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Montero O, Hedeland M, Balgoma D. Trials and tribulations of statistical significance in biochemistry and omics. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:503-512. [PMID: 36842858 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years many statisticians and researchers have highlighted that statistical inference would benefit from a better use and understanding of hypothesis testing, p-values, and statistical significance. We highlight three recommendations in the context of biochemical sciences. First recommendation: to improve the biological interpretation of biochemical data, do not use p-values (or similar test statistics) as thresholded values to select biomolecules. Second recommendation: to improve comparison among studies and to achieve robust knowledge, perform complete reporting of data. Third recommendation: statistical analyses should be reported completely with exact numbers (not as asterisks or inequalities). Owing to the high number of variables, a better use of statistics is of special importance in omic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpio Montero
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - David Balgoma
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain; Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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2
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Wu C, Zhang X, Cui Z, Gou J, Zhang B, Sun X, Xu N. Patatin-like phospholipase A-induced alterations in lipid metabolism and jasmonic acid production affect the heat tolerance of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 179:105688. [PMID: 35759824 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High temperatures seriously limit the growth and productivity of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis. By hydrolyzing glycerolipids into lysophospholipids (LPs) and free fatty acids (FFAs), patatin-like phospholipase A (pPLA) plays an important role in stress responses. GlpPLA expression was up-regulated under heat stress, however, the regulation of pPLA in heat tolerance of G. lemaneiformis is unknown. In this study, G. lemaneiformis under heat stress was treated with bromoenololide (BEL), a chemical inhibitor of pPLA, to evaluate the cellular function of pPLA in this species. When pPLA was inhibited through BEL treatment, the sensitivity of G. lemaneiformis to heat stress increased and the biomass and maximum and effective quantum yield of photosystem II decreased. Moreover, BEL treatment resulted in a significant decrease in many lipid molecular species, all of which are mainly composed of 16C, 18C, and 20C fatty acids. Consistently, FFA levels and LPs contents in G. lemaneiformis under BEL treatment showed a significant decrease. The first step in the synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) is the lipoxygenase (LOX)-mediated oxygenation of linolenic acid (C18:3). BEL treatment decreased JA and C18:3 accumulation and markedly downregulated the expression of GILOX under heat stress. Together, these results indicate that pPLA is closely related to the growth of G. lemaneiformis under heat stress, and pPLA is involved in the lipid metabolism and JA biosynthesis of G. lemaneiformis in response to heat stress. This research broadens the understanding of the heat stress adaptation mechanism of G. lemaneiformis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhenhao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinhao Gou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nianjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
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Li R, Wang Y, Hou B, Lam SM, Zhang W, Chen R, Shui G, Sun Q, Qiang G, Liu C. Lipidomics insight into chronic exposure to ambient air pollution in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114668. [PMID: 32443199 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
More recent evidences are supportive of air pollution exposure on diabetes risk, including worsening of whole-body insulin sensitivity, enhancement of hepatic lipogenesis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure. Therefore, we aimed to explore the lipidomics to get a comprehensive insight about ambient real-world PM2.5 exposure on lipid metabolism in blood and liver. After ambient PM2.5 exposure for 6 months, excess triglyceride accumulation in the liver was observed. Remarkable metabolic alterations including neutral lipids, glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids were noticed. Lipidomic signatures in liver is different from plasma in response to PM2.5 exposure. Lipids including species of ceramide, sphingomyeline and triglyceride may become potential biomarkers of lipotoxicity contributing to PM2.5-induced metabolic dysfunction, and the present study may serve as a reference lipid bank for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Public Health, Joint China-US Research Center for Environment and Pulmonary Diseases, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Public Health, Joint China-US Research Center for Environment and Pulmonary Diseases, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biyu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rucheng Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Public Health, Joint China-US Research Center for Environment and Pulmonary Diseases, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Guifeng Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiqing Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Public Health, Joint China-US Research Center for Environment and Pulmonary Diseases, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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Kim M, Yoo HJ, Lee D, Lee JH. Oxidized LDL induces procoagulant profiles by increasing lysophosphatidylcholine levels, lysophosphatidylethanolamine levels, and Lp-PLA 2 activity in borderline hypercholesterolemia. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:1137-1146. [PMID: 32456947 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The increased risk of cardiovascular disease under hypercholesterolemia is due to associations between oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) and between ox-LDL and coagulant profiles. We investigated the impact of different ox-LDL levels on coagulation time and plasma metabolomes in subjects with borderline hypercholesterolemia. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred thirty-one subjects with borderline hypercholesterolemia (serum cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL) were divided into low ox-LDL (n = 66) and high ox-LDL (n = 65) groups. After adjusting for confounding factors, the high ox-LDL group exhibited a significantly decreased activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) and increased Lp-PLA2 activity. Compared to the low ox-LDL group, the high ox-LDL group exhibited significantly increased intensities of 17 lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs) and 7 lysophosphatidylethanolamines (lysoPEs). Ox-LDL was inversely correlated with aPTT and PT and positively correlated with Lp-PLA2 activity. Positive correlations were also found among ox-LDL, Lp-PLA2 activity, lysoPCs, and lysoPEs. LysoPCs and lysoPEs were inversely correlated with PT and aPTT. The identified plasma metabolites, including amino acids, fatty acid amides, acylcarnitines, and lysophospholipids, were significantly upregulated in the high ox-LDL group. CONCLUSION High ox-LDL levels may be involved in the development of a procoagulant state in subjects with borderline hypercholesterolemia by increasing Lp-PLA2 activity and lysoPC and lysoPE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjoo Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yoo
- Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Food and Nutrition, National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dahyoung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Food and Nutrition, National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Balgoma D, Zelleroth S, Grönbladh A, Hallberg M, Pettersson C, Hedeland M. Anabolic androgenic steroids exert a selective remodeling of the plasma lipidome that mirrors the decrease of the de novo lipogenesis in the liver. Metabolomics 2020; 16:12. [PMID: 31925559 PMCID: PMC6954146 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) is a source of public concern because of their adverse effects. Supratherapeutic doses of AASs are known to be hepatotoxic and regulate the lipoproteins in plasma by modifying the metabolism of lipids in the liver, which is associated with metabolic diseases. However, the effect of AASs on the profile of lipids in plasma is unknown. OBJECTIVES To describe the changes in the plasma lipidome exerted by AASs and to discuss these changes in the light of previous research about AASs and de novo lipogenesis in the liver. METHODS We treated male Wistar rats with supratherapeutic doses of nandrolone decanoate and testosterone undecanoate. Subsequently, we isolated the blood plasma and performed lipidomics analysis by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. RESULTS Lipid profiling revealed a decrease of sphingolipids and glycerolipids with palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, and oleic acids. In addition, lipid profiling revealed an increase in free fatty acids and glycerophospholipids with odd-numbered chain fatty acids and/or arachidonic acid. CONCLUSION The lipid profile presented herein reports the imprint of AASs on the plasma lipidome, which mirrors the downregulation of de novo lipogenesis in the liver. In a broader perspective, this profile will help to understand the influence of androgens on the lipid metabolism in future studies of diseases with dysregulated lipogenesis (e.g. type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Balgoma
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husargatan 3, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Zelleroth
- The Beijer Laboratory, Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alfhild Grönbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Curt Pettersson
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Xia F, Feng R, Xu FG, Su H, He C, Hu YJ, Wan JB. Quantification of phospholipid fatty acids by chemical isotope labeling coupled with atmospheric pressure gas chromatography quadrupole- time-of-flight mass spectrometry (APGC/Q-TOF MS). Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1082:86-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Stephenson DJ, MacKnight HP, Hoeferlin LA, Park M, Allegood J, Cardona CL, Chalfant CE. A rapid and adaptable lipidomics method for quantitative UPLC-mass spectrometric analysis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine in vitro, and in cells. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2019; 11:1765-1776. [PMID: 31788037 PMCID: PMC6884326 DOI: 10.1039/c9ay00052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) are highly prevalent phospholipids in mammalian membranes. There are currently no methods for detection of minute levels of these phospholipids or simultaneously with products of the utilization of these phospholipid substrates by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes. To examine the substrate utilization of PE and PC by PLA2, we developed a method to accurately detect and measure specific forms of PE and PC as low as 50 femtomoles. Validation of this method consisted of an enzymatic assay to monitor docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid release from the hydrolysis of PE and PC by group IV phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α) coupled to the generation of lyso-PE (LPE) and lyso-PC (LPC). In addition, the PE and PC profiles of RAW 264.7 macrophages were monitored with zymosan/lipopolysaccharide-treatment. Finally, genetic validation for the specificity of the method consisted of the downregulation of two biosynthetic enzymes responsible for the production of PE and PC, choline kinase A (CHKA) and ethanolamine kinase 1 (ETNK1). This new UPLC ESI-MS/MS method provides accurate and highly sensitive detection of PE and PC species containing AA and DHA allowing for the specific examination of the substrate utilization of these phospholipids by PLA2 in vitro and in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Stephenson
