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Kobayashi K, Han L, Lu SN, Ninomiya K, Isobe N, Nishimura T. Effects of hydrostatic compression on milk production-related signaling pathways in mouse mammary epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2023; 431:113762. [PMID: 37648075 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) secrete milk into the mammary alveolar lumen during lactation. The secreted milk accumulates in the alveolar lumen until milk ejection occurs, and excess milk accumulation downregulates milk production in alveolar MECs. Intramammary hydrostatic pressure also increases in the alveolar lumen in a manner dependent on milk accumulation. In this study, we investigated whether high hydrostatic compression directly affects lactating MECs, using a commercial compression device and a lactation culture model of MECs, which have milk production ability and less permeable tight junctions. High hydrostatic compression at 100 kPa for 8 h decreased β-casein and increased claudin-4 levels concurrently with inactivation of STAT5 and glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathways. In addition, high hydrostatic compression for 1 h inactivated STAT5 and activated p38 MAPK signaling. Furthermore, repeated rises and falls of the hourly hydrostatic compression induced activation of positive (Akt, mTOR) and negative (STAT3, NF-κB) signaling pathways for milk production concurrently with stimulation of casein and lactoferrin production in MECs. These results indicate that milk production-related signaling pathways in MECs change in response to hydrostatic compression. Hydrostatic compression of the alveolar lumen may directly regulate milk production in the alveolar MECs of lactating mammary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Liang Han
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Shan-Ni Lu
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Ninomiya
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Laboratory of Animal Histophysiology, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4, Kagamiyama, 739-8528, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589, Sapporo, Japan.
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2
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Chen J, Zhou Y, Liu S, Li C. Biomechanical signal communication in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 14:357-376. [PMID: 32780323 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical stresses are closely associated with cardiovascular development and diseases. In vivo, vascular smooth muscle cells are constantly stimulated by biomechanical factors caused by increased blood pressure leading to the non-specific activation of cell transmembrane proteins. Thus, various intracellular signal molecules are simultaneously activated via signaling cascades, which are closely related to alterations in the differentiation, phenotype, inflammation, migration, pyroptosis, calcification, proliferation, and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. Meanwhile, mechanical stress-induced miRNAs and epigenetics modification on vascular smooth muscle cells play critical roles as well. Eventually, the overall pathophysiology of the cells is altered, resulting in the development of many major clinical diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, grafted venous atherosclerosis, and aneurysm, among others. In this paper, important advances in mechanical signal communication in vascular smooth muscle cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chaohong Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Ranchoux B, Nadeau V, Bourgeois A, Provencher S, Tremblay É, Omura J, Coté N, Abu-Alhayja'a R, Dumais V, Nachbar RT, Tastet L, Dahou A, Breuils-Bonnet S, Marette A, Pibarot P, Dupuis J, Paulin R, Boucherat O, Archer SL, Bonnet S, Potus F. Metabolic Syndrome Exacerbates Pulmonary Hypertension due to Left Heart Disease. Circ Res 2019; 125:449-466. [PMID: 31154939 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to left heart disease (LHD), or group 2 PH, is the most prevalent form of PH worldwide. PH due to LHD is often associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). In 12% to 13% of cases, patients with PH due to LHD display vascular remodeling of pulmonary arteries (PAs) associated with poor prognosis. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown; PH-targeted therapies for this group are nonexistent, and the development of a new preclinical model is crucial. Among the numerous pathways dysregulated in MetS, inflammation plays also a critical role in both PH and vascular remodeling. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that MetS and inflammation may trigger the development of vascular remodeling in group 2 PH. METHODS AND RESULTS Using supracoronary aortic banding, we induced diastolic dysfunction in rats. Then we induced MetS by a combination of high-fat diet and olanzapine treatment. We used metformin treatment and anti-IL-6 (interleukin-6) antibodies to inhibit the IL-6 pathway. Compared with sham conditions, only supracoronary aortic banding+MetS rats developed precapillary PH, as measured by both echocardiography and right/left heart catheterization. PH in supracoronary aortic banding+MetS was associated with macrophage accumulation and increased IL-6 production in lung. PH was also associated with STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) activation and increased proliferation of PA smooth muscle cells, which contributes to remodeling of distal PA. We reported macrophage accumulation, increased IL-6 levels, and STAT3 activation in the lung of group 2 PH patients. In vitro, IL-6 activates STAT3 and induces human PA smooth muscle cell proliferation. Metformin treatment decreased inflammation, IL-6 levels, STAT3 activation, and human PA smooth muscle cell proliferation. In vivo, in the supracoronary aortic banding+MetS animals, reducing IL-6, either by anti-IL-6 antibody or metformin treatment, reversed pulmonary vascular remodeling and improve PH due to LHD. CONCLUSIONS We developed a new preclinical model of group 2 PH by combining MetS with LHD. We showed that MetS exacerbates group 2 PH. We provided evidence for the importance of the IL-6-STAT3 pathway in our experimental model of group 2 PH and human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Ranchoux
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (B.R., V.N., A.B., S.P., E.T., J.O., N.C., R.A-A., L.T., A.D., S.B.-B., P.P., R.P., O.B., S.B., F.P.)
