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Yang L, Chen D, Zhang X, Huang F, Li Z, Yang X. A comparison of 'not just right experiences' in obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety and depressive disorders and non-clinical controls in China. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023. [PMID: 37749937 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the characteristics of 'not just right experiences' (NJREs) in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety disorders (ADs) or major depressive disorder (MDD), compared with those of healthy controls (HCs). METHOD One hundred adults with OCD, 86 adults with ADs, 57 adults with MDD and 60 HCs were enrolled in the study. The Not Just Right Experiences Questionnaire Revised (NJRE-QR), Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used to evaluate clinical symptoms in patients with OCD, ADs or MDD. The Obsessive Belief Questionnaire-44 (OBQ-44) was used to evaluate OC beliefs in the OCD patients. The HCs only received assessment using the NJRE-QR. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and covariance (ANCOVA) were performed to compare the NJREs scores across the groups, while Pearson correlation and partial correlation analyses were used to examine the association between NJREs and other clinical features. The contribution of NJREs to predict OC symptoms was determined by multiple stratified linear regression. RESULTS Individuals with OCD had significantly higher scores for the number of NJREs than ADs, but not MDD. The severity of NJREs was also significantly higher in patients with OCD than those with MDD or ADs (F = 5.23 and F = 19.79, respectively, P < 0.01). All the clinical scores in the NJRE-QR were significantly higher than those in the HC group. The number and severity of NJREs correlated significantly with the Y-BOCS total score (r = 0.29 and r = 0.39, respectively, P < 0.01). NJREs showed an independent contribution to OC symptoms, which alone explained 8% of the variation (F = 16.49, ΔR2 = 0.08; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION NJREs are related closely to OC symptoms, with their severity discriminating between OCD patients and those with ADs or MDD. NJREs were more specific for OCD in the Chinese population and are therefore worthy of further study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Beijing Anding Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Daning Chen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Beijing Anding Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Psychology Department, Second People's Hospital of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Beijing Anding Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Huang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Beijing Anding Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, China
| | - Zhanjiang Li
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Beijing Anding Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyun Yang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Beijing Anding Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Moreno-Amador B, Cervin M, Martínez-González AE, Piqueras JA. Sensory over-responsivity and symptoms across the obsessive-compulsive spectrum: a web-based study (Preprint). J Med Internet Res 2022; 25:e37847. [PMID: 37052983 PMCID: PMC10141273 DOI: 10.2196/37847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory overresponsivity (SOR) has emerged as a potential endophenotype in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but few studies have examined SOR in relation to the major symptom dimensions of OCD and to symptoms across the full obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptom spectrum. OBJECTIVE This study had 2 main objectives. First, we examined the psychometric properties of the SOR Scales in a community-based sample of Spanish adolescents and adults. Second, we identified how SOR difficulties are related to symptoms across the full OC spectrum (eg, OC, body dysmorphic, hoarding, skin-picking, and hair-pulling symptoms), including the heterogeneity of OC symptoms. METHODS We translated the SOR Scales into Spanish-a measure that assesses SOR across the 5 sensory modalities-and created a web-based version of the measure. A sample of 1454 adolescents and adults (mean age 23.84, SD 8.46 years) participated in the study, and 388 (26.69%) participants completed the survey twice (approximately 8 months apart). The survey also contained a web-based measure that assesses symptoms across the full OC spectrum: harm and checking, taboo obsessions, contamination or cleaning, symmetry and ordering, body dysmorphic, hoarding, hair-pulling, and skin-picking symptoms. RESULTS The psychometric properties of the SOR Scales were excellent, and the test-retest reliability was adequate. All types of SOR were related to all major symptom dimensions of OCD and to all OC spectrum symptoms. CONCLUSIONS SOR across the sensory modalities can be validly assessed using a web-based measure. SOR emerged as a pure transdiagnostic phenomenon in relation to symptoms across the OC spectrum, with no specific sensory modality being more strongly related to OC symptoms. SOR can shed much needed light on basic mechanisms that are important for the onset and maintenance of OC spectrum symptoms, and this study shows that large-scale web-based studies can aid in this endeavor. Future studies should examine whether SOR precedes or emerges alongside OC symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Moreno-Amador
- Area of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Department of Health Psychology, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Matti Cervin
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jose A Piqueras
- Area of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Department of Health Psychology, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
