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Topping LM, Romero-Castillo L, Urbonaviciute V, Bolinsson H, Clanchy FI, Holmdahl R, Bäckström BT, Williams RO. Standardization of Antigen-Emulsion Preparations for the Induction of Autoimmune Disease Models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:892251. [PMID: 35769487 PMCID: PMC9234561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune murine disease models are vital tools for identifying novel targets and finding better treatments for human diseases. Complete Freund’s adjuvant is commonly used to induce disease in autoimmune models, and the quality of the adjuvant/autoantigen emulsion is of critical importance in determining reproducibility. We have established an emulsification method using a standard homogenizer and specially designed receptacle. Emulsions are easy to prepare, form stable and uniform water-in-oil particles, are faster to make than the traditional syringe method, use less material and are designed to fill syringes with ease. In the present study, we have validated the emulsions for induction of experimental autoimmune encephalitis, collagen II induced arthritis, antigen induced arthritis, and delayed type hypersensitivity models. These models were induced consistently and reproducibly and, in some cases, the new method outperformed the traditional method. The method described herein is simple, cost-effective and will reduce variability, thereby requiring fewer animals for in vivo research involving animal models of autoimmune disease and in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. Topping
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Romero-Castillo
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilma Urbonaviciute
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Bolinsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Felix I. Clanchy
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B. Thomas Bäckström
- The Rausing Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Autoimmunity, BTB Emulsions AB, Malmo, Sweden
- *Correspondence: B. Thomas Bäckström,
| | - Richard O. Williams
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Aamdal E, Inderberg EM, Ellingsen EB, Rasch W, Brunsvig PF, Aamdal S, Heintz KM, Vodák D, Nakken S, Hovig E, Nyakas M, Guren TK, Gaudernack G. Combining a Universal Telomerase Based Cancer Vaccine With Ipilimumab in Patients With Metastatic Melanoma - Five-Year Follow Up of a Phase I/IIa Trial. Front Immunol 2021; 12:663865. [PMID: 34046035 PMCID: PMC8147687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ipilimumab improves survival for patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. Combining a therapeutic cancer vaccine with ipilimumab may increase efficacy by providing enhanced anti-tumor immune responses. UV1 consists of three synthetic long peptides from human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). These peptides comprise epitopes recognized by T cells from cancer patients experiencing long-term survival following treatment with a first-generation hTERT vaccine, and generate long-lasting immune responses in cancer patients when used as monotherapy. The objective of this trial was to investigate the safety and efficacy of combining UV1 with ipilimumab in metastatic melanoma. Patients and Methods In this phase I/IIa, single center trial [NCT02275416], patients with metastatic melanoma received repeated UV1 vaccinations, with GM-CSF as an adjuvant, in combination with ipilimumab. Patients were evaluated for safety, efficacy and immune response. Immune responses against vaccine peptides were monitored in peripheral blood by measuring antigen-specific proliferation and IFN-γ production. Results Twelve patients were recruited. Adverse events were mainly diarrhea, injection site reaction, pruritus, rash, nausea and fatigue. Ten patients showed a Th1 immune response to UV1 peptides, occurring early and after few vaccinations. Three patients obtained a partial response and one patient a complete response. Overall survival was 50% at 5 years. Conclusion Treatment was well tolerated. The rapid expansion of UV1-specific Th1 cells in the majority of patients indicates synergy between UV1 vaccine and CTLA-4 blockade. This may have translated into clinical benefit, encouraging the combination of UV1 vaccination with standard of care treatment regimes containing ipilimumab/CTLA-4 blocking antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Aamdal
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | | | - Espen Basmo Ellingsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Ultimovacs Allmennaksjeselskap (ASA), Oslo, Norway
| | - Wenche Rasch
- Ultimovacs Allmennaksjeselskap (ASA), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Steinar Aamdal
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Ultimovacs Allmennaksjeselskap (ASA), Oslo, Norway
| | - Karen-Marie Heintz
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Vodák
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigve Nakken
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marta Nyakas
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gustav Gaudernack
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Ultimovacs Allmennaksjeselskap (ASA), Oslo, Norway
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3
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Adenine-Based Purines and Related Metabolizing Enzymes: Evidence for Their Impact on Tumor Extracellular Vesicle Activities. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010188. [PMID: 33477811 PMCID: PMC7832900 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), mainly classified as small and large EVs according to their size/origin, contribute as multi-signal messengers to intercellular communications in normal/pathological conditions. EVs are now recognized as critical players in cancer processes by promoting transformation, growth, invasion, and drug-resistance of tumor cells thanks to the release of molecules contained inside them (i.e., nucleic acids, lipids and proteins) into the tumor microenvironment (TME). Interestingly, secretion from donor cells and/or uptake of EVs/their content by recipient cells are regulated by extracellular signals present in TME. Among those able to modulate the EV-tumor crosstalk, purines, mainly the adenine-based ones, could be included. Indeed, TME is characterized by high levels of ATP/adenosine and by the presence of enzymes deputed to their turnover. Moreover, ATP/adenosine, interacting with their own receptors, can affect both host and tumor responses. However, studies on whether/how the purinergic system behaves as a modulator of EV biogenesis, release and functions in cancer are still poor. Thus, this review is aimed at collecting data so far obtained to stimulate further research in this regard. Hopefully, new findings on the impact of adenine purines/related enzymes on EV functions may be exploited in tumor management uncovering novel tumor biomarkers and/or druggable targets.
