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Trento MVC, Sales TA, de Abreu TS, Braga MA, Cesar PHS, Marques TR, Marcussi S. Exploring the structural and functional aspects of the phospholipase A 2 from Naja spp. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:49-58. [PMID: 31421173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Naja spp. venom is a natural source of active compounds with therapeutic application potential. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is abundant in the venom of Naja spp. and can perform neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and hematological disorders. The PLA2s from Naja spp. venoms are Asp 49 isoenzymes with the exception of PLA2 Cys 49 from Naja sagittifera. When looking at the functional aspects, the neurotoxicity occurs by PLA2 called β-toxins that have affinity for phosphatidylcholine in nerve endings and synaptosomes membranes, and by α-toxins that block the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junctions. In addition, these neurotoxins may inhibit K+ and Ca++ channels or even interfere with the Na+/K+/ATPase enzyme. The disturbance in the membrane fluidity also results in inhibition of the release of acetylcholine. The PLA2 can act as anticoagulants or procoagulant. The cytotoxicity exerted by PLA2s result from changes in the cardiomyocyte membranes, triggering cardiac failure and hemolysis. The antibacterial activity, however, is the result of alterations that decrease the stability of the lipid bilayer. Thus, the understanding of the structural and functional aspects of PLA2s can contribute to studies on the toxic and therapeutic mechanisms involved in the envenomation by Naja spp. and in the treatment of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinícius Cardoso Trento
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - Thais Aparecida Sales
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Silva de Abreu
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Aparecida Braga
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Souza Cesar
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Tamara Rezende Marques
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000, Brazil
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A brief update on potential molecular mechanisms underlying antimicrobial and wound-healing potency of snake venom molecules. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 115:1-9. [PMID: 26975619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A wide range of diverse, novel classes of natural antibiotics have been isolated from different snake species in the recent past. Snake venoms contain diverse groups of proteins with potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of human pathogens. Some snake venom molecules are pharmacologically attractive, as they possess promising broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. Furthermore, snake venom proteins (SVPs)/peptides also bind to integrins with high affinity, thereby inhibiting cell adhesion and accelerating wound healing in animal models. Thus, SVPs are a potential alternative to chemical antibiotics. The mode of action for many antibacterial peptides involves pore formation and disruption of the plasma membrane. This activity often includes modulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation during skin wound healing. The NF-κB pathway negatively regulates the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad pathway by inducing the expression of Smad7 and eventually reducing in vivo collagen production at the wound sites. In this context, SVPs that regulate the NF-κB signaling pathway may serve as potential targets for drug development.
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de Carvalho ND, Garcia RC, Ferreira AK, Batista DR, Cassola AC, Maria D, Lebrun I, Carneiro SM, Afeche SC, Marcourakis T, Sandoval MRL. Neurotoxicity of coral snake phospholipases A2 in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 2014; 1552:1-16. [PMID: 24480475 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of two secreted Phospholipases A2 from Brazilian coral snake venom in rat primary hippocampal cell culture was investigated. Following exposure to Mlx-8 or Mlx-9 toxins, an increase in free cytosolic Ca(2+) and a reduction in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) became evident and occurred prior to the morphological changes and cytotoxicity. Exposure of hippocampal neurons to Mlx-8 or Mlx-9 caused a decrease in the cell viability as assessed by MTT and LDH assays. Inspection using fluorescent images and ultrastructural analysis by scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that multiphase injury is characterized by overlapping cell death phenotypes. Shrinkage, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, nucleosomal DNA fragmentation and the formation of apoptotic bodies were observed. The most striking alteration observed in the electron microscopy was the fragmentation and rarefaction of the neuron processes network. Degenerated terminal synapses, cell debris and apoptotic bodies were observed among the fragmented fibers. Numerous large vacuoles as well as swollen mitochondria and dilated Golgi were noted. Necrotic signs such as a large amount of cellular debris and membrane fragmentation were observed mainly when the cells were exposed to highest concentration of the PLA2-neurotoxins. PLA2s exposed cultures showed cytoplasmic vacuoles filled with cell debris, clusters of mitochondria presented mitophagy-like structures that are in accordance to patterns of programmed cell death by autophagy. Finally, we demonstrated that the sPLA2s, Mlx-8 and Mlx-9, isolated from the Micrurus lemniscatus snake venom induce a hybrid cell death with apoptotic, autophagic and necrotic features. Furthermore, this study suggests that the augment in free cytosolic Ca(2+) and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in the neurotoxicity of Elapid coral snake venom sPLA2s.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raphael CaioTamborelli Garcia
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508 000, Brazil
| | - Adilson Kleber Ferreira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP 05503 900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Rodrigo Batista
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Cassola
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Durvanei Maria
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP 05503 900, Brazil
| | - Ivo Lebrun
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP 05503 900, Brazil
| | | | - Solange Castro Afeche
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503 900, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508 000, Brazil
