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Roflumilast Powders for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Formulation Design and the Influence of Device, Inhalation Flow Rate, and Storage Relative Humidity on Aerosolization. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081254. [PMID: 34452215 PMCID: PMC8400286 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Roflumilast is currently administered orally to control acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbance and weight loss have limited its application. This work aimed to develop an inhalable roflumilast formulation to reduce the dose and potentially circumvent the associated toxicity. Roflumilast was cospray-dried with trehalose and L-leucine with varied feed concentrations and spray-gas flow rates to produce the desired dry powder. A Next-Generation Impactor (NGI) was used to assess the aerosolization efficiency. In addition, different devices (Aerolizer, Rotahaler, and Handihaler) and flow rates were used to investigate their effects on the aerosolization efficiency. A cytotoxicity assay was also performed. The powders produced under optimized conditions were partially amorphous and had low moisture content. The powders showed good dispersibility, as evident by the high emitted dose (>88%) and fine particle fraction (>52%). At all flow rates (≥30 L/min), the Aerolizer offered the best aerosolization. The formulation exhibited stable aerosolization after storage at 25 °C/15% Relative Humidity (RH) for one month. Moreover, the formulation was non-toxic to alveolar basal epithelial cells. A potential inhalable roflumilast formulation including L-leucine and trehalose has been developed for the treatment of COPD. This study also suggests that the choice of device is crucial to achieve the desired aerosol performance.
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Çelebier M, Dogan A, Süslü İ, Altınöz S. Electrochemical Behavior and Square-Wave Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Roflumilast in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 24:400-408. [PMID: 32875977 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200901102526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are among the most common chronic diseases. Roflumilast is a novel, potent, selective, and long-acting phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE-4) inhibitor for the treatment of bronchial asthma and COPD. It has anti-inflammatory effects, and it has been shown to reduce exacerbations and improve pulmonary function in patients with COPD. Although there have been some other analytical methodologies reported for the determination of roflumilast in pharmaceutical dosage forms, there has not yet been any electrochemical methodology proposed for determination of this unique active pharmaceutical ingredient in its dosage forms. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop an easily applied, selective, sensitive, accurate, and precise square-wave stripping voltammetric (SWSV) method for the determination of roflumilast in its pharmaceutical dosage forms. In addition, the electrochemical behavior of roflumilast was investigated. METHODS The proposed method was based on electrochemical reduction of roflumilast at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) in 0.1 M K2HPO4 and 0.1 M Na2B4O7 (1:1, v/v) buffer at pH 5.0. Two reduction peaks were observed at -1150 mV and -1260 mV with 30 s of accumulation time and -850 mV of accumulation potential time versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode. RESULTS The highest peak current values with the best peak definition were observed at a frequency of 50 Hz, scan increment of 5 mV, and pulse amplitude 25 mV. The proposed method was validated by evaluating validation parameters such as linearity, sensitivity, repeatability, accuracy, precision, selectivity, recovery, robustness, and ruggedness. A good linear correlation (r=0.9948) was obtained between the electrochemical response of roflumilast and its concentration in the range of 0.74-3.05 μg mL-1 under the optimum conditions. The obtained accuracy results were between 2.04% and -2.04% while the relative standard deviation of the results was at least 2.78% for intraday and inter-day studies. The mean recovery for the real applications was 100.63% ± 0.52. The electrochemical behavior of roflumilast was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic voltammogram of roflumilast exhibited two peaks and the reduction reaction was reversible. CONCLUSION This developed and validated SWSV method was applied successfully for the determination of roflumilast in tablet dosage form (Daxas®) to assess active roflumilast content. Since high- -performance liquid chromatography is a dominant technique in industry for quality control of active pharmaceutical ingredients, the finding in the present study demonstrated that square-wave stripping voltammetry could be easily utilized in routine applications to determine roflumilast content in its dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Çelebier
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Dogan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İncilay Süslü
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sacide Altınöz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
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Pinheiro MS, Marins RDCEE, Cabral LM, de Sousa VP. Development and validation of a RP-HPLC method for Roflumilast and its degradation products. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1436067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Santos Pinheiro
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Lúcio Mendes Cabral
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valéria Pereira de Sousa
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Pinheiro MS, Viana GM, Vieira BDAA, de Souza AMT, Rodrigues CR, Marins RDCEE, Cabral LM, de Sousa VP. Identification, characterization and in silico ADMET prediction of Roflumilast degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 138:126-133. [PMID: 28196344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the degradation behavior of roflumilast (RFL), a new drug developed for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The degradation of RFL was tested under various stress conditions as per the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization. The degradation products (DPs) of RFL were identified, characterized and in silico predictions were made of their pharmacokinetic properties, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET). RFL was subjected to various stress conditions including photodegradation, alkaline and acidic hydrolysis, oxidative and metallic degradation. After analysis by HPLC-DAD, the DPs were isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), 1H NMR, 13C NMR and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. RFL tablets were prepared by the addition of solid stressing substances such as excipients and storage in an accelerated stability chamber (40°C; 75% r.h.) for sixteen months. Resulting DPs from the tablets were analyzed by UFLC-QTOF. The most drastic degradation conditions for RFL were 5M NaOH(aq), 6M HCl(aq), 7.5% v/v peracetic acid, which resulted in the isolation of four DPs. However, milder degradation conditions (1M NaOH(aq) and photolysis) generated six DPs (DP-1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 8), and are more similar to the actual conditions the drug will be exposed. For tablets containing RFL exposed to an alkaline reagent, two DPs were formed: DP-1 and DP-11. Whereas RFL-containing tablets exposed to acid and oxidizing agents, formed one product DP-11. Forced degradation of RFL led to the formation of eleven DPs, seven of which have never been previously reported. RFL is stable under metallic stress and it is relatively stable during photodegradation testing. The UFLC-QTOF methodology detected a greater number of DPs that formed during the stress conditions tested when compared to the HPLC-DAD methodology. In silico prediction of the ADMET properties of the RFL degradation products and metabolites produced in this study are potentially hepatotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Pinheiro
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bss, sl15, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Maruípe, 1468, Vitória, ES 29043-900, Brazil
| | - Gil M Viana
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bss, sl15, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bárbara de A Abrahim Vieira
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bss, sl15, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Mendonça Teles de Souza
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bss, sl15, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rangel Rodrigues
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bss, sl15, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia E E Marins
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bss, sl15, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Laboratory of Clinical Research on STD/AIDS, Av. Brasil 4365, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Lúcio M Cabral
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bss, sl15, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Valéria P de Sousa
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bss, sl15, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
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