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Are “not just-right experiences” trait and/or state marker for obsessive-compulsive disorder? THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpsy.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Schreck M, Georgiadis C, Garcia A, Benito K, Case B, Herren J, Walther M, Freeman J. Core Motivations of Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Role of Harm Avoidance and Incompleteness. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2021; 52:957-965. [PMID: 33044664 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-01075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to improve patient conceptualization and targeted treatment, researchers have sought to accurately classify OCD subtypes. To date, the most common form of OCD classification has used the content of symptom topography as opposed to functional links between symptoms to categorize OCD. The aim of the current study was to explore the associations between these two forms of OCD classification. Participant topographical symptoms were self-reported using the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV). Clinicians assessed whether participant symptoms were motivated by harm avoidance and/or incompleteness. Structural equation modeling was employed to explore the associations between harm avoidance and incompleteness and symptom dimensions in youth with OCD. Results showed that harm avoidance was significantly associated with doubting/checking, obsessing, and neutralizing symptoms, whereas incompleteness was associated with doubting/checking, ordering, and neutralizing symptoms. Findings are consistent with child and adult literature and highlight the importance of assessing the underlying function of OC behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Schreck
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | | | - Abbe Garcia
- Pediatric Anxiety Research Center, Bradley Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, East Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kristen Benito
- Pediatric Anxiety Research Center, Bradley Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, East Providence, RI, USA
| | - Brady Case
- Pediatric Anxiety Research Center, Bradley Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, East Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jennifer Herren
- Pediatric Anxiety Research Center, Bradley Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, East Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michael Walther
- Pediatric Anxiety Research Center, Bradley Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, East Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jennifer Freeman
- Pediatric Anxiety Research Center, Bradley Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, East Providence, RI, USA
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Sookman D, Phillips KA, Anholt GE, Bhar S, Bream V, Challacombe FL, Coughtrey A, Craske MG, Foa E, Gagné JP, Huppert JD, Jacobi D, Lovell K, McLean CP, Neziroglu F, Pedley R, Perrin S, Pinto A, Pollard CA, Radomsky AS, Riemann BC, Shafran R, Simos G, Söchting I, Summerfeldt LJ, Szymanski J, Treanor M, Van Noppen B, van Oppen P, Whittal M, Williams MT, Williams T, Yadin E, Veale D. Knowledge and competency standards for specialized cognitive behavior therapy for adult obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2021; 303:113752. [PMID: 34273818 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a leading cause of disability world-wide (World Health Organization, 2008). Treatment of OCD is a specialized field whose aim is recovery from illness for as many patients as possible. The evidence-based psychotherapeutic treatment for OCD is specialized cognitive behavior therapy (CBT, NICE, 2005, Koran and Simpson, 2013). However, these treatments are not accessible to many sufferers around the world. Currently available guidelines for care are deemed to be essential but insufficient because of highly variable clinician knowledge and competencies specific to OCD. The phase two mandate of the 14 nation International OCD Accreditation Task Force (ATF) created by the Canadian Institute for Obsessive Compulsive Disorders is development of knowledge and competency standards for specialized treatments for OCD through the lifespan deemed by experts to be foundational to transformative change in this field. This paper presents knowledge and competency standards for specialized CBT for adult OCD developed to inform, advance, and offer a model for clinical practice and training for OCD. During upcoming ATF phases three and four criteria and processes for training in specialized treatments for OCD through the lifespan for certification (individuals) and accreditation (sites) will be developed based on the ATF standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Sookman
- Department of Psychology, McGill University Health Center, 1025 Pine Ave W, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada.
| | - Katharine A Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Gideon E Anholt
- Department of Psychology, Marcus Family Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, P.O.B. 653 Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.
| | - Sunil Bhar
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, 1 John St, Hawthorn, Victoria, 3122, Australia.
| | - Victoria Bream
- Oxford Health Specialist Psychological Interventions Clinic and Oxford Cognitive Therapy Centre, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom.
| | - Fiona L Challacombe
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna Coughtrey
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, United Kingdom; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford St, Holborn, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom.
| | - Michelle G Craske
- Anxiety and Depression Research Center, Depression Grant Challenge, Innovative Treatment Network, Staglin Family Music Center for Behavioral and Brain Health, UCLA Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Box 951563, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Edna Foa
- Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety, University of Pennsylvania Perelman SOM, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Jean-Philippe Gagné
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St, West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Jonathan D Huppert
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, 91905, Israel.
| | - David Jacobi
- Rogers Behavioral Health, 34700 Valley Road, Oconomowoc, WI, 53066, United States.
| | - Karina Lovell
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| | - Carmen P McLean
- National Center for PTSD, Dissemination and Training Division, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
| | - Fugen Neziroglu
- Bio-Behavioral Institute, 935 Northern Boulevard, Suite 102, Great Neck, NY, 11021, United States.