| | - Valérie Nadeau
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (B.R., V.N., A.B., S.P., E.T., J.O., N.C., R.A-A., L.T., A.D., S.B.-B., P.P., R.P., O.B., S.B., F.P.)
| | - Alice Bourgeois
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (B.R., V.N., A.B., S.P., E.T., J.O., N.C., R.A-A., L.T., A.D., S.B.-B., P.P., R.P., O.B., S.B., F.P.)
| | - Steeve Provencher
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (B.R., V.N., A.B., S.P., E.T., J.O., N.C., R.A-A., L.T., A.D., S.B.-B., P.P., R.P., O.B., S.B., F.P.)
| | - Éve Tremblay
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (B.R., V.N., A.B., S.P., E.T., J.O., N.C., R.A-A., L.T., A.D., S.B.-B., P.P., R.P., O.B., S.B., F.P.)
| | - Junichi Omura
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (B.R., V.N., A.B., S.P., E.T., J.O., N.C., R.A-A., L.T., A.D., S.B.-B., P.P., R.P., O.B., S.B., F.P.)
| | - Nancy Coté
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (B.R., V.N., A.B., S.P., E.T., J.O., N.C., R.A-A., L.T., A.D., S.B.-B., P.P., R.P., O.B., S.B., F.P.)
| | - Rami Abu-Alhayja'a
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (B.R., V.N., A.B., S.P., E.T., J.O., N.C., R.A-A., L.T., A.D., S.B.-B., P.P., R.P., O.B., S.B., F.P.)
| | - Valérie Dumais
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (V.D., R.T.N., A.M.)
| | - Renato T Nachbar
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (V.D., R.T.N., A.M.)
| | - Lionel Tastet
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (B.R., V.N., A.B., S.P., E.T., J.O., N.C., R.A-A., L.T., A.D., S.B.-B., P.P., R.P., O.B., S.B., F.P.)
| | - Abdellaziz Dahou
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (B.R., V.N., A.B., S.P., E.T., J.O., N.C., R.A-A., L.T., A.D., S.B.-B., P.P., R.P., O.B., S.B., F.P.)
| | - Sandra Breuils-Bonnet
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (B.R., V.N., A.B., S.P., E.T., J.O., N.C., R.A-A., L.T., A.D., S.B.-B., P.P., R.P., O.B., S.B., F.P.)
| | - André Marette
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (V.D., R.T.N., A.M.)
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (B.R., V.N., A.B., S.P., E.T., J.O., N.C., R.A-A., L.T., A.D., S.B.-B., P.P., R.P., O.B., S.B., F.P.)
| | - Jocelyn Dupuis
- Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Québec, Canada (J.D.)
| | - Roxane Paulin
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (B.R., V.N., A.B., S.P., E.T., J.O., N.C., R.A-A., L.T., A.D., S.B.-B., P.P., R.P., O.B., S.B., F.P.)
| | - Olivier Boucherat
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (B.R., V.N., A.B., S.P., E.T., J.O., N.C., R.A-A., L.T., A.D., S.B.-B., P.P., R.P., O.B., S.B., F.P.)
| | - Stephen L Archer
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (S.L.A., F.P.)
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (B.R., V.N., A.B., S.P., E.T., J.O., N.C., R.A-A., L.T., A.D., S.B.-B., P.P., R.P., O.B., S.B., F.P.)
| | - François Potus
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada (B.R., V.N., A.B., S.P., E.T., J.O., N.C., R.A-A., L.T., A.D., S.B.-B., P.P., R.P., O.B., S.B., F.P.).,Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (S.L.A., F.P.)
