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Ona G, Reverte I, Rossi GN, Dos Santos RG, Hallak JE, Colomina MT, Bouso JC. Main targets of ibogaine and noribogaine associated with its putative anti-addictive effects: A mechanistic overview. J Psychopharmacol 2023; 37:1190-1200. [PMID: 37937505 DOI: 10.1177/02698811231200882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing interest in studying ibogaine (IBO) as a potential treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). However, its clinical use has been hindered for mainly two reasons: First, the lack of randomized, controlled studies informing about its safety and efficacy. And second, IBO's mechanisms of action remain obscure. It has been challenging to elucidate a predominant mechanism of action responsible for its anti-addictive effects. OBJECTIVE To describe the main targets of IBO and its main metabolite, noribogaine (NOR), in relation to their putative anti-addictive effects, reviewing the updated literature available. METHODS A comprehensive search involving MEDLINE and Google Scholar was undertaken, selecting papers published until July 2022. The inclusion criteria were both theoretical and experimental studies about the pharmacology of IBO. Additional publications were identified in the references of the initial papers. RESULTS IBO and its main metabolite, NOR, can modulate several targets associated with SUDs. Instead of identifying key targets, the action of IBO should be understood as a complex modulation of multiple receptor systems, leading to potential synergies. The elucidation of IBO's pharmacology could be enhanced through the application of methodologies rooted in the polypharmacology paradigm. Such approaches possess the capability to describe multifaceted patterns within multi-target drugs. CONCLUSION IBO displays complex effects through multiple targets. The information detailed here should guide future research on both mechanistic and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genís Ona
- International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research, and Service (ICEERS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Medical Anthropology Research Center (MARC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ingrid Reverte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Giordano N Rossi
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rafael G Dos Santos
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), CNPq, Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil
| | - Jaime Ec Hallak
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), CNPq, Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Colomina
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - José Carlos Bouso
- International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research, and Service (ICEERS), Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Anthropology Research Center (MARC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Mash DC. IUPHAR - invited review - Ibogaine - A legacy within the current renaissance of psychedelic therapy. Pharmacol Res 2023; 190:106620. [PMID: 36907284 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Ibogaine is a powerful psychoactive substance that not only alters perception, mood and affect, but also stops addictive behaviors. Ibogaine has a very long history of ethnobotanical use in low doses to combat fatigue, hunger and thirst and, in high doses as a sacrament in African ritual contexts. In the 1960's, American and European self-help groups provided public testimonials that a single dose of ibogaine alleviated drug craving, opioid withdrawal symptoms, and prevented relapse for weeks, months and sometimes years. Ibogaine is rapidly demethylated by first-pass metabolism to a long-acting metabolite noribogaine. Ibogaine and its metabolite interact with two or more CNS targets simultaneously and both drugs have demonstrated predictive validity in animal models of addiction. Online forums endorse the benefits of ibogaine as an "addiction interrupter" and present-day estimates suggest that more than ten thousand people have sought treatment in countries where the drug is unregulated. Open label pilot studies of ibogaine-assisted drug detoxification have shown positive benefit in treating addiction. Ibogaine, granted regulatory approval for human testing in a Phase 1/2a clinical trial, joins the current landscape of psychedelic medicines in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah C Mash
- Professor Emerita University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Depts. Neurology and Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology.