| | - Rebecca Pedley
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| | - Sean Perrin
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Box 213, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Anthony Pinto
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Zucker Hillside Hospital - Northwell Health, 265-16 74th Avenue, Glen Oaks, NY, 11004, United States.
| | - C Alec Pollard
- Center for OCD and Anxiety-Related Disorders, Saint Louis Behavioral Medicine Institute, 1129 Macklind Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, United States.
| | - Adam S Radomsky
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St, West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Bradley C Riemann
- 34700 Valley Road, Rogers Behavioral Health, Oconomowoc, WI, 53066, United States.
| | - Roz Shafran
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, Holborn, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom.
| | - Gregoris Simos
- Department of Educational and Social Policy, University of Macedonia, 156 Egnatia Street, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Ingrid Söchting
- Departments of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Laura J Summerfeldt
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, K9L 0G2 Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jeff Szymanski
- International OCD Foundation, 18 Tremont Street, #308, Boston MA, 02108, United States.
| | - Michael Treanor
- Anxiety and Depression Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951563, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Barbara Van Noppen
- Clinical Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, OCD Southern California, 2514 Jamacha Road Ste, 502-35 El Cajon, CA, 92019, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Suite 2200, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States.
| | - Patricia van Oppen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute - Mental Health, Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Netherlands.
| | - Maureen Whittal
- Vancouver CBT Centre, 302-1765 W8th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6J5C6, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Monnica T Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Pvt, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Timothy Williams
- Department of Psychology, University of Reading, PO Box 217, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH, United Kingdom.
| | - Elna Yadin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, 2nd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - David Veale
- South London and the Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust & King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8 AZ, United Kingdom.
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Dominke C, Graham-Schmidt K, Gentsch A, Schütz-Bosbach S. Action inhibition in individuals with high obsessive-compulsive trait of incompleteness: An ERP study. Biol Psychol 2021; 159:108019. [PMID: 33460785 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Missing action completion signals are assumed to trigger repetitive behavior and feelings of the action "not being right". This proposal is based mostly on individual's self-reports. Here, we investigated the influence of experimentally manipulated action completion experience and the obsessive-compulsive (OC) trait of incompleteness on behavioral and neurophysiological measures of action inhibition. METHODS Action completion was manipulated in an adapted Go/NoGo task, and OC trait incompleteness was assessed in healthy participants. More commission errors and faster responses were expected after missing action completion, especially for individuals with high OC trait incompleteness. The inhibition-related event-related potentials (ERPs) N200 and P300 were also measured. RESULTS High OC trait incompleteness led to more errors following omitted- and faster responses during commission errors following incongruent outcomes. Furthermore, lower N200 was associated with worse response inhibition, and high OC trait incompleteness was associated with reduced N200, but not reduced P300 amplitude. These findings provide evidence that trait-like feelings of incompleteness may underlie maladaptive action repetition and impaired inhibitory control as observed in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Dominke
- General and Experimental Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Leopoldstr. 13, München, 80802, Germany.
| | - Kyran Graham-Schmidt
- General and Experimental Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Leopoldstr. 13, München, 80802, Germany
| | - Antje Gentsch
- General and Experimental Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Leopoldstr. 13, München, 80802, Germany
| | - Simone Schütz-Bosbach
- General and Experimental Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Leopoldstr. 13, München, 80802, Germany
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Vellozo AP, Fontenelle LF, Torresan RC, Shavitt RG, Ferrão YA, Rosário MC, Miguel EC, Torres AR. Symmetry Dimension in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Prevalence, Severity and Clinical Correlates. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10020274. [PMID: 33451078 PMCID: PMC7828517 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a very heterogeneous condition that frequently includes symptoms of the “symmetry dimension” (i.e., obsessions and/or compulsions of symmetry, ordering, repetition, and counting), along with aggressive, sexual/religious, contamination/cleaning, and hoarding dimensions. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence, severity, and demographic and clinical correlates of the symmetry dimension among 1001 outpatients from the Brazilian Research Consortium on Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders. The main assessment instruments used were the Dimensional Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale, the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale, the USP-Sensory Phenomena Scale, the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale, and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. Chi-square tests, Fisher’s exact tests, Student’s t-tests, and Mann–Whitney tests were used in the bivariate analyses to compare patients with and without symptoms of the symmetry dimension. Odds ratios (ORs) with confidence intervals and Cohen’s D were also calculated as effect size measures. Finally, a logistic regression was performed to control for confounders. Results: The symmetry dimension was highly prevalent (86.8%) in this large clinical sample and, in the logistic regression, it remained associated with earlier onset of obsessive–compulsive symptoms, insidious onset of compulsions, more severe depressive symptoms, and presence of sensory phenomena. Conclusions: A deeper knowledge about specific OCD dimensions is essential for a better understanding and management of this complex and multifaceted disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline P. Vellozo
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista—UNESP, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil; (A.P.V.); (R.C.T.); (A.R.T.)
