic science for the clinician 56: inducible T-cell costimulator--the world of costimulation gets more complicated…and interesting. J Clin Rheumatol 2012; 18:212-6. [PMID: 22647859 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0b013e31825826c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
They say that nothing is assured in this world but change. And this applies in a cynical way to immunology: nothing is assured--we can never rest with an assumption that we know it all because there are always more apparent complications when analyzing immune mechanisms (someday, perhaps we will arrive on a "grand scheme" that elegantly explains it all, just as our brethren in particle physics seek the Higgs boson and the completion of a better model--I am not holding my breath awaiting completion of our task!). In a recent article in this series, we explored CTLA4 as a counterregulator of the CD28-CD80/86 costimulatory pathway. However, treatment with CTLA4 does not entirely shutdown the immune system; engineering animals so that the CD28-CD80/86 pathway no longer functions does not prevent functional protective immune responses. Thus, there must be yet another pathway. And there is--an "inducible T-cell costimulator" (ICOS) is found on T cells (activated, not naive), which has a single ligand on antigen-presenting cells (ICOS ligand, B7-RP-1). The rapid induction of ICOS speaks to its importance in T-cell function; however, ICOS is more relevant to the stimulation of effector and memory T cells than is CD28 signaling. There are similarities and differences, interactions, and overlaps between the 2 pathways, some of which are very useful in understanding the immunopathogenesis of immune diseases.
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Sifuentes Giraldo WA, García Villanueva MJ, Boteanu AL, Lois Iglesias A, Zea Mendoza AC. New targets in systemic lupus (part 2/2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 8:263-9. [PMID: 22483664 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids, aspirin, conventional antimalarials and immunosuppressants are the mainstay of treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Until recently, the first three were the only agents approved for treatment. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of the immune system has identified new therapeutic targets. In fact, belimumab, a human monoclonal antibody to BLyS inhibitor has become, in recent months, the first drug approved for the treatment of SLE since 1957, underscoring difficulties of all kinds, including economic and organizational ones inherent to clinical trials on this disease. Many other molecules are in various stages of development and soon will have concrete results. In this review, we examined the mechanism of action and most relevant clinical data for these molecules.
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Schokker D, Peters THF, Hoekman AJW, Rebel JMJ, Smits MA. Differences in the early response of hatchlings of different chicken breeding lines to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection. Poult Sci 2012; 91:346-53. [PMID: 22252347 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry products are the major source of food-borne Salmonella infection in humans. Broiler lines selected to be more resistant to Salmonella could reduce the transfer of Salmonella to humans. To investigate differences in the susceptibility of newly hatched chicks to oral infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, 3 commercial broiler lines (A, B, and C) were infected immediately after hatch and compared to healthy controls at 0.33, 1, and 2 d postinfection. Weight, bacteriological examination, and the jejunal influx of CD4, CD8, TCRαβ, TCRγδ, and KUL01 (macrophages and dendritic cells) cells that are positive was investigated. In addition, the jejunal transcriptional response was analyzed using whole-genome chicken cDNA arrays. Salmonella colony-forming unit counts from cecal content and liver revealed that Salmonella enterica entered the body at 0.33 d postinfection. Broiler line A appeared most susceptible to intestinal colonization and the systemic spread of Salmonella. In addition, the Salmonella-induced jejunal influx of macrophages in this line showed a clear increase in time, which is in contrast to lines B and C. On the other hand, all lines showed a peak of CD4(+) cells at 1 d postinfection when infected chicks were compared to control chicks. The transcriptional response of line A clearly differed from the responses in lines B and C. Functional analysis indicated that the majority of the differentially expressed genes at 0.33 d postinfection in line A were involved in cell-cycle functions, whereas at 2 d postinfection the majority of the differentially expressed genes could be assigned to inflammatory disorder, differentiation and proliferation of (T) lymphocytes. These data indicate that hatchlings of different broiler lines differ in their systemic spread of Salmonella and suggest that intestinal barrier functions, as well as immunological responses, may be the underlying factors. We hypothesize that the differences between genetic chicken lines divergent in their response to Salmonella infection at a young age include developmental differences of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schokker
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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