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Zhang M, Wang X, Zhang S, Wang T, Wang X, Liu S, Zhao L, Cui C. Fabrication and Properties of a Biodegradable Zn-Ca Composite. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6432. [PMID: 37834567 PMCID: PMC10573115 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, Zn and its alloys have become some of the most promising degradable metals as in vivo implants due to their acceptable biocompatibility and more suitable degradation rate compared with Mg-based and Fe-based alloys. However, the degradation rate of Zn-based materials after implantation in the body for orthopedic applications is relatively slow, leading to long-term retention of the implants after fulfilling their missions. Moreover, the excessive release of Zn2+ during the degradation process of Zn-based implants usually leads to high cytotoxicity and delayed osseointegration. To provide a feasible solution to the problem faced by Zn-based implants, a Zn-Ca composite was fabricated by an air pressure infiltration method in this work. The XRD pattern of the composite suggests that the composite is fully composed of Zn-Ca intermetallic compounds. The degradation tests in vitro show that the composite has a much higher degradation rate than pure Zn, and the high Ca content regions in the composite can preferentially degrade as sacrificial anodes. In addition, the composite can efficiently induce Ca-P deposition during immersion tests in Hank's solution. Cytotoxicity tests indicate that L-929 cells exhibit around 82% cell viability (Grade 1) even after being cultured in the 100% extract prepared from the Zn-Ca composite for 1 day and show excellent cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Tiebao Wang
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Shuiqing Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Lichen Zhao
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Chunxiang Cui
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
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Li G, Chen D, Mine Y, Takashima K, Zheng Y. Fatigue behavior of biodegradable Zn-Li binary alloys in air and simulated body fluid with pure Zn as control. Acta Biomater 2023; 168:637-649. [PMID: 37517618 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Zn-Li-based alloys have drawn great attention as promising candidates for load-bearing sites, such as intramedullary nails and bone plates. They possess high monotonic strength (over 500MPa) and better pitting resistance with lithium-rich layers acting as barriers for corrosion attack under (quasi-)static conditions. However, their response to dynamic loadings such as fatigue is still unknown. Herein, the corrosion fatigue behavior of a series of Zn-Li binary alloys with different lithium addition amounts was tested in simulated body fluid. Tensile and fatigue strength of the materials were proportional to lithium content while corrosion fatigue strength was not. Extremely long cracks that extended parallel to the loading direction were found in Zn-1.0wt.%Li alloys. These cracks propagated by selective dissolution of the lithium-rich phase in the eutectoid regions and drastically reduced the corrosion fatigue strength of Zn-1.0wt.%Li alloy owing to exacerbated crack propagation. To sum up, Zn-Li binary alloys showed fatigue strength comparable to pure iron and pure titanium, which confirmed their loading capacity under dynamic conditions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Zn-Li-based alloys are qualified as biodegradable metals and are dedicated to load-bearing applications. Current research has shown that lithium can suppress pitting corrosion by the formation of lithium-rich layers on the alloy surface during (quasi-)static conditions. However, how these materials respond to dynamic loading is still unknown. The present study investigated the influence of lithium amount (0.1∼1.0wt.%) on the corrosion fatigue behavior of binary Zn-Li alloys. The results showed that lithium effectively improved the mechanical strength but can harm corrosion fatigue strength at high content due to selective dissolution of lithium-rich phase. This demonstrated that the amount of lithium should be controlled for optimal properties. Zn-0.8wt.%Li alloy demonstrated a good combination of tensile and corrosion fatigue strength, which can be further improved by proper alloying and thermomechanical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dafu Chen
- Laboratory of Bone Tissue Engineering, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing JiShuiTan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China.