| | - Leonardo F. Fontenelle
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education & Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22290-140, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-990-29755
| | - Ricardo C. Torresan
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista—UNESP, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil; (A.P.V.); (R.C.T.); (A.R.T.)
| | - Roseli G. Shavitt
- Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (E.C.M.)
| | - Ygor A. Ferrão
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90570-080, Brazil;
| | - Maria C. Rosário
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04038-000, Brazil;
| | - Euripedes C. Miguel
- Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Program, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil; (R.G.S.); (E.C.M.)
| | - Albina R. Torres
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista—UNESP, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil; (A.P.V.); (R.C.T.); (A.R.T.)
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Summers BJ, Wilver NL, Garratt GH, Cougle JR. A Multimethod Analysis of Incompleteness and Visual "Not Just Right" Experiences in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Behav Ther 2020; 51:764-773. [PMID: 32800304 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) often report engaging in repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing feelings of imperfection anchored to their appearance. "Not just right" experiences (NJREs) and incompleteness (INC) are constructs related to perfectionism that have traditionally been studied in obsessive-compulsive disorder, though recent research has also linked these phenomena to BDD. We sought to replicate and extend this research via two studies. Study 1 examined BDD symptoms, INC, as well as harm avoidance (HA) in an unselected sample (N = 179); moderate associations were observed between symptoms and both INC and HA. Participants also completed a novel visual NJRE task in which they were shown appearance-related and non-appearance-related images meant to evoke an NJRE response (i.e., discomfort and urge to "fix" stimuli). BDD symptoms predicted reactivity to appearance-related NJRE stimuli above negative affect. Study 2 compared INC, HA, and task reactivity in a BDD sample (N = 50) to nonpsychiatric controls (N = 44). The BDD group evidenced greater INC, HA, and reactivity to both appearance and nonappearance NJRE stimuli, relative to controls; however, group differences did not remain after controlling for age and negative affect. These studies broadly corroborate previous research highlighting NJREs and INC as potential vulnerability factors relevant to BDD, though these phenomena may not be specific to BDD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta J Summers
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School; Florida State University.
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10
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Mathes BM, Kennedy GA, Wilver NL, Carlton CN, Cougle JR. A multi-method analysis of incompleteness in behavioral treatment of contamination-based OCD. Behav Res Ther 2018; 114:1-6. [PMID: 30639704 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Contamination fear and washing compulsions are among the most common symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Though these symptoms have traditionally been viewed as being driven by a desire to avoid harm, recent research has highlighted the importance of feelings of incompleteness (INC) or not-just right experiences (NJREs) in this symptom dimension. However, no study to date has examined the extent to which INC/NJREs may be associated with treatment response for contamination symptoms. The current study used a multi-method approach to examine the role of INC/NJREs in treatment of contamination symptoms. Participants (n = 88) with elevated contamination symptoms, half of whom met for an OCD diagnosis, engaged in three sessions of exposure and response prevention (ERP) targeting contamination fears, and completed self-report and in vivo measures of INC/NJRES and contamination symptoms. ERP was associated with significant reductions in INC/NJREs. Further, changes in INC were associated with changes in contamination symptoms, independent of changes in harm avoidance. Greater discomfort in response to an in vivo NJRE task at pre-treatment predicted poor treatment response, though a self-report measure of INC did not predict response. These findings provide novel evidence for the importance of INC/NJREs in contamination-based OCD and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jesse R Cougle
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, USA.