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4
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Irie H, Morita K, Koizumi M, Mochizuki S. Immune Responses and Antitumor Effect through Delivering to Antigen Presenting Cells by Optimized Conjugates Consisting of CpG-DNA and Antigenic Peptide. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2585-2595. [PMID: 33151667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy using antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) has become one of the most attractive strategies for cancer treatment. For the induction of antigen-specific CTLs in vivo, the co-delivery of CpG-DNAs and antigens to the same antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is a promising strategy. In this study, we prepared conjugates consisting of 40mer of CpG-DNA (CpG40) and antigenic peptide (OVA257-264), which have the following distinctive features: (1) multiple CpG motifs in a molecule; (2) cleavage in the cytosol because of the disulfide bonding via cysteine residue between peptide and CpG-DNA; (3) conjugation designed to induce antigen presentation on MHC class I molecules. Immunization with the conjugate CpG40-C-OVA257-264 at the mouse tail base induced strong CTL activity at a very low peptide dose of 20 ng/head. It was found that the conjugates were internalized into C-type mannose receptor 1 (MRC1)-expressing cells in inguinal lymph nodes, indicating that the CpG portion in the conjugate acts as not only an adjuvant for the activation of TLR9 but also a carrier to APCs expressing MRC1. In a tumor-bearing mice model, mice immunized with CpG40-C-OVA257-264 conjugates exhibited long delays in tumor growth compared with those treated with PBS, OVA257-264 alone, or a mixture of CpG40 and OVA257-264. Therefore, CpG-C-peptide conjugates could be a new and effective platform for peptide vaccine for the treatment of cancers and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Irie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Koji Morita
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Makoto Koizumi
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Shinichi Mochizuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
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5
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Bullock TNJ. Fundamentals of Cancer Immunology and Their Application to Cancer Vaccines. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 14:120-131. [PMID: 32770735 PMCID: PMC7877844 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the immune system to influence tumor progression has been a long-standing notion that first generated clinical traction over a 100 years ago when Dr. William Coley injected disaggregated bacterial components into sarcomas and noted that the ensuing inflammation commonly associated with tumor regression.1 Since then, our understanding of the individual components and the overall interaction of the immune system has expanded exponentially. This has led to the development of a robust understanding of how components of innate and adaptive immunity recognize and respond to tumors and leveraging this information for the development of tumor immunotherapies. However, clinical failures have also deepened our knowledge of how tumors might adapt/be selected to avoid or inhibit immune responses, which, in turn, has led to the further iteration of immunotherapies. In this tutorial, the established elements of tumor immunity are explained, and areas where our knowledge base is too thin is highlighted. The principles of tumor immunity that guide the development of cancer vaccines are further illustrated, and potential considerations of how to integrate cancer vaccines with conventional therapies and other immunotherapies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N J Bullock
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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6
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Rahat MA. Targeting Angiogenesis With Peptide Vaccines. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1924. [PMID: 31440262 PMCID: PMC6694838 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancer peptide vaccinations tested so far are capable of eliciting a strong immune response, but demonstrate poor clinical benefits. Since peptide vaccination is safe and well-tolerated, and several indications suggest that it has clear potential advantages over other modalities of treatment, it is important to investigate the reasons for these clinical failures. In this review, the current state of the art in targeting angiogenic proteins via peptide vaccines is presented, and the underlying reasons for both the successes and the failures are analyzed. The review highlights a number of areas critical for future success, including choice of target antigens, types of peptides used, delivery methods and use of proper adjuvants, and suggests ways to achieve better clinical results in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal A Rahat
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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7