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Xu X, Han K, Zhu J, Mao H, Lin X, Zhang Z, Cao B, Zeng Y, Mao X. An inhibitor of cholesterol absorption displays anti-myeloma activity by targeting the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75539-75550. [PMID: 27705908 PMCID: PMC5342759 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The activated JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway is a high risk factor for multiple myeloma (MM), a fatal malignancy of plasma cells. In the present study, SC09, a potential inhibitor of cholesterol absorption, was identified in a STAT3-targeted drug screen. SC09 suppressed the activation of STAT3 in a time-course and concentration-dependent manner but did not affect its family members STAT1 and STAT5. SC09 inhibited STAT3 transcriptional activity and downregulated the expression of STAT3-regulated genes. Further studies showed that SC09 selectively inhibited JAK2 activation but not other kinases including c-Src, ERK, p38 and mTOR that are all associated with STAT3 activation. Moreover, SC09 obviously induced MM cell death in vitro and delayed MM tumor growth in vivo. SC09-induced MM cell death was dependent on the endogenous STAT3 status, and this effect could be attenuated by enforced expression of STAT3. All the results collectively indicated that SC09 blocks the JAK2-STAT3 signaling thus displaying anti-MM activity. Given its well tolerance and anti-MM potency, SC09 is credited for further investigation as a promising drug for MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kunkun Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hongwu Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zubin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Biyin Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanying Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital East Campus, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinliang Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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5
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Dadak M, Jacobs R, Skuljec J, Jirmo AC, Yildiz Ö, Donnerstag F, Baerlecken NT, Schmidt RE, Lanfermann H, Skripuletz T, Schwenkenbecher P, Kleinschnitz C, Tumani H, Stangel M, Pul R. Gain-of-function STAT1 mutations are associated with intracranial aneurysms. Clin Immunol 2017; 178:79-85. [PMID: 28161409 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, characterized by persistent or recurrent fungal infections, represents the clinical hallmark in gain-of-function (GOF) signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) mutation carriers. Several cases of intracranial aneurysms have been reported in patients with GOF STAT1 mutation but the paucity of reported cases likely suggested this association still as serendipity. In order to endorse this association, we link the development of intracranial aneurysms with STAT1 GOF mutation by presenting the two different cases of a patient and her mother, and demonstrate upregulated phosphorylated STAT4 and IL-12 receptor β1 upon stimulation in patient's blood cells. We also detected increased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β type 2 receptor expression, particularly in CD14+ cells, and a slightly higher phosphorylation rate of SMAD3. In addition, the mother of the patient developed disseminated bacille Calmette-Guérin disease after vaccination, speculating that GOF STAT1 mutations may confer a predisposition to weakly virulent mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mete Dadak
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jelena Skuljec
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Adan Chari Jirmo
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Özlem Yildiz
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Donnerstag
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Reinhold Ernst Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Refik Pul
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Essen, Essen, Germany.
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6
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Abstract
Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a proliferative disorder associated with enhanced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and suppressed apoptosis. The sustainability of this phenotype requires the activation of pro-survival transcription factor like the signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3). Using multidisciplinary and translational approaches, we and others have demonstrated that STAT3 activation in both human and experimental models of PAH accounts for the modulation of the expression of several proteins already known as implicated in PAH pathogenesis, as well as for signal transduction to other transcription factors. Furthermore, recent data demonstrated that STAT3 could be therapeutically targeted in different animal models and some molecules are actually in clinical trials for cancer or PAH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Paulin
- Vascular Biology Research Group; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
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7