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Kennedy GA, McDermott KA, Mathes BM, Summers BJ, Cougle JR. "Not just right" experiences account for unique variance in eating pathology. Eat Disord 2018; 26:464-476. [PMID: 29863434 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2018.1481305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
"Not just right" experiences (NJREs) are uncomfortable sensations of incompleteness linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder; however, NJREs may be transdiagnostic and play a role in eating pathology. The current study examined relations between NJREs and eating pathology in undergraduate students. Participants (n = 248) completed self-report and behavioral assessments. Controlling for obsessive-compulsive symptoms, negative affect, and perfectionism, NJRE frequency was associated with greater drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, and bulimic symptoms. Discomfort in response to a visual in vivo NJRE task was positively associated with drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction. The present study provides initial evidence for NJREs in eating pathology. Theoretical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Kennedy
- a Department of Psychology , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , USA
| | | | - Brittany M Mathes
- a Department of Psychology , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , USA
| | - Berta J Summers
- a Department of Psychology , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jesse R Cougle
- a Department of Psychology , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , USA
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Falkenstein MJ, Conelea CA, Garner LE, Haaga DAF. Sensory over-responsivity in trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder). Psychiatry Res 2018; 260:207-218. [PMID: 29202385 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was an initial investigation of sensory-over responsivity (SOR) to external sensations among individuals with trichotillomania (TTM). METHODS Adults endorsing DSM-5 TTM criteria (N = 609) and a non-affected comparison sample (N = 268) completed a self-report survey. RESULTS The majority of the TTM group endorsed SOR symptoms; three-quarters endorsed at least mild tactile and auditory SOR. About 15% endorsed SOR symptoms in the severe to extreme range. TTM participants had significantly higher mean scores in both auditory (t (652.89) = -6.51, p < .001, d = .45) and tactile (t (655.24) = -8.38, p < .001, d = .58) modalities than comparison participants, with medium effect sizes. Greater levels of SOR were related to greater levels of perfectionism and by-proxy pulling urges. SOR was significantly and positively correlated with functional impairment when controlling for TTM severity. CONCLUSION This study expands prior work in obsessive-compulsive related disorders by contributing the first data about associations between TTM and over-responsivity to external sensations. Findings collectively suggest SOR may be related to maladaptive emotion regulation processes in TTM. A novel measure of SOR was developed and administered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lauryn E Garner
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A F Haaga
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Boisseau CL, Sibrava NJ, Garnaat SL, Mancebo MC, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA. The Brown Incompleteness Scale (BINCS): Measure development and initial evaluation. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord 2018; 16:66-71. [PMID: 29750139 PMCID: PMC5937536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, incompleteness has received increased clinical attention as a core motivation underlying obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Yet, assessment of incompleteness has relied almost exclusively on self-report and has assumed a unitary conceptualization of this phenomenon. Therefore, we sought to develop and validate a new multi-faceted clinician-administered measure of incompleteness. The Brown Incompleteness Scale (BINCS) consists of 21 items; each rated on a 5-point scale, with higher scores indicating a greater degree of incompleteness. The current study describes the measure's development and preliminary validation. METHODS The scale was administered to 100 consecutive participants who were part of a longitudinal follow-up study of OCD. The reliability, validity, and factor analytic structure of the scale were evaluated. RESULTS Exploratory factor analysis supported a two-factor solution, which can best be described as representing both behavioral and sensory manifestations of incompleteness. CONCLUSIONS The BINCS demonstrated strong internal consistency as well as convergent and divergent validity. This clinician-administered scale will provide a more comprehensive clinical assessment of patients with incompleteness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Boisseau
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Sibrava
- Department of Psychology, Baruch College – The City University of New York, NY, United States
| | - Sarah L. Garnaat
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Maria C. Mancebo
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jane L. Eisen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Steven A. Rasmussen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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Jiujias M, Kelley E, Hall L. Restricted, Repetitive Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Comparative Review. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2017; 48:944-959. [PMID: 28281020 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-017-0717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review paper critically examines literature regarding restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The similar behavioral profiles of these disorders presents the potential for confusion regarding diagnoses and intervention efforts. As such, this review highlights the similarities and differences between RRBs in ASD and OCD. The developmental trajectories of RRBs are presented, followed by an exploration of three constructs implicated in RRB manifestation: anxiety, executive functioning, and sensory phenomena. While RRBs tend to develop with some similarity in both disorders, the differing role of anxiety highlights important distinctions between ASD and OCD. We urge researchers and clinicians to think critically about the dimensions that affect RRB presentation. Future research should use this review as a starting point to further elucidate the differences between RRBs in these two populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Jiujias