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Mathios D, Kim JE, Mangraviti A, Phallen J, Park CK, Jackson CM, Garzon-Muvdi T, Kim E, Theodros D, Polanczyk M, Martin AM, Suk I, Ye X, Tyler B, Bettegowda C, Brem H, Pardoll DM, Lim M. Anti-PD-1 antitumor immunity is enhanced by local and abrogated by systemic chemotherapy in GBM. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:370ra180. [PMID: 28003545 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag2942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive effects of chemotherapy present a challenge for designing effective cancer immunotherapy strategies. We hypothesized that although systemic chemotherapy (SC) exhibits negative immunologic effects, local chemotherapy (LC) can potentiate an antitumor immune response. We show that LC combined with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) facilitates an antitumor immune response and improves survival (P < 0.001) in glioblastoma. LC-treated mice had increased infiltration of tumor-associated dendritic cells and clonal expansion of antigen-specific T effector cells. In comparison, SC resulted in systemic and intratumoral lymphodepletion, with decreased immune memory in long-term survivors. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of CD8+ cells from LC-treated mice partially rescued SC-treated mice after tumor rechallenge. Last, the timing of chemo- and immunotherapy had differential effects on anti-PD-1 efficacy. This study suggests that both mode of delivery and timing have distinct effects on the efficacy of anti-PD-1. The results of this work could help guide the selection and scheduling of combination treatment for patients with glioblastoma and other tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Mathios
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jennifer E Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Antonella Mangraviti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jillian Phallen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Chul-Kee Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, South Korea
| | - Christopher M Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Tomas Garzon-Muvdi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Eileen Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Debebe Theodros
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Magdalena Polanczyk
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Allison M Martin
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ian Suk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Xiaobu Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Betty Tyler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Henry Brem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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8
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Dillon PM, Petroni GR, Smolkin ME, Brenin DR, Chianese-Bullock KA, Smith KT, Olson WC, Fanous IS, Nail CJ, Brenin CM, Hall EH, Slingluff CL. A pilot study of the immunogenicity of a 9-peptide breast cancer vaccine plus poly-ICLC in early stage breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:92. [PMID: 29157306 PMCID: PMC5697108 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. There is evidence that immunotherapy may play a role in the eradication of residual disease. Peptide vaccines for immunotherapy are capable of durable immune memory, but vaccines alone have shown sparse clinical activity against breast cancer to date. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and helper peptides are excellent adjuvants for vaccine immunotherapy and they are examined in this human clinical trial. METHODS A vaccine consisting of 9 MHC class I-restricted breast cancer-associated peptides (from MAGE-A1, -A3, and -A10, CEA, NY-ESO-1, and HER2 proteins) was combined with a TLR3 agonist, poly-ICLC, along with a helper peptide derived from tetanus toxoid. The vaccine was administered on days 1, 8, 15, 36, 57, 78. CD8+ T cell responses to the vaccine were assessed by both direct and stimulated interferon gamma ELIspot assays. RESULTS Twelve patients with breast cancer were treated: five had estrogen receptor positive disease and five were HER2 amplified. There were no dose-limiting toxicities. Toxicities were limited to Grade 1 and Grade 2 and included mild injection site reactions and flu-like symptoms, which occurred in most patients. The most common toxicities were injection site reaction/induration and fatigue, which were experienced by 100% and 92% of participants, respectively. In the stimulated ELIspot assays, peptide-specific CD8+ T cell responses were detected in 4 of 11 evaluable patients. Two patients had borderline immune responses to the vaccine. The two peptides derived from CEA were immunogenic. No difference in immune response was evident between patients receiving endocrine therapy and those not receiving endocrine therapy during the vaccine series. CONCLUSIONS Peptide vaccine administered in the adjuvant breast cancer setting was safe and feasible. The TLR3 adjuvant, poly-ICLC, plus helper peptide mixture provided modest immune stimulation. Further optimization is required for this multi-peptide vaccine/adjuvant combination. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (posted 2/15/2012): NCT01532960. Registered 2/8/2012. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01532960.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kelly T Smith
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | | | | | - Carmel J Nail
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | | | - Emily H Hall
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
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9