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Lewis JS, Dolgova N, Chancellor T, Acharya AP, Karpiak JV, Lele TP, Keselowsky BG. The effect of cyclic mechanical strain on activation of dendritic cells cultured on adhesive substrates. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9063-70. [PMID: 24008042 PMCID: PMC4120880 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), key regulators of tolerance and immunity, have been found to reside in mechanically active tissues such as the interior layers of the arterial wall, which experience cyclic radial wall strain due to pulsatile blood flow. Although experimentally difficult to determine in vivo, it is reasonable to postulate DCs experience the mechanical forces in such mechanically active tissues. However, it is currently unknown how DCs respond to cyclic mechanical strain. In order to explore the hypothesis that DCs are responsive to mechanical strain, DCs were cultured in vitro on pre-adsorbed adhesive proteins (e.g., laminin, collagen, fibrinogen) and 1 Hz cyclic strain was applied for various durations and strain magnitudes. It was determined that a strain magnitude of 10% and 24 h duration adversely affected DC viability compared to no-strain controls, but culture on certain adhesive substrates provided modest protection of viability under this harsh strain regime. In contrast, application of 1 h of 1 Hz cyclic 3% strain did not affect DC viability and this strain regime was used for the remaining experiments for quantifying DC activation and T-cell priming capability. Application of 3% strain increased expression of stimulatory (MHC-II) and costimulatory molecules (CD86, CD40), and this effect was generally increased by culture on pre-coated adhesive substrates. Interestingly, the cytokine secretion profile of DCs was not significantly affected by strain. Lastly, strained DCs demonstrated increased stimulation of allogeneic T-cell proliferation, in a manner that was independent of the adhesive substrate. These observations indicate generation of a DC consistent with what has been described as a semi-mature phenotype. This work begins elucidating a potential role for DCs in tissue environments exposed to cyclic mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal S. Lewis
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - Natalia Dolgova
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - T.J. Chancellor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - Abhinav P. Acharya
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - Jerome V. Karpiak
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - Tanmay P. Lele
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - Benjamin G. Keselowsky
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
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8
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von Gise A, Archer SL, Maclean MR, Hansmann G. The first Keystone Symposia Conference on pulmonary vascular isease and right ventricular dysfunction: Current concepts and future therapies. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:275-7. [PMID: 24015328 PMCID: PMC3757822 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.114751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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9
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Weinbaum JS, Schmidt JB, Tranquillo RT. Combating Adaptation to Cyclic Stretching By Prolonging Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase. Cell Mol Bioeng 2013; 6:279-286. [PMID: 24535930 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-013-0289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In developing implantable tissues based on cellular remodeling of a fibrin scaffold, a key indicator of success is high collagen content. Cellular collagen synthesis is stimulated by cyclic stretching but is limited by cellular adaptation. Adaptation is mediated by deactivation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK); therefore inhibition of ERK deactivation should improve mechanically stimulated collagen production and accelerate the development of strong engineered tissues. The hypothesis of this study is that p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38) activation by stretching limits ERK activation and that chemical inhibition of p38/isoforms with SB203580 will increase stretching-induced ERK activation and collagen production. Both p38 and ERK were activated by 15 minutes of stretching but only p38 remained active after 1 hour. After an effective dose of inhibitor was identified using cell monolayers, 5 M SB203580 was found to increase ERK activation by two-fold in cyclically stretched fibrin-based tissue constructs. When 5 M SB203580 was added to the culture medium of constructs exposed to three weeks of incremental amplitude cyclic stretch, 2.6 fold higher stretching-induced total collagen was obtained. In conclusion, SB203580 circumvents adaptation to stretching induced collagen production and may be useful in engineering tissues where mechanical strength is a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Weinbaum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jillian B Schmidt
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Robert T Tranquillo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455. ; Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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10
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Malenfant S, Neyron AS, Paulin R, Potus F, Meloche J, Provencher S, Bonnet S. Signal transduction in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:278-93. [PMID: 24015329 PMCID: PMC3757823 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.114752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a unique disease. Properly speaking, it is not a disease of the lung. It can be seen more as a microvascular disease occurring mainly in the lungs and affecting the heart. At the cellular level, the PAH paradigm is characterized by inflammation, vascular tone imbalance, pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis and the presence of in situ thrombosis. At a clinical level, the aforementioned abnormal vascular properties alter physically the pulmonary circulation and ventilation, which greatly influence the right ventricle function as it highly correlates with disease severity. Consequently, right heart failure remains the principal cause of death within this cohort of patients. While current treatment modestly improve patients' conditions, none of them are curative and, as of today, new therapies are lacking. However, the future holds potential new therapies that might have positive influence on the quality of life of the patient. This article will first review the clinical presentation of the disease and the different molecular pathways implicated in the pathobiology of PAH. The second part will review tomorrow's future putative therapies for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Malenfant