- Psychology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Kelley
- Psychology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada. .,Queen's University, Humphrey Hall Room 351, 62 Arch Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Layla Hall
- Psychology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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15
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Fornés-Romero G, Belloch A. Induced not just right and incompleteness experiences in OCD patients and non-clinical individuals: An in vivo study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 57:103-112. [PMID: 28500953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Research on incompleteness and not-just right experiences, (INC/NJREs) indicate that some OCD symptom dimensions are motivated by these experiences rather than by anxiety. Most published data are correlational, using non-clinical individuals. This study sought to examine INC/NJREs in vivo in non-clinical and OCD individuals. METHODS Study 1: Ninety-three undergraduates were randomly assigned to a INC/NJREs induction (n=44) or non-induction task (n=47). Scores on self-reports assessing INC, NJREs, OCD, Anxiety, and Depression were also recorded. Study 2: Twenty adults with OCD performed the induction task and completed the same questionnaire-packet as the non-clinical participants. RESULTS Study 1: The induction-group scored higher on several DVs of the experimental task, as INC/NJREs and uncomfortable physical sensations predicted impulses/urges to do something. All the DVs correlated with INC, NJREs, and OCD symptoms. Anxiety was only related to suppressing difficulties of the most intense sensation. Study 2: Results were comparable to those found in non-clinical people. Induced INC/NJREs correlated with compulsions severity and were associated with ordering, washing, and hoarding symptoms. OCDs did not differ from non-clinical subjects in the number of induced INC/NJREs, but they were more disturbing, difficult to suppress, and instigated more urges to do in OCDs. LIMITATIONS The small group of OCDs and the lack of a non-OCD clinical group kept us from drawing conclusions about the specificity of INC/NJREs to some OCD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the role of INC/NJREs as stimuli triggering urges and/impulses to do and their impact on OCD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrudis Fornés-Romero
- Department of Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Research and Treatment Unit for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, I'TOC. University of Valencia, Spain.
| | - Amparo Belloch
- Department of Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Research and Treatment Unit for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, I'TOC. University of Valencia, Spain.
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16
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Gavino A, Nogueira R, Pérez-Costillas L, Godoy A. Psychometric Properties of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale in Spanish Children and Adolescents. Assessment 2017; 26:445-464. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191117740204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) is one of the most used instruments to assess perfectionism. The FMPS assesses six dimensions: Concern over Mistakes (CM), Parental Expectations (EP), Parental Criticism (PC), Doubts about Actions (DA), Organization (OR), and Personal Standards (PS). CM, PE, PC, and DA are facets of a more general dimension considered Maladaptive Perfectionism. PS is frequently considered Adaptive Perfectionism. FMPS psychometric properties have been studied in adults but scarcely in children. We adapted the FMPS for Spanish children and adolescents and studied these properties in a sample of 1,648 Spanish young people (mean age = 13.36; SD = 2.28). Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses were used to test whether the FMPS dimensions found in adults are applicable to children. Results supported this hypothesis. The FMPS dimensional structure was invariant across gender and age. FMPS subscales showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α: .71-.92) and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlations: .70-.85). Moderate and high correlations with measures of dysfunctional beliefs, anxiety, and depression supported the validity of the FMPS scores. Results from regression equations showed that the relationship of perfectionism with anxiety and depression is mostly due to Maladaptive Perfectionism.
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17
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The Relationship Between Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms, Perfectionism, and Anxiety Sensitivity for Not Just Right Experiences. BEHAVIOUR CHANGE 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/bec.2017.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The obsessive-compulsive core dimensions model posits that compulsions are driven by harm avoidance, or to counteract a sense of incompleteness, known as ‘not just right experiences’ (NJREs). Evidence suggests NJREs are associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms and maladaptive perfectionism. However, manipulations of NJREs have focused on the visual system, and have not been examined in the context of arousal fears associated with anxiety sensitivity (AS). This study examined the relationship between OC symptoms, perfectionism, and AS using in vivo manipulations of NJREs across visual, auditory, and tactile sensory modalities. Using a 2 (NJRE vs. JRE) × 2 (AS vs. no AS) between-subjects design, participants (N = 132) completed behavioural tasks designed to elicit NJREs and assess task discomfort and urge to counteract sensory-specific stimuli. Strong relationships were observed between task ratings and self-report measures of NJREs, incompleteness, OCD symptoms, maladaptive perfectionism, and AS. Those in the NJRE conditions gave significantly higher task ratings compared to JRE conditions; however, there was no main effect for AS. While maladaptive perfectionism and AS were significant predictors of task performance, there was no interaction between the two. The results confirm and extend research suggesting a strong association between NJREs and incompleteness motivations, as well as sensory-affective disturbance in OCD.