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Qiu Z, Xing L, Zhang X, Qiang X, Xu Y, Zhang M, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Zhang F, Wang M. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides augment antitumor efficacy of folate receptor α based DNA vaccine. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3441-3448. [PMID: 28498413 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate receptor α (FRα) is overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors and has become an attractive target antigen for immunotherapy purposes. A DNA vaccine was generated by ligation of FRα cDNA into the eukaryotic vector pcDNA3.1. Expression of FRα was confirmed in transiently transfected B16 cells. B16 cell lines that stably express FRα were set up by G418 selection. A total of 100 µg purified plasmid DNA alone or in combination with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) was injected intramuscularly in C57BL/6 mice four times at one week intervals. ELISA analysis confirmed that high titers of antibodies against FRα existed in the sera of the experimental animals. Specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity against FRα-expressing B16 cells was found and FRα specific lymphocyte proliferation was detected. Coinjection of CpG ODN increased both humoral and cellular immune responses. In the protective model, in which C57BL/6 mice were immunized with the FRα DNA vaccine four weeks before tumor cell inoculation, the growth of tumor was significantly inhibited, and the presence of CpG ODN further increased the inhibitory effect. FRα DNA vaccine alone did not show a significant inhibitory effect in the therapeutic model, in which the DNA vaccine was immediately injected after tumor inoculation. However, FRα DNA vaccine plus CpG ODN showed a significant inhibitory effect in tumor growth. Survival curves for both animal experiments confirmed that mice immunized with pcDNA3.1/FRα plus CpG ODN had a significantly prolonged survival period than that of the pcDNA3.1 control group, the CpG ODN group or the pcDNA3.1/FRα group. The above showed that human FRα based DNA vaccination with CpG ODN as an adjuvant was effective in growth inhibition of a FRα expressing tumor in mice and deserves further evaluation as a possible immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qiu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Xing
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xueqing Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xu Qiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Mei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Zhengpin Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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10
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Erkes DA, Smith CJ, Wilski NA, Caldeira-Dantas S, Mohgbeli T, Snyder CM. Virus-Specific CD8 + T Cells Infiltrate Melanoma Lesions and Retain Function Independently of PD-1 Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2979-2988. [PMID: 28202614 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are correlated with positive prognoses in cancer patients and are used to determine the efficacy of immune therapies. Although it is generally assumed that CD8+ TILs will be tumor-associated Ag (TAA) specific, it is unknown whether CD8+ T cells with specificity for common pathogens also infiltrate tumors. If so, the presence of these T cells could alter the interpretation of prognostic and diagnostic TIL assays. We compared TAA-specific and virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the same tumors using murine CMV, a herpesvirus that causes a persistent/latent infection, and vaccinia virus, a poxvirus that is cleared by the host. Virus-specific CD8+ TILs migrated into cutaneous melanoma lesions during acute infection with either virus, after a cleared vaccinia virus infection, and during a persistent/latent murine CMV infection. Virus-specific TILs developed independently of viral Ag in the tumor and, interestingly, expressed low or intermediate levels of full-length PD-1 in the tumor environment. Importantly, PD-1 expression could be markedly induced by Ag but did not correlate with dysfunction for virus-specific TILs, in sharp contrast to TAA-specific TILs in the same tumors. These data suggest that CD8+ TILs can reflect an individual's immune status, rather than exclusively representing TAA-specific T cells, and that PD-1 expression on CD8+ TILs is not always associated with repeated Ag encounter or dysfunction. Thus, functional virus-specific CD8+ TILs could skew the results of prognostic or diagnostic TIL assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Erkes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Corinne J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Nicole A Wilski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Sofia Caldeira-Dantas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; and.,ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Toktam Mohgbeli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107;
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11
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Erkes DA, Xu G, Daskalakis C, Zurbach KA, Wilski NA, Moghbeli T, Hill AB, Snyder CM. Intratumoral Infection with Murine Cytomegalovirus Synergizes with PD-L1 Blockade to Clear Melanoma Lesions and Induce Long-term Immunity. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1444-55. [PMID: 27434584 PMCID: PMC5023369 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus is an attractive cancer vaccine platform because it induces strong, functional CD8(+) T-cell responses that accumulate over time and migrate into most tissues. To explore this, we used murine cytomegalovirus expressing a modified gp100 melanoma antigen. Therapeutic vaccination by the intraperitoneal and intradermal routes induced tumor infiltrating gp100-specific CD8(+) T-cells, but provided minimal benefit for subcutaneous lesions. In contrast, intratumoral infection of established tumor nodules greatly inhibited tumor growth and improved overall survival in a CD8(+) T-cell-dependent manner, even in mice previously infected with murine cytomegalovirus. Although murine cytomegalovirus could infect and kill B16F0s in vitro, infection was restricted to tumor-associated macrophages in vivo. Surprisingly, the presence of a tumor antigen in the virus only slightly increased the efficacy of intratumoral infection and tumor-specific CD8(+) T-cells in the tumor remained dysfunctional. Importantly, combining intratumoral murine cytomegalovirus infection with anti-PD-L1 therapy was synergistic, resulting in tumor clearance from over half of the mice and subsequent protection against tumor challenge. Thus, while a murine cytomegalovirus-based vaccine was poorly effective against established subcutaneous tumors, direct infection of tumor nodules unexpectedly delayed tumor growth and synergized with immune checkpoint blockade to promote tumor clearance and long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Erkes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guangwu Xu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Constantine Daskalakis