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Neyron
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Roxane Paulin
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - François Potus
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Jolyane Meloche
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Steeve Provencher
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
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Sun J, Zheng J, Ling KH, Zhao K, Xie Z, Li B, Wang T, Zhu Z, Patel AN, Min W, Liu K, Zheng X. Preventing intimal thickening of vein grafts in vein artery bypass using STAT-3 siRNA. J Transl Med 2012; 10:2. [PMID: 22216901 PMCID: PMC3286375 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a key role in neointimal formation which leads to restenosis of vein graft in venous bypass. STAT-3 is a transcription factor associated with cell proliferation. We hypothesized that silencing of STAT-3 by siRNA will inhibit proliferation of VSMCs and attenuate intimal thickening. METHODS Rat VSMCs were isolated and cultured in vitro by applying tissue piece inoculation methods. VSMCs were transfected with STAT 3 siRNA using lipofectamine 2000. In vitro proliferation of VSMC was quantified by the MTT assay, while in vivo assessment was performed in a venous transplantation model. In vivo delivery of STAT-3 siRNA plasmid or scramble plasmid was performed by admixing with liposomes 2000 and transfected into the vein graft by bioprotein gel applied onto the adventitia. Rat jugular vein-carotid artery bypass was performed. On day 3 and7 after grafting, the vein grafts were extracted, and analyzed morphologically by haematoxylin eosin (H&E), and assessed by immunohistochemistry for expression of Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Western-blot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression in vivo and in vitro. Cell apoptosis in vein grafts was detected by TUNEL assay. RESULTS MTT assay shows that the proliferation of VSMCs in the STAT-3 siRNA treated group was inhibited. On day 7 after operation, a reduced number of Ki-67 and PCNA positive cells were observed in the neointima of the vein graft in the STAT-3 siRNA treated group as compared to the scramble control. The PCNA index in the control group (31.3 ± 4.7) was higher than that in the STAT-3 siRNA treated group (23.3 ± 2.8) (P < 0.05) on 7d. The neointima in the experimental group(0.45 ± 0.04 μm) was thinner than that in the control group(0.86 ± 0.05 μm) (P < 0.05).Compared with the control group, the protein and mRNA levels in the experimental group in vivo and in vitro decreased significantly. Down regulation of STAT-3 with siRNA resulted in a reduced expression of Bcl-2 and cyclin D1. However, apoptotic cells were not obviously found in all grafts on day 3 and 7 post surgery. CONCLUSIONS The STAT-3 siRNA can inhibit the proliferation of VSMCs in vivo and in vitro and attenuate neointimal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbin Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
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Liao M, Xu J, Clair AJ, Ehrman B, Graham LM, Eagleton MJ. Local and systemic alterations in signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) associated with human abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Surg Res 2011; 176:321-8. [PMID: 21764069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins are transcription factors that, when activated by phosphorylation, regulate gene expression and cellular activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the local and systemic expression and activation of STAT proteins associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). METHODS Expression and activation of STAT proteins were assessed in aortic wall samples obtained from patients undergoing repair of AAA (n = 9) and from non-aneurysmal (NA) donors (n = 17). Aortic samples were evaluated for mRNA and protein expression for STAT1, 2, 3, 4, 5a, and 5b using RT-PCR and immunoblot (WB) assays and normalized to ß-actin (expressed as arbitrary units). STAT activation was assessed with WB assays using phosphorylated (p)-STAT-specific antibodies. Alterations in STAT activation were calculated by normalizing pSTAT proteins to corresponding total STAT levels. Immunohistochemistry was performed on AAA and NA samples using the total and pSTAT antibodies. Systemic alterations in STAT activation were assessed by evaluating circulating leukocytes for the presence of pSTAT from patients with AAA (AAA, n = 8), repaired aneurysm (RA, n = 8), or age/gender matched controls with no AAA (CT, n = 8). Flow cytometry was performed to assess for circulating levels of STAT1 (pY701), STAT3 (pY705), and STAT5a (pY694) in monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes. Assessments were made at baseline and in response to in vitro stimulation with IFN-γ (50 ng/mL) or IL-6 (100 ng/mL). Results were analyzed using Student's t-test and are expressed as mean ± SEM. RESULTS In AAA tissue compared with NA, STAT-1 (1.08 ± 0.09 versus 0.62 ± 0.07), -2 (0.98 ± 0.07 versus 0.55 ± 0.08), and -4 (0.89 ± 0.12 versus 0.35 ± 0.11) mRNA levels were elevated (P < 0.01, all). Corresponding increases in STAT protein were only observed for STAT1 (2.77 ± 0.93 versus 0.93 ± 0.08, P < 0.05). Increases in activation were observed