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18
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Ben-Sasson A, Dickstein N, Lazarovich L, Ayalon N. Not Just Right Experiences: Association with Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms and Sensory Over-Responsivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0164212x.2017.1303418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noam Dickstein
- Occupational Therapy Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Liraz Lazarovich
- Occupational Therapy Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noga Ayalon
- Occupational Therapy Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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19
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Ben-Sasson A, Podoly TY. Sensory over responsivity and obsessive compulsive symptoms: A cluster analysis. Compr Psychiatry 2017; 73:151-159. [PMID: 27978503 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have examined the sensory component in Obsesseive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and described an OCD subtype which has a unique profile, and that Sensory Phenomena (SP) is a significant component of this subtype. SP has some commonalities with Sensory Over Responsivity (SOR) and might be in part a characteristic of this subtype. Although there are some studies that have examined SOR and its relation to Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms (OCS), literature lacks sufficient data on this interplay. OBJECTIVES First to further examine the correlations between OCS and SOR, and to explore the correlations between SOR modalities (i.e. smell, touch, etc.) and OCS subscales (i.e. washing, ordering, etc.). Second, to investigate the cluster analysis of SOR and OCS dimensions in adults, that is, to classify the sample using the sensory scores to find whether a sensory OCD subtype can be specified. Our third goal was to explore the psychometric features of a new sensory questionnaire: the Sensory Perception Quotient (SPQ). METHOD A sample of non clinical adults (n=350) was recruited via e-mail, social media and social networks. Participants completed questionnaires for measuring SOR, OCS, and anxiety. RESULTS SOR and OCI-F scores were moderately significantly correlated (n=274), significant correlations between all SOR modalities and OCS subscales were found with no specific higher correlation between one modality to one OCS subscale. Cluster analysis revealed four distinct clusters: (1) No OC and SOR symptoms (NONE; n=100), (2) High OC and SOR symptoms (BOTH; n=28), (3) Moderate OC symptoms (OCS; n=63), (4) Moderate SOR symptoms (SOR; n=83). The BOTH cluster had significantly higher anxiety levels than the other clusters, and shared OC subscales scores with the OCS cluster. The BOTH cluster also reported higher SOR scores across tactile, vision, taste and olfactory modalities. The SPQ was found reliable and suitable to detect SOR, the sample SPQ scores was normally distributed (n=350). CONCLUSIONS SOR is a dimensional feature that can influence the severity of OCS and may characterize a unique sensory OCD subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Ben-Sasson
- Dept. of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare & Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel.
| | - Tamar Yonit Podoly
- Dept. of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare & Health Sciences, University of Haifa.
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20
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Summers BJ, Matheny NL, Cougle JR. 'Not just right' experiences and incompleteness in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Res 2017; 247:200-207. [PMID: 27918970 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The current studies examined the role of 'not just right' experiences (NJREs) and incompleteness (INC) in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). In Study 1, a clinical BDD sample endorsed more severe NJREs than healthy controls, when controlling co-occurring symptoms of depression and anxiety. In Study 2, INC predicted reactivity to an in vivo task designed to evoke BDD-related concerns in an unselected sample. Study 3 demonstrated a positive relationship between INC and BDD symptom severity in a community sample. Study 4 examined in vivo sensory NJRE tasks and INC in a sample high and low in BDD symptoms. The high symptom group reported greater INC and reactivity to a visual NJRE task than their low symptom counterparts, when controlling for co-occurring symptoms of depression, anxiety, and OC symptoms. No group differences were observed for tasks assessing auditory and tactile NJREs. These studies demonstrate a unique relationship between INC/NJREs and BDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta J Summers
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Natalie L Matheny
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Jesse R Cougle
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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21
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Clinical presentation of not-just right experiences (NJREs) in individuals with OCD: Characteristics and response to treatment. Behav Res Ther 2016; 87:182-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Sica C, Bottesi G, Caudek C, Orsucci A, Ghisi M. "Not Just Right Experiences" as a psychological endophenotype for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from an Italian family study. Psychiatry Res 2016; 245:27-35. [PMID: 27526314 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The heart of the obsessional process may be considered the subject's underlying impression that "something is wrong" or "that something is not just as it should be". This phenomenon, labeled "not just right experiences" (NJREs), has increasingly been receiving attention as a possible marker of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The present study sought to add to the evidence that NJREs may be a putative endophenotype of obsessional symptoms. To this aim, measures of NJREs, obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms and psychological distress were compared in offspring of parents with and without OC symptoms. The offspring of parents with OC symptoms (N=120) reported higher frequency and severity of NJREs compared to offspring of parents without OC symptoms (N=106). Such differences remained significant for NJREs frequency and close to significance for NJREs severity, when general distress (i.e., anxiety and depression) was controlled. The possible role of NJREs as an endophenotype for OCD is discussed in reference to Gottesman and Gould criteria and the National Institute of Mental Health RDoC initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Sica
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Firenze, Italy.
