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Benyoucef N, Pauss A, Abdi N, Sarde CO, Grib H, Mameri N. Enhancement of the denitrification performance of an activated sludge using an electromagnetic field in batch mode. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127698. [PMID: 32791365 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The influence of electromagnetic fields on bacterial denitrification has been tested on synthetic media with sludges from wastewater treatment stations, in batch mode. The effects of the intensity of the magnetic induction ratio B (mT), reaction volume and initial biomass concentration on the kinetics of the denitrification process were studied. Magnetic field had both an optimal stimulating effect on the activity of the denitrifying flora for B (mT)/mgx values of the order of 0.212, and an inhibitory effect for the values beyond the latter.Sludges underwent multiple exposure cycles to magnetic fields. It was shown that, after three exposure cycles, denitrification kinetics went from 6.5 to 12.7 mg N-NO-3.L-1.h-1 which corresponds to a 2.7 fold improvement. The improved performance persists even after the cessation of the magnetic field. Observation of the sludge by the environmentalelectron microscope shows that the microbial population forming the starting sludge; changed following exposure to the magnetic field. The action of the; electromagnetic field on the microbial populations in denitrification resulted in the modification of the diversity of the flora that is initially present, favoring the development of Proteo bacteria, particularly the Betaproteo bacteria subclass, which results in improved denitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Benyoucef
- Laboratoire BIOGEP, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, 10 avenue HacenBadi, 16200, Algiers, Algeria
| | - André Pauss
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable (TIMR), EA 4297, France
| | - Nadia Abdi
- Laboratoire BIOGEP, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, 10 avenue HacenBadi, 16200, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Claude-Olivier Sarde
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable (TIMR), EA 4297, France
| | - Hocine Grib
- Laboratoire BIOGEP, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, 10 avenue HacenBadi, 16200, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nabil Mameri
- Laboratoire BIOGEP, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, 10 avenue HacenBadi, 16200, Algiers, Algeria.
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The influence of N and S poles of static magnetic field (SMF) on Candida albicans hyphal formation and antifungal activity of amphotericin B. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 64:727-734. [PMID: 30788802 PMCID: PMC6861703 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increasing number of Candida albicans’ infections and the resistance of this pathogenic fungus to drugs, new therapeutic strategies are sought. One of such strategies may be the use of static magnetic field (SMF). C. albicans cultures were subjected to static magnetic field of the induction 0.5 T in the presence of fluconazole and amphotericin B. We identified a reduction of C. albicans hyphal length. Also, a statistically significant additional effect on the viability of C. albicans was revealed when SMF was combined with the antimycotic drug amphotericin B. The synergistic effect of this antimycotic and SMF may be due to the fact that amphotericin B binds to ergosterol in plasma membrane and SMF similarly to MF could influence domain orientation in plasma membrane (PM).