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond VA, 23298
| | - H. Patrick MacKnight
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond VA, 23298
| | - L. Alexis Hoeferlin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond VA, 23298
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Signaling Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, 23298
| | - Margaret Park
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
- The Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Jeremy Allegood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond VA, 23298
| | - Christopher L. Cardona
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Charles E. Chalfant
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
- Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612
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8
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Stephenson DJ, Hoeferlin LA, Chalfant CE. Lipidomics in translational research and the clinical significance of lipid-based biomarkers. Transl Res 2017; 189:13-29. [PMID: 28668521 PMCID: PMC5659874 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipidomics is a rapidly developing field of study that focuses on the identification and quantitation of various lipid species in the lipidome. Lipidomics has now emerged in the forefront of scientific research due to the importance of lipids in metabolism, cancer, and disease. Using both targeted and untargeted mass spectrometry as a tool for analysis, progress in the field has rapidly progressed in the last decade. Having the ability to assess these small molecules in vivo has led to better understanding of several lipid-driven mechanisms and the identification of lipid-based biomarkers in neurodegenerative disease, cancer, sepsis, wound healing, and pre-eclampsia. Biomarker identification and mechanistic understanding of specific lipid pathways linked to a disease's pathologies can form the foundation in the development of novel therapeutics in hopes of curing human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Stephenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Va
| | - L Alexis Hoeferlin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Va
| | - Charles E Chalfant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Va; Research Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, Va; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Signaling Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, Va; VCU Johnson Center for Critical Care and Pulmonary Research, Richmond, Va.
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9
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Gil-de-Gómez L, Astudillo AM, Lebrero P, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. Essential Role for Ethanolamine Plasmalogen Hydrolysis in Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Priming of Macrophages for Enhanced Arachidonic Acid Release. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1251. [PMID: 29033952 PMCID: PMC5626835 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their high content in esterified arachidonic acid (AA), macrophages provide large amounts of eicosanoids during innate immune reactions. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a poor trigger of AA mobilization in macrophages but does have the capacity to prime these cells for greatly increased AA release upon subsequent stimulation. In this work, we have studied molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. By using mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analyses, we show in this work that LPS-primed zymosan-stimulated macrophages exhibit an elevated consumption of a particular phospholipid species, i.e., the ethanolamine plasmalogens, which results from reduced remodeling of phospholipids via coenzyme A-independent transacylation reactions. Importantly however, LPS-primed macrophages show no changes in their capacity to directly incorporate AA into phospholipids via CoA-dependent acylation reactions. The essential role for ethanolamine plasmalogen hydrolysis in LPS priming is further demonstrated by the use of plasmalogen-deficient cells. These cells, while responding normally to zymosan by releasing quantities of AA similar to those released by cells expressing normal plasmalogen levels under the same conditions, fail to show an LPS-primed response to the same stimulus, thus unambiguously demonstrating a cause–effect relationship between LPS priming and plasmalogen hydrolysis. Collectively, these results suggest a hitherto unrecognized role for ethanolamine plasmalogen hydrolysis and CoA-independent transacylation reactions in modulating the eicosanoid biosynthetic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gil-de-Gómez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alma M Astudillo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Lebrero
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Balboa