| | - Gioia Bottesi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Corrado Caudek
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, University of Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Marta Ghisi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
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Sibrava NJ, Boisseau CL, Eisen JL, Mancebo MC, Rasmussen SA. An empirical investigation of incompleteness in a large clinical sample of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 42:45-51. [PMID: 27268401 PMCID: PMC5003676 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder with heterogeneous clinical presentations. To advance our understanding of this heterogeneity we investigated the prevalence and clinical features associated with incompleteness (INC), a putative underlying core feature of OCD. We predicted INC would be prominent in individuals with OCD and associated with greater severity and impairment. We examined the impact of INC in 307 adults with primary OCD. Participants with clinically significant INC (22.8% of the sample) had significantly greater OCD severity, greater rates of comorbidity, poorer ratings of functioning, lower quality of life, and higher rates of unemployment and disability. Participants with clinically significant INC were also more likely to be diagnosed with OCPD and to endorse symmetry/exactness obsessions and ordering/arranging compulsions than those who reported low INC. Our findings provide evidence that INC is associated with greater severity, comorbidity, and impairment, highlighting the need for improved assessment and treatment of INC in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Sibrava
- Baruch College – The City University of New York, New York, NY,Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Christina L. Boisseau
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI,Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Jane L. Eisen
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Maria C. Mancebo
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI,Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
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24
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Summerfeldt LJ, Gilbert SJ, Reynolds M. Incompleteness, aesthetic sensitivity, and the obsessive-compulsive need for symmetry. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2015; 49:141-149. [PMID: 25823552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The "need for symmetry" is a well recognized yet little understood feature of obsessive-compulsive (OC) experience. In light of the strong associations between the OC-related trait of incompleteness and symmetry-related behaviors and symptoms, and between perceptual symmetry and aesthetic judgments, this study examined whether trait incompleteness is associated with enhanced natural aesthetic skill and/or aesthetic sensitivity, particularly as they pertain to visual symmetry. METHODS A quasi-experimental design was used to compare the responses of nonclinical individuals with high versus average levels of trait incompleteness on self-report measures and two performance measures of aesthetic judgment. RESULTS Compared to controls, participants high in incompleteness reported higher levels of self-perceived symmetry-related concerns and behaviors, and displayed greater aesthetic sensitivity in the form of substantially heightened preferences for symmetry in images. Contrary to the hypothesis relating to aesthetic skill, however, the two groups did not differ in their capacity to estimate accurately the objective aesthetic value of images. Nor did they differ in self-reported aesthetics interests and background. LIMITATIONS A clinical sample was not included. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide evidence that high trait incompleteness is associated not just with symptomatic symmetry-related concerns but with a nonspecific heightened preference for visual symmetry. Conceptual implications are discussed, particularly the potential value of the perceptual fluency theory of symmetry and aesthetic response for explaining the association between incompleteness and symmetry preferences and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaun J Gilbert
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Sica C, Bottesi G, Orsucci A, Pieraccioli C, Sighinolfi C, Ghisi M. "Not Just Right Experiences" are specific to obsessive-compulsive disorder: further evidence from Italian clinical samples. J Anxiety Disord 2015; 31:73-83. [PMID: 25743760 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Not Just Right Experiences (NJREs) are considered to be a perceptually tinged phenomenon mainly related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The evidence of an association between NJREs and OCD or OC symptoms have been accumulating in the last few years, whereas there is a paucity of studies about the role of this construct in other clinical conditions considered part of the "OCD spectrum". In the current study, the NJRE-Q-R Severity scale (a well-validated measure of NJREs) was administered to 41 patients with OCD, 53 with hair-pulling disorder (HPD), 38 with gambling disorder (GD) and 43 with eating disorders (ED) along with measures of OC symptoms and general distress. In each group, NJREs were consistently associated with OC symptoms; moreover, the pattern of associations appeared coherent with the main clinical features of each disorder. The OCD group reported higher levels of NJREs severity than GD and ED, whereas there were no differences between the OCD and HPD groups. However, HPD patients did not have higher scores of NJREs severity than GD and ED counterparts. NJREs appear to be specific to OCD, but further study is needed to establish the role of this construct in OCD-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Sica
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Firenze, Italy.
| | - Gioia Bottesi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Cecilia Sighinolfi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Ghisi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
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