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Straub CJ, Rusali LE, Kremiller KM, Riley AP. What We Have Gained from Ibogaine: α3β4 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Inhibitors as Treatments for Substance Use Disorders. J Med Chem 2023; 66:107-121. [PMID: 36440853 PMCID: PMC10034762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For decades, ibogaine─the main psychoactive alkaloid found in Tabernanthe iboga─has been investigated as a possible treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs) due to its purported ability to interrupt the addictive properties of multiple drugs of abuse. Of the numerous pharmacological actions of ibogaine and its derivatives, the inhibition of α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), represents a probable mechanism of action for their apparent anti-addictive activity. In this Perspective, we examine several classes of compounds that have been discovered and developed to target α3β4 nAChRs. Specifically, by focusing on compounds that have proven efficacious in pre-clinical models of drug abuse and have been evaluated clinically, we highlight the promising potential of the α3β4 nAChRs as viable targets to treat a wide array of SUDs. Additionally, we discuss the challenges faced by the existing classes of α3β4 nAChR ligands that must be overcome to develop them into therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Straub
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Lisa E Rusali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Kyle M Kremiller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Andrew P Riley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Vorobyeva N, Kozlova AA. Three Naturally-Occurring Psychedelics and Their Significance in the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:927984. [PMID: 35837277 PMCID: PMC9274002 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.927984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical psychedelics represent a family of psychoactive substances with structural similarities to serotonin and affinity for serotonin receptors. A growing number of studies have found that psychedelics can be effective in treating various psychiatric conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Mental health disorders are extremely prevalent in the general population constituting a major problem for the public health. There are a wide variety of interventions for mental health disorders, including pharmacological therapies and psychotherapies, however, treatment resistance still remains a particular challenge in this field, and relapse rates are also quite high. In recent years, psychedelics have become one of the promising new tools for the treatment of mental health disorders. In this review, we will discuss the three classic serotonergic naturally occurring psychedelics, psilocybin, ibogaine, and N, N-dimethyltryptamine, focusing on their pharmacological properties and clinical potential. The purpose of this article is to provide a focused review of the most relevant research into the therapeutic potential of these substances and their possible integration as alternative or adjuvant options to existing pharmacological and psychological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Vorobyeva
- Hive Bio Life Sciences Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Nataliya Vorobyeva,
| | - Alena A. Kozlova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Köck P, Froelich K, Walter M, Lang U, Dürsteler KM. A systematic literature review of clinical trials and therapeutic applications of ibogaine. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 138:108717. [PMID: 35012793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iboga and its primary alkaloids, ibogaine and noribogaine, have been of interest to researchers and practitioners, mainly due to their putative efficacy in treating substance use disorders (SUDs). For many SUDs, still no effective pharmacotherapies exist. Distinct psychoactive and somatic effects of the iboga alkaloids set them apart from classic hallucinogens like LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin. AIMS The study team performed this systematic review focusing on clinical data and therapeutic interventions involving ibogaine and noribogaine. METHODS The team conducted a search for all publications up to December 7, 2020, using PubMed and Embase following PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS In total, we identified 743 records. In this review, we consider 24 studies, which included 705 individuals receiving ibogaine or noribogaine. This review includes two randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials, one double-blind controlled clinical trial, 17 open-label studies or case series (including observational or retrospective studies), three case reports, and one retrospective survey. The published data suggest that ibogaine is an effective therapeutic intervention within the context of SUDs, reducing withdrawal symptoms and craving. Data also point toward a beneficial impact on depressive and trauma-related psychological symptoms. However, studies have reported severe medical complications and deaths, which seem to be associated with neuro- and cardiotoxic effects of ibogaine. Two of these fatalities were described in the 24 studies included in this review. CONCLUSION Treatment of SUDs and persisting comorbidities requires innovative treatment approaches. Rapid-onset therapies such as the application of ibogaine may offer novel treatment opportunities for specific individuals. Rigorous study designs within medical settings are necessary to warrant safe application, monitoring, and, possibly, medical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Köck
- University of Basel Psychiatric Clinics, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Katharina Froelich
- University of Basel Psychiatric Clinics, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Walter
- University of Basel Psychiatric Clinics, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine Lang
- University of Basel Psychiatric Clinics, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth M Dürsteler
