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Observing How Glutathione and S-Hexyl Glutathione Bind to Glutathione S-Transferase from Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112775. [PMID: 36361566 PMCID: PMC9655991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most widespread ticks causing a massive loss to livestock production. The long-term use of acaracides rapidly develops acaracide resistance. In R. microplus, enhancing the metabolic activity of glutathione S-transferase (RmGST) is one of the mechanisms underlying acaracide resistance. RmGST catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to insecticides causing an easy-to-excrete conjugate. The active RmGST dimer contains two active sites (hydrophobic co-substrate binding site (H-site) and GSH binding site (G-site)) in each monomer. To preserve the insecticide efficacy, s-hexyl glutathione (GTX), a GST inhibitor, has been used as a synergist. To date, no molecular information on the RmGST-GSH/GTX complex is available. The insight is important for developing a novel RmGST inhibitor. Therefore, in this work, molecular dynamics simulations (MD) were performed to explore the binding of GTX and GSH to RmGST. GSH binds tighter and sits rigidly inside the G-site, while flexible GTX occupies both active sites. In GSH, the backbone mainly interacts with W8, R43, W46, K50, N59, L60, Q72, and S73, while its thiol group directs to Y7. In contrast, the aliphatic hexyl of GTX protrudes into the H-site and allows a flexible peptide core to form various interactions. Such high GTX flexibility and the protrusion of its hexyl moiety to the H-site suggest the dual role of GTX in preventing the conjugation reaction and the binding of acaracide. This insight can provide a better understanding of an important insecticide-resistance mechanism, which may in turn facilitate the development of novel approaches to tick control.
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Ramos PB, Colombo GM, Schmitz MJ, Simião CS, Machado KDS, Werhli AV, Costa LDF, Yunes JS, Prentice C, Wasielesky W, Monserrat JM. Chemoprotection mediated by açaí berry (Euterpe oleracea) in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to the cyanotoxin saxitoxin analyzed by in vivo assays and docking modeling. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 246:106148. [PMID: 35364510 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) is a neurotoxic cyanotoxin that also generate reactive oxygen species, leading to a situation of oxidative stress and altered metabolism. The Amazonian fruit açaí Euterpe oleracea possesses a high concentration of antioxidant molecules, a fact that prompted us to evaluate its chemoprotection activity against STX toxicity (obtained from samples of Trichodesmium sp. collected in the environment) in the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. For 30 days, shrimps were maintained in 16 aquaria containing 10 shrimps (15% salinity, pH 8.0, 24 °C, 12C/12D photoperiod) and fed twice daily with a diet supplemented with lyophilized açaí pulp (10%), in addition to the control diet. After, shrimps (7.21 ± 0.04 g) were exposed to the toxin added to the feed for 96 h. Four treatments were defined: CTR (control diet), T (lyophilized powder of Trichodesmium sp. 0.8 μg/g), A (10% of açaí) and the combination T + A. HPLC analysis showed predominance of gonyautoxin-1 concentrations (GTX-1) and gonyautoxin-4 concentrations (GTX-4). The results of molecular docking simulations indicated that all variants of STX, including GTX-1, can be a substrate of isoform mu of the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme since these molecules obtained similar values of estimated Free Energy of Binding (FEB), as well as similar final positions on the binding site. GSH levels were reduced in muscle tissues of shrimp in the T, A, and T + A treatments. Increased GST activity was observed in shrimp hepatopancreas of the T treatment and the gills of the A and T + A treatments. A decrease of protein sulfhydryl groups (P-SH) was observed in gills of shrimps from T + A treatment. A reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels was registered in the hepatopancreas of the T + A treatment in respect to the Control, T, and A treatments. The use of açaí supplements in L. vannamei feed was able to partially mitigate the toxic effects caused by Trichodesmium sp. extracts, and points to mu GST isoform as a key enzyme for saxitoxin detoxification in L. vannamei, an issue that deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia B Ramos
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of Aquatic Organisms (BIFOA), FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Grécica M Colombo
- Graduate Program in Aquiculture, Institute of Oceanography (IO), Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of Aquatic Organisms (BIFOA), FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos J Schmitz
- Graduate Program in Aquiculture, Institute of Oceanography (IO), Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of Aquatic Organisms (BIFOA), FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Cleber S Simião
- Graduate Program in Aquiculture, Institute of Oceanography (IO), Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of Aquatic Organisms (BIFOA), FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano V Werhli
- Center of Computational Science (C3), FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | | | - João Sarkis Yunes
- Cyanobacteria and Ficotoxin Laboratory, FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Prentice
- Graduate Program in Aquiculture, Institute of Oceanography (IO), Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; School of Food Chemistry (EQA), FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Wilson Wasielesky