| | - Yoji Mine
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takashima
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Singh Raman RK, Wen C, Löffler JF. Human Body-Fluid-Assisted Fracture of Zinc Alloys as Biodegradable Temporary Implants: Challenges, Research Needs and Way Forward. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4984. [PMID: 37512259 PMCID: PMC10383560 DOI: 10.3390/ma16144984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Alloys of magnesium, zinc or iron that do not contain toxic elements are attractive as construction material for biodegradable implants, i.e., the type of implants that harmlessly dissolve away within the human body after they have completed their intended task. The synergistic influence of mechanical stress and corrosive human body fluid can cause sudden and catastrophic fracture of bioimplants due to phenomena such as stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion fatigue (CF). To date, SCC and CF of implants based on Zn have scarcely been investigated. This article is an overview of the challenges, research needs and way forward in understanding human body-fluid-assisted fractures (i.e., SCC and CF) of Zn alloys in human body fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Singh Raman
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Cuie Wen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Jörg F Löffler
- Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Ding F, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Guo P, Yang L, Zhang Q, Xu C, Sun W, Song Z. Strengthening Mechanism of Rotary-Forged Deformable Biodegradable Zn-0.45Li Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3003. [PMID: 37109837 PMCID: PMC10143320 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of zinc (Zn) alloys as a biodegradable metal for medical purposes has been a popular research topic. This study investigated the strengthening mechanism of Zn alloys to enhance their mechanical properties. Three Zn-0.45Li (wt.%) alloys with different deformation amounts were prepared by rotary forging deformation. Their mechanical properties and microstructures were tested. A simultaneous increase in strength and ductility was observed in the Zn-0.45Li alloys. Grain refinement occurred when the rotary forging deformation reached 75.7%. The surface average grain size reached 1.19 ± 0.31 μm, and the grain size was uniformly distributed. Meanwhile, the maximum elongation of the deformed Zn-0.45Li was 139.2 ± 18.6%, and the ultimate tensile strength reached 426.1 ± 4.7 MPa. In situ tensile tests showed that the reinforced alloys still broke from the grain boundary. Continuous and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization during severe plastic deformation produced many recrystallized grains. During deformation, the dislocation density of the alloy first increased and then decreased, and the texture strength of the (0001) direction increased with deformation. Analysis of the mechanism of alloy strengthening showed that the strength and plasticity enhancement of Zn-Li alloys after macro deformation was a combination of dislocation strengthening, weave strengthening, and grain refinement rather than only fine-grain strengthening as observed in conventional macro-deformed Zn alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Rail Transit, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Rail Transit, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xinglong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Pushan Guo
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Rail Transit, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Lijing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Qingke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Wensheng Sun
- Ningbo Power Way Alloy Material Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315145, China
| | - Zhenlun Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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Liu Y, Du T, Qiao A, Mu Y, Yang H. Zinc-Based Biodegradable Materials for Orthopaedic Internal Fixation. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040164. [PMID: 36278633 PMCID: PMC9589944 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional inert materials used in internal fixation have caused many complications and generally require removal with secondary surgeries. Biodegradable materials, such as magnesium (Mg)-, iron (Fe)- and zinc (Zn)-based alloys, open up a new pathway to address those issues. During the last decades, Mg-based alloys have attracted much attention by researchers. However, the issues with an over-fast degradation rate and release of hydrogen still need to be overcome. Zn alloys have comparable mechanical properties with traditional metal materials, e.g., titanium (Ti), and have a moderate degradation rate, potentially serving as a good candidate for internal fixation materials, especially at load-bearing sites of the skeleton. Emerging Zn-based alloys and composites have been developed in recent years and in vitro and in vivo studies have been performed to explore their biodegradability, mechanical property, and biocompatibility in order to move towards the ultimate goal of clinical application in fracture fixation. This article seeks to offer a review of related research progress on Zn-based biodegradable materials, which may provide a useful reference for future studies on Zn-based biodegradable materials targeting applications in orthopedic internal fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Tianming Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Aike Qiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yongliang Mu
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Haisheng Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(010)-6739-6657
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Zhang H, Du T, Chen S, Liu Y, Yang Y, Hou Q, Qiao A. Finite Element Analysis of the Non-Uniform Degradation of Biodegradable Vascular Stents. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13030152. [PMID: 36135587 PMCID: PMC9501085 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the studies on the finite element analysis (FEA) of biodegradable vascular stents (BVSs) during the degradation process have limited the accuracy of the simulation results due to the application of the uniform degradation model. This paper aims to establish an FEA model for the non-uniform degradation of BVSs by considering factors such as the dynamic changes of the corrosion properties and material properties of the element, as well as the pitting corrosion and stress corrosion. The results revealed that adjusting the corrosion rate according to the number of exposed surfaces of the element and reducing the stress threshold according to the corrosion status accelerates the degradation time of BVSs by 26% and 25%, respectively, compared with the uniform degradation model. The addition of the pitting model reduces the service life of the BVSs by up to 12%. The effective support of the stent to the vessel could reach at least 60% of the treatment effect before the vessel collapsed. These data indicate that the proposed non-uniform degradation model of BVSs with multiple factors produces different phenomena compared with the commonly used models and make the numerical simulation results more consistent with the real degradation scenario.