- University of Basel Psychiatric Clinics, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Thompson C, Szabo A. Psychedelics as a novel approach to treating autoimmune conditions. Immunol Lett 2020; 228:45-54. [PMID: 33035575 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With a rise in the incidence of autoimmune diseases (AiD), health care providers continue to seek out more efficacious treatment approaches for the AiD patient population. Classic serotonergic psychedelics have recently been gaining public and professional interest as novel interventions to a number of mental health afflictions. Psychedelics have also been shown to be able to modulate immune functions, however, while there has been great interest to researching into their psychotherapeutic applications, there has so far been very little exploration into the potential to treat inflammatory and immune-related diseases with these compounds. A handful of studies from a variety of fields suggest that psychedelics do indeed have effects in the body that may attenuate the outcome of AiD. This literature review explores existing evidence that psychedelic compounds may offer a potential novel application in the treatment of pathologies related to autoimmunity. We propose that psychedelics hold the potential to attenuate or even resolve autoimmunity by targeting psychosomatic origins, maladaptive chronic stress responses, inflammatory pathways, immune modulation and enteric microbiome populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Attila Szabo
- NORMENT Center of Excellence (CoE), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Arias HR, Tae HS, Micheli L, Yousuf A, Ghelardini C, Adams DJ, Di Cesare Mannelli L. Coronaridine congeners decrease neuropathic pain in mice and inhibit α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and Ca V2.2 channels. Neuropharmacology 2020; 175:108194. [PMID: 32540451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to determine the anti-neuropathic activity of (±)-18-methoxycoronaridine [(±)-18-MC] and (+)-catharanthine in mice by using the oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain paradigm and cold plate test. The results showed that both coronaridine congeners induce anti-neuropathic pain activity at a dose of 72 mg/kg (per os), whereas a lower dose (36 mg/kg) of (+)-catharanthine decreased the progress of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain. To determine the underlying molecular mechanism, electrophysiological recordings were performed on α9α10, α3β4, and α4β2 nAChRs as well as voltage-gated calcium (CaV2.2) channels modulated by G protein-coupled γ-aminobutyric acid type B receptors (GABABRs). The results showed that (±)-18-MC and (+)-catharanthine competitively inhibit α9α10 nAChRs with potencies higher than that at α3β4 and α4β2 nAChRs and directly block CaV2.2 channels without activating GABABRs. Considering the potency of the coronaridine congeners at Cav2.2 channels and α9α10 nAChRs, and the calculated brain concentration of (+)-catharanthine, it is plausible that the observed anti-neuropathic pain effects are mediated by peripheral and central mechanisms involving the inhibition of α9α10 nAChRs and/or CaV2.2 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R Arias
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tahlequah, OK, USA.
| | - Han-Shen Tae
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Laura Micheli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Arsalan Yousuf
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - David J Adams
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
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Arias HR, Ortells MO, Feuerbach D, Burgos V, Paz C. Alkaloids Purified from Aristotelia chilensis Inhibit the Human α3β4 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor with Higher Potencies Compared with the Human α4β2 and α7 Subtypes. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1953-1960. [PMID: 31276409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The alkaloids aristoteline (1), aristoquinoline (2), and aristone (3) were purified from the leaves of the Maqui tree Aristotelia chilensis and chemically characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The pharmacological activity of these natural compounds was evaluated on human (h) α3β4, α4β2, and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) by Ca2+ influx measurements. The results suggest that these alkaloids do not have agonistic, but inhibitory, activity on each receptor subtype. The obtained IC50 values indicate the following receptor selectivity: hα3β4 > hα4β2 ≫ hα7. In the particular case of hα3β4 AChRs, 1 (0.40 ± 0.20 μM) and 2 (0.96 ± 0.38 μM) show higher potencies compared with 3 (167 ± 3 μM). Molecular docking and structure-activity relationship results indicate that ligand lipophilicity is important for the interaction with the luminal site located close to the cytoplasmic side of the hα3β4 ion channel between positions -2' and -4'. Compound 1 could be used as a molecular scaffold for the development of more potent noncompetitive inhibitors with higher selectivity for the hα3β4 AChR that could serve for novel addiction and depression therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R Arias
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy , American University of Health Sciences , Signal Hill , California 90755 , United States
| | - Marcelo O Ortells
- Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Morón , and CONICET, 1708 Morón , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Dominik Feuerbach
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 4001 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Viviana Burgos
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Drug Discovery, Department of Basic Sciences , Universidad de La Frontera , 4780000 Temuco , Chile
| | - Cristian Paz
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Drug Discovery, Department of Basic Sciences , Universidad de La Frontera , 4780000 Temuco , Chile
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Marton S, González B, Rodríguez-Bottero S, Miquel E, Martínez-Palma L, Pazos M, Prieto JP, Rodríguez P, Sames D, Seoane G, Scorza C, Cassina P, Carrera I. Ibogaine Administration Modifies GDNF and BDNF Expression in Brain Regions Involved in Mesocorticolimbic and Nigral Dopaminergic Circuits. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:193. [PMID: 30890941 PMCID: PMC6411846 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ibogaine is an atypical psychedelic alkaloid, which has been subject of research due to its reported ability to attenuate drug-seeking behavior. Recent work has suggested that ibogaine effects on alcohol self-administration in rats are related to the release of Glial cell Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA), a mesencephalic region which hosts the soma of dopaminergic neurons. Although previous reports have shown ibogaine’s ability to induce GDNF expression in rat midbrain, there are no studies addressing its effect on the expression of GDNF and other neurotrophic factors (NFs) such as Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) or Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in distinct brain regions containing dopaminergic neurons. In this work, we examined the effect of ibogaine acute administration on the expression of these NFs in the VTA, Prefrontal Cortex (PFC), Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) and the Substantia Nigra (SN). Rats were i.p. treated with ibogaine 20 mg/kg (I20), 40 mg/kg (I40) or vehicle, and NFs expression was analyzed after 3 and 24 h. At 24 h an increase of the expression of the NFs transcripts was observed in a site and dose dependent manner. Only for I40, GDNF was selectively upregulated in the VTA and SN. Both doses elicited a large increase in the expression of BDNF transcripts in the NAcc, SN and PFC, while in the VTA a significant effect was found only for I40. Finally, NGF mRNA was upregulated in all regions after I40, while I20 showed a selective upregulation in PFC and VTA. Regarding protein levels, an increase of GDNF was observed in the VTA only for I40 but no significant increase for BDNF was found in all the studied areas. Interestingly, an increase of proBDNF was detected in the NAcc for both doses. These results show for the first time a selective increase of GDNF specifically in the VTA for I40 but not for I20 after 24 h of administration, which agrees with the effective dose found in previous self-administration studies in rodents. Further research is needed to understand the contribution of these changes to ibogaine’s ability to attenuate drug-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Marton
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bruno González
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Rodríguez-Bottero
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ernesto Miquel
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laura Martínez-Palma
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Pazos
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José Pedro Prieto
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paola Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gustavo Seoane
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Scorza
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Cassina
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ignacio Carrera
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Wasko MJ, Witt-Enderby PA, Surratt CK. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Ibogaine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2475-2483. [PMID: 30216039 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The West African iboga plant has been used for centuries by the Bwiti and Mbiri tribes to induce hallucinations during religious ceremonies. Ibogaine, the principal alkaloid responsible for iboga's psychedelic properties, was isolated and sold as an antidepressant in France for decades before its adverse effects precipitated its removal from the market. An ibogaine resurgence in the 1960s was driven by U.S. heroin addicts who claimed that ibogaine cured their opiate addictions. Behavioral pharmacologic studies in animal models provided evidence that ibogaine could blunt self-administration of not only opiates but cocaine, amphetamines, and nicotine. Ibogaine displays moderate-to-weak affinities for a wide spectrum of receptor and transporter proteins; recent work suggests that its actions at nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes may underlie its reputed antiopiate effects. At micromolar levels, ibogaine is neurotoxic and cardiotoxic and has been linked to several deaths by cardiac arrest. Structure-activity studies led to the isolation of the ibogaine analog 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC), an α3β4 nicotinic receptor modulator that retains ibogaine's anticraving properties with few or no adverse effects. Clinical trials of 18-MC treatment of nicotine addiction are pending. Ibogaine analogs may also hold promise for treating anxiety and depression via the "psychedelic-assisted therapy" approach that employs hallucinogens including psilocybin and methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy").
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Wasko
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Paula A. Witt-Enderby
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Christopher K. Surratt
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University−Brooklyn, 75 DeKalb Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
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Arias HR, Lykhmus O, Uspenska K, Skok M. Coronaridine congeners modulate mitochondrial α3β4* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with different potency and through distinct intra-mitochondrial pathways. Neurochem Int 2017; 114:26-32. [PMID: 29277577 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to plasma membrane-expressed nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), mitochondrial nAChRs function in an ion-independent manner by triggering intra-mitochondrial kinases that regulate the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c), an important step in cellular apoptosis. The aim of this study is to determine the structural requirements for mitochondrial α3β4* nAChR activation by measuring the modulatory effects of two noncompetitive antagonists of these receptors, (+)-catharanthine and (±)-18-methoxycoronaridine [(±)-18-MC], on Cyt c release from wild-type and α7-/- mice mitochondria. The sandwich ELISA results indicated that α3β4* nAChRs are present in liver mitochondria in higher amounts compared to that in brain mitochondria and that these receptors are up-regulated in α7-/- mice. Correspondingly, (±)-18-MC decreased Cyt c release from liver mitochondria of wild-type mice and from brain and liver mitochondria of α7-/- mice. The effect in wild-type mice mitochondria was mediated mainly by the Src-dependent pathway, regulating the apoptogenic activity of reactive oxygen species, while in α7-/- mice mitochondria, (±)-18-MC strongly affected the calcium-calmodulin kinase II-dependent pathway. In contrast, (+)-catharanthine was much less potent than (±)-18-MC and triggered several signaling pathways, suggesting the involvement of multiple nAChR subtypes. These results show for the first time that noncompetitive antagonists can induce mitochondrial α3β4* nAChR signaling, giving a more comprehensive understanding on the function of intracellular nAChR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R Arias
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA.