in AAA compared with NA in pSTAT2 (0.77 ± 0.1 versus 0.1 ± 0.02, P < 0.01), pSTAT3 (1.6 ± 0.3 versus 0.2 ± 0.06, P < 0.02) and pSTAT5 (0.57 ± 0.03 versus 0.2 ± 0.03, P < 0.05) levels. Phosphorylated STAT1, 2, 3, and 5 were observed in inflammatory cells invading the AAA adventitia. In addition, STAT3 was observed in the media of AAA and NA, but pSTAT3 was only observed in the media of AAA. There were no differences in baseline levels of pSTAT-positive circulating leukocytes. IFN-γ stimulation decreased STAT-5a (pY694)-positive CT lymphocytes to 40% ± 13% of baseline, but had no effect on AAA or RA lymphocytes (116% ± 35%, 102% ± 19%, respectively; P = 0.01). STAT-5a (pY694)-positive CT granulocytes also decreased to 62% ± 18% of baseline compared with AAA or RA granulocytes (122% ± 25%, 126% ± 17%, respectively; P = 0.01). Alterations in STAT1 (pY701) and STAT3 (pY705) were not observed in leukocytes following cytokine stimulation. CONCLUSIONS STAT proteins are important regulators of transcriptional activity and have been linked to cardiovascular disease. The present data suggest that altered levels of phosphorylated STATs are associated with AAA. Understanding their role may provide further insight into the mechanisms of AAA formation and allow for the development of medical treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfang Liao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine-CWRU, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Kona S, Chellamuthu P, Xu H, Hills SR, Nguyen KT. Effects of cyclic strain and growth factors on vascular smooth muscle cell responses. Open Biomed Eng J 2009; 3:28-38. [PMID: 19812708 PMCID: PMC2757671 DOI: 10.2174/1874120700903010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Under physiological and pathological conditions, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) are exposed to different biochemical factors and biomechanical forces. Previous studies pertaining to SMC responses have not investigated the effects of both factors on SMCs. Thus, in our research we investigated the combined effects of growth factors like Bfgf (basic fibroblast growth factor), TGF-β (transforming growth factor β) and PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) along with physiological cyclic strain on SMC responses. Physiological cyclic strain (10% strain) significantly reduced SMC proliferation compared to static controls while addition of growth factors bFGF, TGF-β or PDGF-AB had a positive influence on SMC growth compared to strain alone. Microarray analysis of SMCs exposed to these growth factors and cyclic strain showed that several bioactive genes (vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, etc.) were altered upon exposure. Further work involving biochemical and pathological cyclic strain stimulation will help us better understand the role of cyclic strain and growth factors in vascular functions and development of vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soujanya Kona
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, USA
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Quaglino A, Salierno M, Pellegrotti J, Rubinstein N, Kordon EC. Mechanical strain induces involution-associated events in mammary epithelial cells. BMC Cell Biol 2009; 10:55. [PMID: 19615079 PMCID: PMC2721828 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-10-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shortly after weaning, a complex multi-step process that leads to massive epithelial apoptosis is triggered by tissue local factors in the mouse mammary gland. Several reports have demonstrated the relevance of mechanical stress to induce adaptive responses in different cell types. Interestingly, these signaling pathways also participate in mammary gland involution. Then, it has been suggested that cell stretching caused by milk accumulation after weaning might be the first stimulus that initiates the complete remodeling of the mammary gland. However, no previous report has demonstrated the impact of mechanical stress on mammary cell physiology. To address this issue, we have designed a new practical device that allowed us to evaluate the effects of radial stretching on mammary epithelial cells in culture. Results We have designed and built a new device to analyze the biological consequences of applying mechanical stress to cells cultured on flexible silicone membranes. Subsequently, a geometrical model that predicted the percentage of radial strain applied to the elastic substrate was developed. By microscopic image analysis, the adjustment of these calculations to the actual strain exerted on the attached cells was verified. The studies described herein were all performed in the HC11 non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cell line, which was originated from a pregnant BALB/c mouse. In these cells, as previously observed in other tissue types, mechanical stress induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and c-Fos mRNA and protein expression. In addition, we found that mammary cell stretching triggered involution associated cellular events as Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) expression induction, STAT3 activation and AKT phosphorylation inhibition. Conclusion Here, we show for the first time, that mechanical strain is able to induce weaning-associated events in cultured mammary epithelial cells. These results were obtained using a new practical and affordable device specifically designed for such a purpose. We believe that our results indicate the relevance of mechanical stress among the early post-lactation events that lead to mammary gland involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Quaglino