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Many thousands of lipid species exist and their metabolism is interwoven via numerous pathways and networks. These networks can also change in response to cellular environment alterations, such as exercise or development of a disease. Measuring such alterations and understanding the pathways involved is crucial to fully understand cellular metabolism. Such demands have catalysed the emergence of lipidomics, which enables the large-scale study of lipids using the principles of analytical chemistry. Mass spectrometry, largely due to its analytical power and rapid development of new instruments and techniques, has been widely used in lipidomics and greatly accelerated advances in the field. This Review provides an introduction to lipidomics and describes some common, but important, cellular metabolic networks that can aid our understanding of metabolic pathways. Some representative applications of lipidomics for studying lipid metabolism and metabolic diseases are highlighted, as well as future applications for the use of lipidomics in studying metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlin Han
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
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11
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Cyclic Fatty Acids Found in Frying Oils are Detoxified via Classical Drug Metabolic Pathway but also by β-Oxidation and Eliminated as Conjugates in Rats. Lipids 2015; 50:381-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-3997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Akmurzina VA, Petryaikina EE, Saveliev SV, Selishcheva AA. Using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the quantification of plasma phospholipids in children with type 1 diabetes. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813140025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Balgoma D, Checa A, Sar DG, Snowden S, Wheelock CE. Quantitative metabolic profiling of lipid mediators. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1359-77. [PMID: 23828856 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are heterogeneous biological molecules that possess multiple physiological roles including cell structure, homeostasis, and restoration of tissue functionality during and after inflammation. Lipid metabolism constitutes a network of pathways that are related at multiple biosynthetic hubs. Disregulation of lipid metabolism can lead to pathophysiological effects and multiple lipid mediators have been described to be involved in physiological processes, (e.g. inflammation). Accordingly, a thorough description of these pathways may shed light on putative relations in multiple complex diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, obesity, and cancer. Due to the structural complexity of lipids and the low abundance of many lipid mediators, mass spectrometry is the most commonly employed method for analysis. However, multiple challenges remain in the efforts to analyze every lipid subfamily. In this review, the biological role of sphingolipids, glycerolipids, oxylipins (e.g. eicosanoids), endocannabinoids, and N-acylethanolamines in relation to health and disease and the state-of-the-art analyses are summarized. The characterization and understanding of these pathways will increase our ability to examine for interrelations among lipid pathways and improve the knowledge of biological mechanisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Balgoma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Gil-de-Gómez L, Astudillo AM, Meana C, Rubio JM, Guijas C, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. A phosphatidylinositol species acutely generated by activated macrophages regulates innate immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5169-77. [PMID: 23567931 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activation of macrophages with stimuli of the innate immune response results in the intense remodeling of arachidonate-containing phospholipids, leading to the mobilization of large quantities of this fatty acid for conversion into biologically active eicosanoids. As a consequence of this process, the arachidonate levels in membrane phospholipids markedly decrease. We have applied mass spectrometry-based lipid profiling to study the levels of arachidonate-containing phospholipids under inflammatory activation of macrophages. We identify an unusual inositol phospholipid molecule, PI(20:4/20:4), the levels of which do not decrease but actually increase by 300% after activation of the macrophages. PI(20:4/20:4) is formed and degraded rapidly, suggesting a role for this molecule in regulating cell signaling events. Using a metabolipidomic approach consisting in exposing the cells to deuterium-labeled arachidonate at the time they are exposed to stimuli, we show that PI(20:4/20:4) biosynthesis occurs via the sequential incorporation of arachidonate, first into the sn-2 position of a preformed phosphatidylinositol (PI) molecule, followed by the rapid introduction of a second arachidonate moiety into the sn-1 position. Generation requires the participation of cytosolic phospholipase A2α and CoA-dependent acyltransferases. PI(20:4/20:4) formation is also detected in vivo in murine peritonitis exudates. Elevating the intracellular concentration of PI(20:4/20:4) by introducing the lipid into the cells results in enhancement of the microbicidal capacity of macrophages, as measured by reactive oxygen metabolite production and lysozyme release. These findings suggest that PI(20:4/20:4) is a novel bioactive inositol phospholipid molecule that regulates innate immune responses in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gil-de-Gómez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
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15