- Graduate Program in Aquiculture, Institute of Oceanography (IO), Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Carcinoculture, FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - José M Monserrat
- Graduate Program in Aquiculture, Institute of Oceanography (IO), Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of Aquatic Organisms (BIFOA), FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Tan J, Wang X, Wang L, Zhou X, Liu C, Ge J, Bian L, Chen S. Transcriptomic responses to air exposure stress in coelomocytes of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 42:100963. [PMID: 35131601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During rearing in hatcheries and transportation to restocking sites, sea cucumbers are often exposed to air for several hours, which may depress their non-specific immunity and lead to mass mortality. We performed transcriptome analysis of Apostichopus japonicus coelomocytes after air exposure to identify stress-related genes and pathways. After exposure to air for 1 h, individuals were re-submerged in aerated seawater and coelomocytes were collected at 0, 1, 4, and 16 h (B, H1, H4, and H16, respectively). We identified 6148 differentially expressed genes, of which 3216 were upregulated and 2932 were downregulated. Many genes involved in the immune response, antioxidant defense, and apoptosis were highly induced in response to air exposure. Enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology terms showed that the most abundant terms in the biological process category were oxidation-reduction process, protein folding and phosphorylation, and receptor-mediated endocytosis for the comparison of H1 vs. B, H4 vs. H1, and H16 vs. H4, respectively. Kyoto Eecyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that six pathways related to the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates were shared among the three comparisons. These results indicated that sea cucumbers regulate the expression of genes related to the antioxidant system and energy metabolism to resist the negative effects of air exposure stress. These findings may be applied to optimize juvenile sea cucumber production, and facilitate molecular marker-assisted selective breeding of an anoxia-resistant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xuejiang Wang
- Wuzhoufeng Agricultural Science and Technology Co., LTD, Yantai 264000, China.
| | - Liang Wang
- Yantai Marine Economic Research Institute, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Xiaoqun Zhou
- Yantai Marine Economic Research Institute, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Changlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jianlong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Li Bian
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Siqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
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Wang Y, Liu L, Huang J, Duan Y, Wang J, Fu M, Lin H. Response of a Mu-class glutathione S-transferase from black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon to aflatoxin B1 exposure. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:825. [PMID: 27386274 PMCID: PMC4917504 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of multifunctional phase II enzymes that are involved in the detoxification of exogenous and endogenous compounds. In this study, a full-length cDNA of Mu-class GST (PmMuGST) was isolated from the hepatopancreas of Penaeus monodon using rapid amplification of cDNA ends method. The full length cDNA of PmMuGST is 867 bp, contains an open read frame of 660 bp, and encodes a polypeptide of 219 amino acids with a molecular mass of 25.61 kDa and pI of 6.15. Sequence analysis indicated that the predicted protein sequence of PmMuGST was very similar to (86 %) that of Litopenaeus vannamei. A conserved domain of GST_N_Mu_like (PSSM: cd03075) and GST_C_family_superfamily_like (PSSM: cl02776) was indentified in PmMuGST. Real time quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that PmMuGST was present in all of the tested tissues. PmMuGST transcripts both in the hepatopancreas and in the muscle were significantly induced after 14 days of treatment with a low dosage of AFB1 (50 μg/kg) exposure and were significantly inhibited after 42 and 56 days of a high dosage of AFB1 (1000, 2500 μg/kg AFB1) exposure. Taken together, the Mu-class GST from P. monodon was inducible and was involved in the response to AFB1 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300 People's Republic of China
| | - Lihui Liu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380 Guangdong Province People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300 People's Republic of China
| | - Yafei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300 People's Republic of China
| | - Heizhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300 People's Republic of China