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The effect of treatment of barley grain and malt with low-temperature plasma discharge on the malt gushing potential. KVASNY PRUMYSL 2018. [DOI: 10.18832/kp201837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Albuquerque WWC, Costa RMPB, Fernandes TDSE, Porto ALF. Evidences of the static magnetic field influence on cellular systems. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 121:16-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Safari M, Jadidi M, Baghian A, Hasanzadeh H. Proliferation and differentiation of rat bone marrow stem cells by 400μT electromagnetic field. Neurosci Lett 2015; 612:1-6. [PMID: 26639423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between environment electromagnetic field (EMF) and cells can effect on various physiological processes. EMF as an external inducing factor, could effect on proliferation or differentiation of cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the electromagnetic field on the viability, proliferation and differentiation rate of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) to neuron. BMSCs were obtained from 42 adult male rats. The cells incubated and cultured in 96-wells and 6-wells plates and exposed to electromagnetic field (40 or 400μT) with a selected waveform: AC (alternative current), rectified half wave (RHW) and rectified full wave (RFW), for a week. To assess the viability and proliferation rate of treated cells, MTT assay was done, and then immunocytochemistry staining Neu N was used to evaluate cell differentiation to neuron. Results showed that EMF decreases the viability and proliferation in treated groups. But in AC group's reduction was significant. Minimum viability and proliferation rate was observed in RHW 400μT group compared with sham. Immunocytochemistry showed that EMF can induce BMSC differentiation into neuron in AC 400μT and RFW 400μT. Evidences of this research support the hypothesis that EMF can induce differentiation of BMSCs to neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manouchehr Safari
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells and Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Majid Jadidi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Atefeh Baghian
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hadi Hasanzadeh
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Novickij V, Grainys A, Švedienė J, Markovskaja S, Paškevičius A, Novickij J. Microsecond pulsed magnetic field improves efficacy of antifungal agents on pathogenic microorganisms. Bioelectromagnetics 2014; 35:347-53. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitalij Novickij
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Audrius Grainys
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Jurgita Švedienė
- Laboratory of Biodeterioration Research; Institute of Botany of Nature Research Centre; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Svetlana Markovskaja
- Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Botany of Nature Research Centre; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Algimantas Paškevičius
- Laboratory of Biodeterioration Research; Institute of Botany of Nature Research Centre; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Jurij Novickij
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University; Vilnius Lithuania
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Zahedi Y, Zaun G, Maderwald S, Orzada S, Pütter C, Scherag A, Winterhager E, Ladd ME, Grümmer R. Impact of repetitive exposure to strong static magnetic fields on pregnancy and embryonic development of mice. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 39:691-9. [PMID: 24123601 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate possible risks of strong static magnetic fields for embryo implantation, gestation, organogenesis, and embryonic development. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pregnant mice were exposed for 75 minutes daily during the entire course of pregnancy at the bore entrance, representing the position of medical staff, and at the isocenter, representing the position of patients, of a 1.5 T and a 7 T human MRI scanner. RESULTS No effect of static magnetic field strength was observed with regard to pregnancy rate, duration of pregnancy, litter size, still births, malformations, sex distribution, or postpartum death of offspring. During the first 8 weeks postnatal, mice exposed in utero to a magnetic field strength of 1.5 T or stronger showed a slight delay in weight gain and in time to eye opening compared to controls. CONCLUSION Daily exposure to strong magnetic fields during pregnancy had no deleterious effect on offspring; however, a developmental retardation could be observed postnatally with regard to weight gain and eye opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Zahedi
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
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Investigation on the effect of static magnetic field up to 15 mT on the viability and proliferation rate of rat bone marrow stem cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:212-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Effects of magnetic field on cell dedifferentiation and callus induction derived from embryo culture in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) genotypes. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:1651-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Potenza L, Saltarelli R, Polidori E, Ceccaroli P, Amicucci A, Zeppa S, Zambonelli A, Stocchi V. Effect of 300 mT static and 50 Hz 0.1 mT extremely low frequency magnetic fields on Tuber borchii mycelium. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:1174-82. [DOI: 10.1139/w2012-093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed to investigate whether exposure to static magnetic field (SMF) and extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) can induce biomolecular changes on Tuber borchii hyphal growth. Tuber borchii mycelium was exposed for 1 h for 3 consecutive days to a SMF of 300 mT or an ELF-MF of 0.1 mT 50 Hz. Gene expression and biochemical analyses were performed. In mycelia exposed to ELF-MF, some genes involved in hyphal growth, investigated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, were upregulated, and the activity of many glycolytic enzymes was increased. On the contrary, no differences were observed in gene expression after exposure to SMF treatment, and only the activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase increased. The data herein presented suggest that the electromagnetic field can act as an environmental factor in promoting hyphal growth and can be used for applicative purposes, such as the set up of new in vitro cultivation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Potenza