| | - Olena Lykhmus
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry NAS of Ukraine, 9, Leontovycha str., 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Kateryna Uspenska
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry NAS of Ukraine, 9, Leontovycha str., 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maryna Skok
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry NAS of Ukraine, 9, Leontovycha str., 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
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Selectivity of coronaridine congeners at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and inhibitory activity on mouse medial habenula. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 92:202-209. [PMID: 29042244 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory activity of coronaridine congeners on human (h) α4β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) is determined by Ca2+ influx assays, whereas their effects on neurons in the ventral inferior (VI) aspect of the mouse medial habenula (MHb) are determined by patch-clamp recordings. The Ca2+ influx results clearly establish that coronaridine congeners inhibit hα3β4 AChRs with higher selectivity compared to hα4β2 and hα7 subtypes, and with the following potency sequence, for hα4β2: (±)-18-methoxycoronaridine [(±)-18-MC]>(+)-catharanthine>(±)-18-methylaminocoronaridine [(±)-18-MAC] ∼ (±)-18-hydroxycoronaridine [(±)-18-HC]; and for hα7: (+)-catharanthine>(±)-18-MC>(±)-18-HC>(±)-18-MAC. Interestingly, the inhibitory potency of (+)-catharanthine (27±4μM) and (±)-18-MC (28±6μM) on MHb (VI) neurons was lower than that observed on hα3β4 AChRs, suggesting that these compounds inhibit a variety of endogenous α3β4* AChRs. In addition, the interaction of bupropion with (-)-ibogaine sites on hα3β4 AChRs is tested by [3H]ibogaine competition binding experiments. The results indicate that bupropion binds to ibogaine sites at desensitized hα3β4 AChRs with 2-fold higher affinity than at resting receptors, suggesting that these compounds share the same binding sites. In conclusion, coronaridine congeners inhibit hα3β4 AChRs with higher selectivity compared to other AChRs, by interacting with the bupropion (luminal) site. Coronaridine congeners also inhibit α3β4*AChRs expressed in MHb (VI) neurons, supporting the notion that these receptors are important endogenous targets for their anti-addictive activities.
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Filer CN. Tritium-labelled alkaloids: Synthesis and applications. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:96-109. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Coronaridine congeners inhibit human α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by interacting with luminal and non-luminal sites. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 65:81-90. [PMID: 26022277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the interaction of coronaridine congeners with human (h) α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), structural and functional approaches were used. The Ca(2+) influx results established that coronaridine congeners noncompetitively inhibit hα3β4 AChRs with the following potency (IC50's in μM) sequence: (-)-ibogamine (0.62±0.23)∼(+)-catharanthine (0.68±0.10)>(-)-ibogaine (0.95±0.10)>(±)-18-methoxycoronaridine [(±)-18-MC] (1.47±0.21)>(-)-voacangine (2.28±0.33)>(±)-18-methylaminocoronaridine (2.62±0.57 μM)∼(±)-18-hydroxycoronaridine (2.81±0.54)>(-)-noribogaine (6.82±0.78). A good linear correlation (r(2)=0.771) between the calculated IC50 values and their polar surface area was found, suggesting that this is an important structural feature for its activity. The radioligand competition results indicate that (±)-18-MC and (-)-ibogaine partially inhibit [(3)H]imipramine binding by an allosteric mechanism. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and in silico mutation results suggest that protonated (-)-18-MC binds to luminal [i.e., β4-Phe255 (phenylalanine/valine ring; position 13'), and α3-Leu250 and β4-Leu251 (leucine ring; position 9')], non-luminal, and intersubunit sites. The pharmacophore model suggests that nitrogens from the ibogamine core as well as methylamino, hydroxyl, and methoxyl moieties at position 18 form hydrogen bonds. Collectively our data indicate that coronaridine congeners inhibit hα3β4 AChRs by blocking the ion channel's lumen and probably by additional negative allosteric mechanisms by interacting with a series of non-luminal sites.