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Fabrication and characterization of biodegradable Zn-Cu-Mn alloy micro-tubes and vascular stents: microstructure, texture, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior. Acta Biomater 2022; 151:647-660. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zinc alloy-based bone internal fixation screw with antibacterial and anti-osteolytic properties. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:4607-4624. [PMID: 34095620 PMCID: PMC8141820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no targeted effective treatment for patients undergoing internal fixation surgery/two-stage total joint revision surgery with a high risk of postoperative infection and osteolysis, while the rate of reoperation due to infection and osteolysis remains high. In this study, we report a pioneering application of implants made of biodegradable Zn–Ag alloy with active antibacterial and anti-osteolytic properties in three classical animal models, illustrating antibacterial, anti-osteolysis, and internal fixation for fractures. The antibacterial activity of the Zn–2Ag alloy was verified in a rat femur osteomyelitis prevention model, while the anti-osteolytic properties were evaluated using a mouse cranial osteolysis model. Moreover, the Zn–2Ag based screws showed similar performance in bone fracture fixation compared to the Ti–6Al–4V counterpart. The fracture healed completely after 3 months in the rabbit femoral condyle fracture model. Furthermore, the underlying antibacterial mechanism may include inhibition of biofilm formation, autolysis-related pathways, and antibiotic resistance pathways. Osseointegration mechanisms may include inhibition of osteoclast-associated protein expression, no effect on osteogenic protein expression, and no activation of related inflammatory protein expression. The empirical findings here reveal the great potential of Zn–Ag-based alloys for degradable biomaterials in internal fixation surgery/two-stage total joint revision surgery for patients with a high risk of postoperative infection and osteolysis. Zn–2Ag alloy is designed for orthopedic applications. Zn–2Ag alloy exhibit outstanding antibacterial properties in a rat femur osteomyelitis prevention model. Zn–2Ag alloy exhibit outstanding anti-osteolytic properties in a mouse cranial osteolysis model. Zn-2Ag based screws showed reliable performance in bone fracture fixation in the rabbit femoral condyle fracture model.
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Zhang Y, Yan D, Liu Z, Ye Y, Cheng F, Li H, Lu AH. A SnO x Quantum Dots Embedded Carbon Nanocage Network with Ultrahigh Li Storage Capacity. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7021-7031. [PMID: 33851824 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tin-based materials with high specific capacity have been studied as high-performance anodes for energy storage devices. Herein, a SnOx (x = 0, 1, 2) quantum dots@carbon hybrid is designed and prepared by a binary oxide-induced surface-targeted coating of ZIF-8 followed by pyrolysis approach, in which SnOx quantum dots (under 5 nm) are dispersed uniformly throughout the nitrogen-containing carbon nanocage. Each nanocage is cross-linked to form a highly conductive framework. The resulting SnOx@C hybrid exhibits a large BET surface area of 598 m2 g-1, high electrical conductivity, and excellent ion diffusion rate. When applied to LIBs, the SnOx@C reveals an ultrahigh reversible capacity of 1824 mAh g-1 at a current density of 0.2 A g-1, and superior capacities of 1408 and 850 mAh g-1 even at high rates of 2 and 5 A g-1, respectively. The full cell assembled using LiFePO4 as cathode exhibits the high energy density and power density of 335 Wh kg-1 and 575 W kg-1 at 1 C based on the total active mass of cathode and anode. Combined with in situ XRD analysis, the superior electrochemical performance can be attributed to the SnOx-ZnO-C asynchronous and united lithium storage mechanism, which is formed by the well-designed multifeatured construction composed of SnOx quantum dots, interconnected carbon network, and uniformly dispersed ZnO nanoparticles. Importantly, this designed synthesis can be extended for the fabrication of other electrode materials by simply changing the binary oxide precursor to obtain the desired active component or modulating the type of MOFs coating to achieve high-performance LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Guangrong Road 8, Hongqiao District, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Dong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Zefei Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Guangrong Road 8, Hongqiao District, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Youwen Ye
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Guangrong Road 8, Hongqiao District, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Fei Cheng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Guangrong Road 8, Hongqiao District, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Huanrong Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Guangrong Road 8, Hongqiao District, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - An-Hui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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Bai J, Xu Y, Fan Q, Cao R, Zhou X, Cheng Z, Dong Q, Xue F. Mechanical Properties and Degradation Behaviors of Zn-xMg Alloy Fine Wires for Biomedical Applications. SCANNING 2021; 2021:4831387. [PMID: 35024086 PMCID: PMC8720005 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4831387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Zn and Zn-based alloys exhibit biosafety and biodegradation, considered as candidates for biomedical implants. Zn-0.02 wt.% Mg (Zn-0.02 Mg), Zn-0.05 wt.% Mg (Zn-0.05 Mg), and Zn-0.2 wt.% Mg (Zn-0.2 Mg) wires (Φ 0.3 mm) were prepared for precision biomedical devices in this work. With the addition of Mg in Zn-xMg alloys, the grain size decreased along with the occurrence of Mg2Zn11 at the grain boundaries. Hot extrusion, cold drawing, and annealing treatment were introduced to further refining the grain size. Besides, the hot extrusion and cold drawing improved the tensile strength of Zn-xMg alloys to 240-270 MPa while elongation also increased but remained under 10%. Annealing treatment could improve the elongation of Zn alloys to 12% -28%, but decrease the tensile strength. Furthermore, Zn-xMg wires displayed an increase in degradation rate with Mg addition. The findings might provide a potential possibility of Zn-xMg alloy wires for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Qizhou Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Ruihua Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xingxing Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
| | - Zhaojun Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Qiangsheng Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Feng Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215000, China
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