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Universiy of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Via A. Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Roberta Saltarelli
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Universiy of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Via A. Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Polidori
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Universiy of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Via A. Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Paola Ceccaroli
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Universiy of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Via A. Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Antonella Amicucci
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Universiy of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Via A. Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Sabrina Zeppa
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Universiy of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Via A. Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Department of Agri-food Protection and Improvement, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vilberto Stocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Universiy of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Via A. Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
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Hoyer C, Vogt MA, Richter SH, Zaun G, Zahedi Y, Maderwald S, Ladd ME, Winterhager E, Grümmer R, Gass P. Repetitive exposure to a 7 Tesla static magnetic field of mice in utero does not cause alterations in basal emotional and cognitive behavior in adulthood. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bajpai I, Saha N, Basu B. Moderate intensity static magnetic field has bactericidal effect on E. coli and S. epidermidis on sintered hydroxyapatite. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2012; 100:1206-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Belton M, Commerford K, Hall J, Prato FS, Carson JJL. Real-time measurement of cytosolic free calcium concentration in HL-60 cells during static magnetic field exposure and activation by ATP. Bioelectromagnetics 2008; 29:439-46. [PMID: 18338328 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Calcium ions are involved in a number of important signal transduction pathways in cells. Cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](c)) can be affected by the activation of Ca(2+) channels through the action of ligands such as ATP. The response of [Ca(2+)](c) to ligands may be affected by external factors like magnetic fields. The purpose of this study was to determine if exposure to a static magnetic field (SMF) for 800 s altered the [Ca(2+)](c) response to ATP in undifferentiated HL-60 cells. We sham exposed or field exposed fura-2 loaded HL-60 cells to a SMF of 1, 10, and 100 mT. Cells were activated with ATP 300 s into the exposure. The level of [Ca(2+)](c) was followed before, during, and after field or sham exposure with a ratiometric fluorescence spectroscopy system. It was found that high concentrations of ATP resulted in greater [Ca(2+)](c) responses, but faster recovery to near basal levels. The application of 1, 10, or 100 mT SMF did not affect the [Ca(2+)](c) response to ATP. Future work could examine the effect of a longer SMF exposure on the [Ca(2+)](c) response to ATP. Longer exposures might provide sufficient time for morphological changes in the plasma membrane to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Belton
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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Wang HY, Zeng XB, Guo SY, Li ZT. Effects of magnetic field on the antioxidant defense system of recirculation-cultured Chlorella vulgaris. Bioelectromagnetics 2008; 29:39-46. [PMID: 17694535 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the influence of magnetic fields (MF) on growth of microalgae such as Chlorella vulgaris, which has been consumed as health food for various nutritional and pharmacological effects. This preliminary study investigated whether static MF can modulate the antioxidant system in C. vulgaris by exposing the cells to static MF generated by dual yoke electromagnets with magnetic flux density of 10-50 mT for 12 h. After exposure to 10-35 mT for 12 h, the activity of superoxide dismutases and peroxidase increased significantly compared to control cells. However, a remarkable increase of catalase activity occurred at 45 and 50 mT. The lipid peroxidation of algae cells determined by production of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances was much increased when exposed to 35, 45, and 50 mT of MF. The scavenging ability of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical was decreased markedly while there was no variation of total carotenoids content in C. vulgaris cells. Assay of specific growth rate in 72 h cultivation after MF exposure was also conducted. In groups after exposure to 10-35 mT of MF, specific growth rate was significantly increased. These results suggest that 10-35 mT of static MF exposure could promote the growth of C. vulgaris and regulate its antioxidant defense system to protect cells efficiently, which could possibly enhance the growth of C. vulgaris in industrialized cultivation by MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ying Wang
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.