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Brgles M, Kurtović T, Kovačič L, Križaj I, Barut M, Lang Balija M, Allmaier G, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Halassy B. Identification of proteins interacting with ammodytoxins in Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom by immuno-affinity chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:293-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vardjan N, Mattiazzi M, Rowan EG, Križaj I, Petrovič U, Petan T. Neurotoxic phospholipase A2 toxicity model: An insight from mammalian cells. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e23600. [PMID: 23710275 PMCID: PMC3656009 DOI: 10.4161/cib.23600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of action of presynaptically neurotoxic secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) has not been fully elucidated. We have recently proposed a model to explain one of the hallmarks of their action – the reduction in endocytosis leading to synaptic vesicle depletion in nerve terminals. Our results speak strongly in favor of a mechanism in which both specific protein-protein interactions and enzymatic activity of the neurotoxic sPLA2 ammodytoxin A (AtxA) are necessary for impairment of clathrin-dependent endocytosis in yeast cells. The reduction of endocytosis was strictly dependent on the enzymatic activity of sPLA2s expressed ectopically in our yeast model cells and was not observed with the catalytically inactive, non-neurotoxic AtxA-homolog, ammodytin L (AtnL). Here we confirm the validity of the model in mammalian cells also, by demonstrating that the enzymatically active mutant of AtnL, shown to inhibit endocytosis in yeast, acts as a presynaptically neurotoxic sPLA2 at the mammalian neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vardjan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences; Jožef Stefan Institute; Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Križaj I. Ammodytoxin: a window into understanding presynaptic toxicity of secreted phospholipases A(2) and more. Toxicon 2011; 58:219-29. [PMID: 21726572 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Razpotnik A, Križaj I, Šribar J, Kordiš D, Maček P, Frangež R, Kem WR, Turk T. A new phospholipase A2 isolated from the sea anemone Urticina crassicornis - its primary structure and phylogenetic classification. FEBS J 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kovacic L, Novinec M, Petan T, Krizaj I. Structural basis of the significant calmodulin-induced increase in the enzymatic activity of secreted phospholipases A(2). Protein Eng Des Sel 2010; 23:479-87. [PMID: 20348188 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammodytoxin (Atx), a neurotoxic secreted phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)), forms a high-affinity complex with calmodulin (CaM). The latter substantially increases the enzymatic activity of Atx under both non-reducing and reducing conditions, and the activity enhancement was accompanied, but not caused, by conformational stabilization of the enzyme. In this work, the energetically most favorable model of the complex was generated, making use of interaction site mapping, mutagenesis data and protein-docking algorithms. The model explains, in structural terms, the observed effects of stabilization and activity enhancement of the neurotoxic sPLA(2) by CaM. The structures of four mammalian sPLA(2) isoforms, groups IB, IIA, V and X, having the same fold as Atx, were superimposed on the structure of Atx in the complex with CaM. According to the generated models, the group V and X sPLA(2)s, but not the group IB and IIA enzymes, form stable complexes with CaM, which should also result in the augmentation of their enzymatic activity. By confirming the latter, the presented model is validated as a valuable tool to investigate the as yet unexplained role of CaM in the pathophysiology of snake venom and mammalian sPLA(2)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Kovacic
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Gao W, Starkov VG, He ZX, Wang QH, Tsetlin VI, Utkin YN, Lin ZJ, Bi RC. Functions, structures and Triton X-100 effect for the catalytic subunits of heterodimeric phospholipases A2 from Vipera nikolskii venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:709-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gebrim LC, Marcussi S, Menaldo DL, de Menezes CS, Nomizo A, Hamaguchi A, Silveira-Lacerda EP, Homsi-Brandeburgo MI, Sampaio SV, Soares AM, Rodrigues VM. Antitumor effects of snake venom chemically modified Lys49 phospholipase A2-like BthTX-I and a synthetic peptide derived from its C-terminal region. Biologicals 2009; 37:222-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Prijatelj P, Jenko Pražnikar Z, Petan T, Križaj I, Pungerčar J. Mapping the structural determinants of presynaptic neurotoxicity of snake venom phospholipases A2. Toxicon 2008; 51:1520-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Georgieva D, Risch M, Kardas A, Buck F, von Bergen M, Betzel C. Comparative Analysis of the Venom Proteomes ofVipera ammodytes ammodytesandVipera ammodytes meridionalis. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:866-86. [DOI: 10.1021/pr070376c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pungercar J, Krizaj I. Understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the presynaptic toxicity of secreted phospholipases A2. Toxicon 2007; 50:871-92. [PMID: 17905401 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An important group of toxins, whose action at the molecular level is still a matter of debate, is secreted phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)s) endowed with presynaptic or beta-neurotoxicity. The current belief is that these beta-neurotoxins (beta-ntxs) exert their toxicity primarily due to their extracellular enzymatic action on the plasma membrane of motoneurons at the neuromuscular junction. However, the discovery of several extra- and intracellular proteins, with high binding affinity for snake venom beta-ntxs, has raised the question as to whether this explanation is adequate to account for all the observed phenomena in the process of presynaptic toxicity. The purpose of this review is to critically examine the various published studies, including the most recent results on internalization of a beta-ntx into motor nerve terminals, in order to contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of beta-neurotoxicity. As a result, we propose that presynaptic neurotoxicity of sPLA(2)s is a result of both extra- and intracellular actions of beta-ntxs, involving enzymatic activity as well as interaction of the toxins with intracellular proteins affecting the cycling of synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals of vertebrate motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joze Pungercar
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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