- Departamento de Química Biológica e Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Li L, Terry CM, Shiu YTE, Cheung AK. Neointimal hyperplasia associated with synthetic hemodialysis grafts. Kidney Int 2008; 74:1247-61. [PMID: 18668026 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stenosis is a major cause of failure of hemodialysis vascular grafts and is primarily caused by neointimal hyperplasia (NH) at the anastomoses. The objective of this article is to provide a scientific review of the biology underlying this disorder and a critical review of the state-of-the-art investigational preventive strategies in order to stimulate further research in this exciting area. The histology of the NH shows myofibroblasts (that are probably derived from adventitial fibroblasts), extracellular matrices, pro-inflammatory cells including foreign-body giant cells, a variety of growth factors and cytokines, and neovasculature. The contributing factors of the pathogenesis of NH include surgical trauma, bioincompatibility of the synthetic graft, and the various mechanical stresses that result from luminal hypertension and compliance mismatch between the vessel wall and graft. These mechanical stimuli are focal in nature and may have a significant influence on the preferential localization of the NH. Novel mechanical graft designs and local drug delivery strategies show promise in animal models in preventing graft NH development. Successful prevention of graft stenosis would provide a superior alternative to the native fistula as hemodialysis vascular access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Ma X, Tittiger M, Knutsen RH, Kovacs A, Schaller L, Mecham RP, Ponder KP. Upregulation of elastase proteins results in aortic dilatation in mucopolysaccharidosis I mice. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 94:298-304. [PMID: 18479957 PMCID: PMC3775334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I), known as Hurler syndrome in the severe form, is a lysosomal storage disease due to alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) deficiency. It results in fragmentation of elastin fibers in the aorta and heart valves via mechanisms that are unclear, but may result from the accumulation of the glycosaminoglycans heparan and dermatan sulfate. Elastin fragmentation causes aortic dilatation and valvular insufficiency, which can result in cardiovascular disease. The pathophysiology of aortic disease was evaluated in MPS I mice. MPS I mice have normal elastic fiber structure and aortic compliance at early ages, which suggests that elastin assembly is normal. Elastin fragmentation and aortic dilatation are severe at 6 months, which is temporally associated with marked increases in mRNA and enzyme activity for two elastin-degrading proteins, matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) and cathepsin S. Upregulation of these genes likely involves activation of STAT proteins, which may be induced by structural stress to smooth muscle cells from accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in lysosomes. Neonatal intravenous injection of a retroviral vector normalized MMP-12 and cathepsin S mRNA levels and prevented aortic disease. We conclude that aortic dilatation in MPS I mice is likely due to degradation of elastin by MMP-12 and/or cathepsin S. This aspect of disease might be ameliorated by inhibition of the signal transduction pathways that upregulate expression of elastase proteins, or by inhibition of elastase activity. This could result in a treatment for patients with MPS I, and might reduce aortic aneurism formation in other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiucui Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mindy Tittiger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Russell H. Knutsen
- Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Attila Kovacs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura Schaller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert P. Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine P. Ponder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Corresponding author. Address: Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Fax: +1 314 362 8813. (K.P. Ponder)
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Irene Sánchez Cervantes M, Lacombe J, Muzzio FJ, Álvarez MM. Novel bioreactor design for the culture of suspended mammalian cells. Part I: Mixing characterization. Chem Eng Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2006.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Bodary PF, Shen Y, Ohman M, Bahrou KL, Vargas FB, Cudney SS, Wickenheiser KJ, Myers MG, Eitzman DT. Leptin regulates neointima formation after arterial injury through mechanisms independent of blood pressure and the leptin receptor/STAT3 signaling pathways involved in energy balance. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 27:70-6. [PMID: 17095713 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000252068.89775.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone critical for energy homeostasis and implicated in vascular disease processes. The relevant cellular leptin receptor pools and signaling pathways involved in leptin-related vascular phenotypes in vivo are unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Arterial injury was induced in wild-type (wt), leptin-deficient (lep(ob/ob)), and leptin receptor-deficient (lepr(db/db)) mice. Compared with wt mice, lep(ob/ob) and lepr(db/db) mice were protected from the development of neointima. Bone marrow transplantation experiments between wt and lepr(db/db) mice indicated that the vascular protection in lepr(db/db) mice was not attributable to lack of leptin receptor expression on bone marrow-derived elements. To investigate the role of the lepr-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway in the response to vascular injury, lepr(s/s) mice homozygous for a leptin receptor defective in STAT3 signaling underwent femoral arterial injury. Despite similar obesity and blood pressure levels, the neointimal area in lepr(s/s) mice was significantly increased compared with lepr(db/db) mice. CONCLUSIONS The molecular mechanism by which the leptin receptor mediates neointima formation and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation is largely independent of the STAT3-dependent signaling pathways involved in energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Bodary