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Abstract
AbstractThe ability to respond to magnetic fields is ubiquitous among the five kingdoms of organisms. Apart from the mechanisms that are at work in bacterial magnetotaxis, none of the innumerable magnetobiological effects are as yet completely understood in terms of their underlying physical principles. Physical theories on magnetoreception, which draw on classical electrodynamics as well as on quantum electrodynamics, have greatly advanced during the past twenty years, and provide a basis for biological experimentation. This review places major emphasis on theories, and magnetobiological effects that occur in response to weak and moderate magnetic fields, and that are not related to magnetotaxis and magnetosomes. While knowledge relating to bacterial magnetotaxis has advanced considerably during the past 27 years, the biology of other magnetic effects has remained largely on a phenomenological level, a fact that is partly due to a lack of model organisms and model responses; and in great part also to the circumstance that the biological community at large takes little notice of the field, and in particular of the available physical theories. We review the known magnetobiological effects for bacteria, protists and fungi, and try to show how the variegated empirical material could be approached in the framework of the available physical models.
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Teodori L, Albertini MC, Uguccioni F, Falcieri E, Rocchi MBL, Battistelli M, Coluzza C, Piantanida G, Bergamaschi A, Magrini A, Mucciato R, Accorsi A. Static magnetic fields affect cell size, shape, orientation, and membrane surface of human glioblastoma cells, as demonstrated by electron, optic, and atomic force microscopy. Cytometry A 2006; 69:75-85. [PMID: 16419064 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is common knowledge that static magnetic fields (SMF) do not interact with living cells; thus, fewer studies of SMF compared with variable magnetic fields are carried out. However, evidence demonstrated that SMF affect cellular structures. To investigate the effect of exposure to increasing doses of SMF on cell morphology, human glioblastoma cells were exposed to SMF ranging between 80 and 3,000 G (8 and 300 mT). METHODS Cell morphology of human glioblastoma cells, derived from a primary culture, was studied by electron and optic microscopy. FITC-phalloidin staining of actin filaments was also investigated. Finally, cell surface structure changes were detected by atomic force microscopy. RESULTS Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated a dose-dependent cell shape modification, progressive cell detachment, loss of the long villi, and appearance of membrane roughness and blebs. FITC-phalloidin staining confirmed the villi retention and cell dimension decrease. At 3,000 G, the appearance of apoptotic morphology was also observed by transmission electron microscopy. Cell exposed to SMF showed different orientation and alignment when compared with nonexposed cells. The atomic force microscopy of the exposed cells' membrane surfaces demonstrated the disappearance of the ordered surface ripples and furrows typical of the unexposed cells, and the occurrence of surface membrane corrugation at increasing dose exposure CONCLUSIONS Our experimental procedures demonstrated that exposure to SMF affects not only cell size, shape, and orientation but also human glioblastoma cells' membrane surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Teodori
- Unità di Biotecnologie, Sezione di Tossicologia e Scienze Biomediche, ENEA Centro ricerche Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00060 Rome, Italy.
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Chionna A, Tenuzzo B, Panzarini E, Dwikat MB, Abbro L, Dini L. Time dependent modifications of Hep G2 cells during exposure to static magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2005; 26:275-86. [PMID: 15832333 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Morphological modifications, i.e., cell shape, cell surface sugar residues, cytoskeleton, and apoptosis of Hep G2 cells during 24 h exposure to 6 mT static magnetic field (static MF) were studied by means of light and electron microscopy and cytochemistry. Progressive modifications of cell shape and surface were observed during the entire period of exposure to static MF. Control cells were polyhedric with short microvilli covering the cell surface, while those exposed to static MF, were elongated with many irregular microvilli randomly distributed on the cell surface. At the end of the exposure period, the cells had a less flat shape due to partial detachment from the culture dishes. However, throughout the period of exposure under investigation, the morphology of the organelles remained unmodified and cell proliferation was only partially affected. In parallel with cell shape changes, the microfilaments and microtubules, as well as the quantity and distribution of surface ConA-FITC and Ricinus communnis-FITC labeling sites, were modified in a time dependent manner. Apoptosis, which was almost negligible at the beginning of experiment, increased to about 20% after 24 h of continuous exposure. The induction of apoptosis was likely due to the increment of [Ca2+]i during exposure. In conclusion, the data reported in the present work indicates that 6 mT static MF exposure exerts time dependent biological effects on Hep G2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonsina Chionna