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Optical biosensor analysis in studying new synthesized bicalutamide analogs binding to androgen receptor. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 95:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhao X, Li Q, Huang J, Zheng J, Zheng X, Li Z, Zhang Y. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND MOBILE PHASE COMPOSITION ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN BERBERINE AND IMMOBILIZED β2-ADRENOCEPTOR BY HIGH PERFORMANCE AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.734001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Zhao
- a College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Qian Li
- a College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- a College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Jianbin Zheng
- b Institute of Analytical Science , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- a College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Zijian Li
- c Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University, Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education , Beijing , China
| | - Youyi Zhang
- c Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University, Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education , Beijing , China
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Antonio T, Childers SR, Rothman RB, Dersch CM, King C, Kuehne M, Bornmann WG, Eshleman AJ, Janowsky A, Simon ER, Reith MEA, Alper K. Effect of Iboga alkaloids on µ-opioid receptor-coupled G protein activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77262. [PMID: 24204784 PMCID: PMC3818563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The iboga alkaloids are a class of small molecules defined structurally on the basis of a common ibogamine skeleton, some of which modify opioid withdrawal and drug self-administration in humans and preclinical models. These compounds may represent an innovative approach to neurobiological investigation and development of addiction pharmacotherapy. In particular, the use of the prototypic iboga alkaloid ibogaine for opioid detoxification in humans raises the question of whether its effect is mediated by an opioid agonist action, or if it represents alternative and possibly novel mechanism of action. The aim of this study was to independently replicate and extend evidence regarding the activation of μ-opioid receptor (MOR)-related G proteins by iboga alkaloids. METHODS Ibogaine, its major metabolite noribogaine, and 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC), a synthetic congener, were evaluated by agonist-stimulated guanosine-5´-O-(γ-thio)-triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPγS) binding in cells overexpressing the recombinant MOR, in rat thalamic membranes, and autoradiography in rat brain slices. RESULTS AND SIGNIFICANCE In rat thalamic membranes ibogaine, noribogaine and 18-MC were MOR antagonists with functional Ke values ranging from 3 uM (ibogaine) to 13 uM (noribogaine and 18MC). Noribogaine and 18-MC did not stimulate [(35)S]GTPγS binding in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human or rat MORs, and had only limited partial agonist effects in human embryonic kidney cells expressing mouse MORs. Ibogaine did not did not stimulate [(35)S]GTPγS binding in any MOR expressing cells. Noribogaine did not stimulate [(35)S]GTPγS binding in brain slices using autoradiography. An MOR agonist action does not appear to account for the effect of these iboga alkaloids on opioid withdrawal. Taken together with existing evidence that their mechanism of action also differs from that of other non-opioids with clinical effects on opioid tolerance and withdrawal, these findings suggest a novel mechanism of action, and further justify the search for alternative targets of iboga alkaloids.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoradiography
- Bridged-Ring Compounds/pharmacology
- CHO Cells
- Cricetulus
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/pharmacology
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Ibogaine/analogs & derivatives
- Ibogaine/pharmacology
- Organ Specificity
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/prevention & control
- Thalamus/drug effects
- Thalamus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Antonio
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Childers
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Rothman
- Translational Pharmacology Research Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Dersch
- Translational Pharmacology Research Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christine King
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Martin Kuehne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - William G. Bornmann
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Eshleman
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Simon
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maarten E. A. Reith
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Alper
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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Molgó J, Aráoz R, Benoit E, Iorga BI. Physical and virtual screening methods for marine toxins and drug discovery targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1203-23. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.822365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Xin-feng Z, Jing-jing H, Qian L, Lu-sha W, Jian-bin Z, Xiao-hui Z, Zi-jian L, You-yi Z. Revealing binding interaction between seven drugs and immobilized β2-adrenoceptor by high-performance affinity chromatography using frontal analysis. J Mol Recognit 2013; 26:252-7. [PMID: 23526777 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Xin-feng
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an; 710069; China
| | - Huang Jing-jing