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, USA
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Adhikari N, Charles N, Lehmann U, Hall JL. Transcription factor and kinase-mediated signaling in atherosclerosis and vascular injury. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006; 8:252-60. [PMID: 16640963 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-006-0081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular signaling pathways regulating the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis or remodeling in response to injury has begun to cross the boundaries from regulation of well-described canonical pathways to the interplay between these pathways. The focus of this review is to summarize our current understanding of a finite group of transcription factors and kinases involved in vascular injury and atherosclerosis, including nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1), activator protein-1 (AP-1), hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), homeobox, and T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (Tcf-Lef), as well as the kinases janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), protein kinase C (PKC), p38, Rho, ERK5, JNK, p44/p42, and phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase/AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Adhikari
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 508, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Grote K, Luchtefeld M, Schieffer B. JANUS under stress--role of JAK/STAT signaling pathway in vascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2005; 43:357-63. [PMID: 16271517 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2005.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
They were more than just another kinases (JAK), when they were first described in the late 80s and named JAK kinases. The mandatory role of this novel family of dual active janus kinases (JAK) and their substrates the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) was demonstrated in mice who died during embryogenesis when lacking a functional allele, e.g. that of JAK2. Initially, the JAK/STAT signaling pathway was discovered as the primary mediator of intracellular signaling induced by interferon in hematopoietic and immune cells. Nowadays, it is well accepted that JAK kinases and STAT proteins are constitutively expressed in the vessel wall in a cell type specific manner and transfer intracellular signaling events of various receptor families, e.g. that of cytokines, growth factors and vasoactive peptides such as angiotensin II (Ang II) or endothelin. The potential impact of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway on cardiovascular pathophysiology and disease development arise from reports describing that JAKs may bind directly to the angiotensin II type I (AT(1)) receptor, thereby enhancing their phosphorylation in various cell types of the vessel wall. More interestingly, these signaling events are modulated by NAD(P)H oxidase-derived superoxide anions which directly phosphorylate JAK2 and thereby control JAK2 activity. A potential impact was also described for atherosclerotic plaque development in which the activation of JAKs and STATs seems to be critical. Based on these observations, we here review the role of the JAK/STAT signaling pathways as critical regulator for cardiovascular disease development, i.e. atherosclerotic plaque progression or the manifestation of arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Grote
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Xu J, Ge H, Zhou X, Yang D, Guo T, He J, Li Q, Hao Z. Tissue-Engineered Vessel Strengthens Quickly under Physiological Deformation: Application of a New Perfusion Bioreactor with Machine Vision. J Vasc Res 2005; 42:503-8. [PMID: 16155366 DOI: 10.1159/000088161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop a patent tissue-engineered blood vessel that grossly resembles native tissue, required culture times in most studies exceed 8 weeks. For the sake of shortening the maturation period of the constructs, we have used deformation as the basic index for mechanical environment control. A new bioreactor with a machine vision identifier was developed to accurately control the deformation of the construct during the perfusion process. Two groups of seeded constructs (n = 4 per group) were investigated in this study, with one group stimulated by a cyclic deformation of 10% and the other by a pulsatile pressure that gradually increased to 120 mm Hg (the control group). After 21 days of culture, the mechanical properties of the constructs were examined. The average burst strength and suture retention strength in the two groups were significantly different (t test, p < 0.05). For the experimental group, the average burst strength and suture retention strength were higher than those of the control group, by 31.6 and 23.4%, respectively. Specifically, the average burst strength of the constructs reached 1,402 mm Hg (close to that of the native vessel, i.e. 1,680 mm Hg) within a relatively short period of 21 days. In conclusion, deformation is an observable, controllable and very valuable index for mechanical environment control in vascular tissue engineering. It makes the control of mechanical stimuli more essential and experiments more comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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