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Lecce, Lecce, Italy
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Dini L, Abbro L. Bioeffects of moderate-intensity static magnetic fields on cell cultures. Micron 2005; 36:195-217. [PMID: 15725590 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2004.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of static magnetic fields (SMFs) with living organisms is a rapidly growing field of investigation. However, despite the increasing number of studies on the effects of the interaction of SMFs with living organisms, many gaps in our knowledge still remain. One reason why it is extremely important to deeply understand the true mode of action of MFs on living organisms, is the need to protect human health in consideration of the probable future introduction of new technologies such as magnetically levitated trains and the therapeutical use of MFs (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, coupling of MF exposure with chemotherapy). The lack of knowledge of the morphological modifications brought about by exposure to moderate-intensity SMFs prompted us to investigate the bioeffects of 6mT SMFs on different cell types, by means of light and electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and immuno- or cytochemistry. In the present article we report our own and other data from the literature on the morphological studies of the bioeffects of moderate-intensity SMFs. We focus on morphological modifications related to cell shape, cell surface, cytoskeleton, and plasma membrane expression of molecules and carbohydrate residues. The effects of exposure to moderate-intensity SMF for 24 or 48 h, on apoptosis, on apoptotic related gene products, on macrophagic differentiation and on phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in primary cell cultures (transformed or stabilized cell lines) will be also discussed. Moderate-intensity (6mT) SMFs induced modifications of cell shape, cell surface and cytoskeleton, progressively achieved during the entire period of exposure. In general, at the end of the exposure period, the cells had a less flat shape due to partial detachment from the culture dishes or a more round-elongated shape (in relation to adhesion growth or in suspension growth respectively) with many irregular lamellar microvilli, while the morphology of the organelles remained unmodified. In parallel with cell shape changes, the microfilaments and microtubules, as well as the quantity and distribution of surface ConA-FITC and Ricinus Comm.-FITC labelling sites, were modified in a time-dependent manner. Apoptosis was influenced in a cell type-dependent manner: for some cells spontaneous apoptosis decreased while, for others, it increased to about 20% after 24h of continuous exposure. The induction of apoptosis was likely due to the increment of [Ca(2+)]i during exposure. Cell proliferation was only slightly affected. Indeed, in addition to the cell type, the time of exposure was also an important factor in the intensity of the effects produced. Both apoptotic rate and cell and surface shape were influenced by exposure to SMFs when simultaneously administered with apoptogenic drugs. Apoptotic cells were cleared by an efficient and fast process of phagocytosis mediated by specific epitopes, externalized during the formation of the apoptotic cells, on the dead cells and by specific receptors on the phagocytes (both "professional" and "nonprofessional"). The recognition of apoptotic lymphocytes as well as of control cells exposed for at least 24h to 6mT SMF by liver sinusoidal cells was influenced by the cell surface modifications which both apoptotic or normal exposed cells underwent during the induction of apoptosis or SMF exposure. The degree of macrophagic differentiation of human pro-monocytic U937 cells induced by phorbol ester was decreased by exposure to 6mT SMFs, with a consequent fall in cell adhesion and increased polarization of pseudopodia and cytoplasmic protrusions. Differentiation alone, or in combination with exposure to SMFs, affects distribution and quantity of cell surface carbohydrate residues, surface expression of markers of macrophage differentiation, and phagocytic capability. The increasing amount of data reporting on the bioeffects of SMFs is leading researchers to an understanding of how important it is to fully understand the mode of action of MFs on living organisms. Indeed, even if the perturbations of biological systems by SMFs are sublethal at shorter times of exposure, these perturbations could, especially at longer times of exposure, evolve into a progressive accumulation of modifications, whose ultimate effects still need to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Dini
- Department of Biological and Enviromental Science and Technology, University of Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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