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an; 710069; China
| | - Li Qian
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an; 710069; China
| | - Wei Lu-sha
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an; 710069; China
| | - Zheng Jian-bin
- Institute of Analytical Science; Northwest University; Xi'an; 710069; China
| | - Zheng Xiao-hui
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an; 710069; China
| | - Li Zi-jian
- Institute of Vascular Medicine; Peking University; Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education; Beijing; 100083; China
| | - Zhang You-yi
- Institute of Vascular Medicine; Peking University; Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education; Beijing; 100083; China
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Ward J, Rosenbaum C, Hernon C, McCurdy CR, Boyer EW. Herbal medicines for the management of opioid addiction: safe and effective alternatives to conventional pharmacotherapy? CNS Drugs 2011; 25:999-1007. [PMID: 22133323 DOI: 10.2165/11596830-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Striking increases in the abuse of opioids have expanded the need for pharmacotherapeutic interventions. The obstacles that confront effective treatment of opioid addiction - shortage of treatment professionals, stigma associated with treatment and the ability to maintain abstinence - have led to increased interest in alternative treatment strategies among both treatment providers and patients alike. Herbal products for opioid addiction and withdrawal, such as kratom and specific Chinese herbal medications such as WeiniCom, can complement existing treatments. Unfortunately, herbal treatments, while offering some advantages over existing evidence-based pharmacotherapies, have poorly described pharmacokinetics, a lack of supportive data derived from well controlled clinical trials, and severe toxicity, the cause for which remains poorly defined. Herbal products, therefore, require greater additional testing in rigorous clinical trials before they can expect widespread acceptance in the management of opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Ward
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Arias HR, Feuerbach D, Targowska-Duda KM, Jozwiak K. Structure-activity relationship of ibogaine analogs interacting with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in different conformational states. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1330-9. [PMID: 21642011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of ibogaine analogs with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in different conformational states was studied by functional and structural approaches. The results established that ibogaine analogs: (a) inhibit (±)-epibatidine-induced Ca²⁺ influx in human embryonic muscle AChRs with the following potency sequence (IC(50) in μM): (±)-18-methylaminocoronaridine (5.9±0.3)∼(±)-18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) (6.8±0.8)>(-)-ibogaine (17±3)∼(+)-catharanthine (20±1)>(±)-albifloranine (46±13), (b) bind to the [³H]TCP binding site with higher affinity when the Torpedo AChR is in the desensitized state compared to that in the resting state. Similar results were obtained using [³H]18-MC. These and docking results suggest a steric interaction between TCP and ibogaine analogs for the same site, (c) enhance [³H]cytisine binding to resting but not to desensitized AChRs, with desensitizing potencies (apparent EC₅₀) that correlate very well with the pK(i) values in the desensitized state, and (d) there are good bilinear correlations between the ligand molecular volumes and their affinities in the desensitized and resting states, with an optimal volume of ∼345 ų for the ibogaine site. These results indicate that the size of the binding sites for ibogaine analogs, located between the serine and nonpolar rings and shared with TCP, is an important structural feature for binding and for inducing desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R Arias
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA.
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Arias HR, Gu RX, Feuerbach D, Guo BB, Ye Y, Wei DQ. Novel positive allosteric modulators of the human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5263-78. [PMID: 21510634 DOI: 10.1021/bi102001m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological activity of a series of novel amide derivatives was characterized on several nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). Ca(2+) influx results indicate that these compounds are not agonists of the human (h) α4β2, α3β4, α7, and α1β1γδ AChRs; compounds 2-4 are specific positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of hα7 AChRs, whereas compounds 1-4, 7, and 12 are noncompetitive antagonists of the other AChRs. Radioligand binding results indicate that PAMs do not inhibit binding of [(3)H]methyllycaconitine but enhance binding of [(3)H]epibatidine to hα7 AChRs, indicating that these compounds do not directly, but allosterically, interact with the hα7 agonist sites. Additional competition binding results indicate that the antagonistic action mediated by these compounds is produced by direct interaction with neither the phencyclidine site in the Torpedo AChR ion channel nor the imipramine and the agonist sites in the hα4β2 and hα3β4 AChRs. Molecular dynamics and docking results suggest that the binding site for compounds 2-4 is mainly located in the inner β-sheet of the hα7-α7 interface, ∼12 Å from the agonist locus. Hydrogen bond interactions between the amide group of the PAMs and the hα7 AChR binding site are found to be critical for their activity. The dual PAM and antagonistic activities elicited by compounds 2-4 might be therapeutically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R Arias
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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