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Felix-Portillo M, Martinez-Quintana JA, Peregrino-Uriarte AB, Yepiz-Plascencia G. The metallothionein gene from the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: characterization and expression in response to hypoxia. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 101:91-100. [PMID: 25299575 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic animals encounter variation in oxygen tension that leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can harm the organisms. Under these circumstances some organisms have evolved to tolerate hypoxia. In mammals, metallothioneins (MTs) protect against hypoxia-generated ROS. Here we report the MT gene from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (LvMT). LvMT is differentially expressed in hemocytes, intestine, gills, pleopods, heart, hepatopancreas and muscle, with the highest levels in hepatopancreas and heart. LvMT mRNA increases during hypoxia in hepatopancreas and gills after 3 h at 1.5 mg L(-1) dissolved oxygen (DO). This gene structure resembles the homologs from invertebrates and vertebrates possessing three exons, two introns and response elements for metal response transcription factor 1 (MTF-1), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and p53 in the promoter region. During hypoxia, HIF-1/MTF-1 might participate inducing MT to contribute towards the tolerance to ROS toxicity. MT importance in aquatic organisms may include also ROS-detoxifying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrath Felix-Portillo
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo. A.C., P.O. Box 1735. Carretera a Ejido La Victoria Km. 0.6 Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - José A Martinez-Quintana
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo. A.C., P.O. Box 1735. Carretera a Ejido La Victoria Km. 0.6 Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Alma B Peregrino-Uriarte
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo. A.C., P.O. Box 1735. Carretera a Ejido La Victoria Km. 0.6 Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Gloria Yepiz-Plascencia
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo. A.C., P.O. Box 1735. Carretera a Ejido La Victoria Km. 0.6 Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
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Zhang X, Li T, Zhang J, Li D, Guo Y, Qin G, Zhu KY, Ma E, Zhang J. Structural and catalytic role of two conserved tyrosines in Delta-class glutathione S-transferase from Locusta migratoria. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 80:77-91. [PMID: 22581614 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are an important family of detoxifying enzymes and play a key role in pesticide resistance in the insect. Tyrosine is essential for its detoxification function. In the present study, two conserved tyrosine residues are located at positions 108 and 116 in H-site of LmGSTD1. To elucidate how the two residues participate in the catalytic process and keeping structural stability, four mutants, Y108A, Y108E, Y116A, and Y116E, were generated. It was found that the four mutants affected the specific activity of LmGSTD1 in various degrees, depending on the types of substrate and reaction mechanism. Steady-state kinetics assay revealed that Y108E and Y116E had a significant influence on GSH-binding ability, which indicates the two tyrosine residues of H-site contribute to topology rearrangement of G-site. Both Y116A and Y116E exhibited lower CDNB-binding affinity, suggesting that Y116 takes part in hydrophobic substrate binding. The thermostability assay, intrinsic, and 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) florescence results showed that the two tyrosine residues were involved in regulation of active-site conformation. Finally, homology modeling provided evidence that the two tyrosines in H-site participate in hydrophobic substrate binding. Furthermore, Y108 is closer to the S atom of S-hexylglutathione. In conclusion, the two tyrosines in LmGSTD1 are important residues in both the catalytic process and protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyao Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Salazar-Medina AJ, García-Rico L, García-Orozco KD, Valenzuela-Soto E, Contreras-Vergara CA, Arreola R, Arvizu-Flores A, Sotelo-Mundo RR. Inhibition by Cu2+ and Cd2+ of a mu-class glutathione S-transferase from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 24:218-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhou J, Wang WN, Wang AL, He WY, Zhou QT, Liu Y, Xu J. Glutathione S-transferase in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: Characterization and regulation under pH stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 150:224-30. [PMID: 19426830 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We first expressed a Mu-class GST from white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in Escherichia coli, and then characterized the purified recombinant enzyme with respect to the effects of pH, temperature on its catalytic (1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene-glutathione conjugation) activity. We also analyzed its expression profile in L. vannamei tissues, and assessed changes in Mu-GST expression, GST activity profiles and mortality rates following exposure of white shrimp to low and high pH (5.6 and 9.3, respectively). Realtime-PCR analysis showed that Mu-GST transcripts were expressed in all examined L. vannamei tissues, but were most abundant in the hepatopancreas. At low pH Mu-GST transcript levels in the hepatopancreas were highest after 12 h, and then declined to their original levels after 24 h. After 12 h they were also upregulated in haemocytes, but downregulated in the gills, and unchanged in the stomach following exposure to pH stress. Western blot analyses confirmed that the Mu-GST protein was strongly expressed in the hepatopancreas after 12 h at low pH and remain unchanged in the stomach after exposure to pH stress. pH-Related changes in GST activities in the shrimp hepatopancreas were similar to those displayed by the Mu-GST mRNA and protein profiles. In addition, the mortality of L. vannamei was higher at high pH than at low pH. These results suggest that L. vannamei Mu-GST expression is stimulated by acidic pH and that it may play important roles in detoxification of xenobiotics and antioxidant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
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