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine A Zurbach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicole A Wilski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Toktam Moghbeli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ann B Hill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Chen S, Ni G, Wu X, Zhu B, Liao Z, Wang Y, Liu X. Blocking IL-10 signalling at the time of immunization renders the tumour more accessible to T cell infiltration in mice. Cell Immunol 2015; 300:9-17. [PMID: 26607604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that blockade of IL-10 signalling at the time of a human papillomavirus (HPV) long E7 peptide/LPS immunization leads to the regression of established HPV-16 immortalized tumours in mice similar to that induced by long E7 peptide/incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA)-based vaccination. In this paper, we demonstrated that blockade of IL-10 signalling at the time of long E7 peptide/LPS could elicit stronger T cells responses and render the tumour more accessible for immune cell infiltration than vaccination with long E7 peptide/IFA. Furthermore, priming with long E7 peptide/LPS and IL10 signalling blockade then boosting with long E7 peptide/IFA elicits stronger CD8+ T cell responses than long E7 peptide/IFA immunization. The results suggest that priming with long E7 peptide/LPS and IL10 signalling inhibitor, then boosting with long E7 peptide/IFA elicits may lead to better HPV infection related tumour regression in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Foshan First People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Guoying Ni
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Xiaolian Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, Foshan First People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Cancer Research Institute, Foshan First People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Zaowen Liao
- Cancer Research Institute, Foshan First People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Yuejian Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Foshan First People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China.
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Foshan First People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China; Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558, Australia.
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Lee SE, Hong SH, Verma V, Lee YS, Duong TMN, Jeong K, Uthaman S, Sung YC, Lee JT, Park IK, Min JJ, Rhee JH. Flagellin is a strong vaginal adjuvant of a therapeutic vaccine for genital cancer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1081328. [PMID: 27057462 PMCID: PMC4801456 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1081328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a high-incidence female cancer most commonly caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) infection of the genital mucosa. Immunotherapy targeting HPV-derived tumor antigens (TAs) has been widely studied in animal models and in patients. Because the female genital tract is a portal for the entry of HPV and a highly compartmentalized system, the development of topical vaginal immunotherapy in an orthotopic cancer model would provide an ideal therapeutic. Thus, we examined whether flagellin, a potent mucosal immunomodulator, could be used as an adjuvant for a topical therapeutic vaccine for female genital cancer. Intravaginal (IVAG) co-administration of the E6/E7 peptides with flagellin resulted in tumor suppression and long-term survival of tumor-bearing mice. In contrast to IVAG vaccination, intranasal (IN) or subcutaneous (SC) immunization did not induce significant tumor suppression in the same model. The vaginal adjuvant effect of the flagellin was completely abolished in Toll-like receptor-5 (TLR5) knock-out mice. IVAG immunization with the E6/E7 peptides plus flagellin induced the accumulation of CD4+ and CD8+ cells and the expression of T cell activation-related genes in the draining genital lymph nodes (gLNs). The co-administered flagellin elicited antigen-specific IFNγ production in the gLNs and spleen. The intravaginally administered flagellin was found in association with CD11c+ cells in the gLNs. Moreover, after immunization with a flagellin and the E6/E7 peptides, the TLR5 expression in gLN cells was significantly upregulated. These results suggest that flagellin serves as a potent vaginal adjuvant for a therapeutic peptide cancer vaccine through the activation of TLR5 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shee Eun Lee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol Hee Hong
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek Verma
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Suhk Lee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tra-My Nu Duong
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangjoon Jeong
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Sung
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH , Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Tae Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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