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Guijas C, Astudillo AM, Gil-de-Gómez L, Rubio JM, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. Phospholipid sources for adrenic acid mobilization in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Comparison with arachidonic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:1386-93. [PMID: 22824377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cells metabolize arachidonic acid (AA) to adrenic acid (AdA) via 2-carbon elongation reactions. Like AA, AdA can be converted into multiple oxygenated metabolites, with important roles in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, in contrast to AA, there is virtually no information on how the cells regulate the availability of free AdA for conversion into bioactive products. We have used a comparative lipidomic approach with both gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to characterize changes in the levels of AA- and AdA-containing phospholipid species in RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells. Incubation of the cells with AA results in an extensive conversion to AdA but both fatty acids do not compete with each other for esterification into phospholipids. AdA but not AA, shows preference for incorporation into phospholipids containing stearic acid at the sn-1 position. After stimulation of the cells with zymosan, both AA and AdA are released in large quantities, albeit AA is released to a greater extent. Finally, a variety of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol molecular species contribute to AA; however, AdA is liberated exclusively from phosphatidylcholine species. Collectively, these results identify significant differences in the cellular utilization of AA and AdA by the macrophages, suggesting non-redundant biological actions for these two fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guijas
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain
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16
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Dynamics of arachidonic acid mobilization by inflammatory cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:249-56. [PMID: 22155285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of mass spectrometry-based techniques is opening new insights into the understanding of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. AA incorporation, remodeling and release are collectively controlled by acyltransferases, phospholipases and transacylases that exquisitely regulate the distribution of AA between the different glycerophospholipid species and its mobilization during cellular stimulation. Traditionally, studies involving phospholipid AA metabolism were conducted by using radioactive precursors and scintillation counting from thin layer chromatography separations that provided only information about lipid classes. Today, the input of lipidomic approaches offers the possibility of characterizing and quantifying specific molecular species with great accuracy and within a biological context associated to protein and/or gene expression in a temporal frame. This review summarizes recent results applying mass spectrometry-based lipidomic approaches to the identification of AA-containing glycerophospholipids, phospholipid AA remodeling and synthesis of oxygenated metabolites.
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17
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Identification of phospholipid species affected by miltefosine action in Leishmania donovani cultures using LC-ELSD, LC-ESI/MS, and multivariate data analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:1169-82. [PMID: 22065347 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5520-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease principally treated by intravenous drugs. Hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine) has recently proved its efficacy by oral route. Although its mechanism of action has been investigated, and principally relies on perturbations of the metabolism of lipids and especially phospholipids, further studies need to be conducted to detect precisely which metabolic pathways are impacted. For this purpose, the present work proposes a complete lipidomic study focused on membrane phospholipids of clones of Leishmania donovani non-treated (NT), treated (T) and resistant (R) to miltefosine. Firstly, a separation of phospholipids in normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) was coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS) equipped with an electrospray (ESI) ion source, and response was compared to evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD). Secondly, a quantification of phospholipid classes was performed using NP-HPLC/ESI/MS on NT, T and R clones of L. donovani. Thirdly, full-scan acquisitions of analyzed samples were compared using orthogonal signal correction-partial least square-discriminant analysis (OSC-PLS-DA) to highlight phospholipid molecular species of interest between the three types of clones. Structural determination of the most relevant species has finally been performed using tandem mass spectrometry. A first hypothesis on the effect of miltefosine on lipid metabolic pathways is then proposed.
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18
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Astudillo AM, Pérez-Chacón G, Meana C, Balgoma D, Pol A, Del Pozo MA, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. Altered arachidonate distribution in macrophages from caveolin-1 null mice leading to reduced eicosanoid synthesis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35299-307. [PMID: 21852231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.277137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we have studied the effect of caveolin-1 deficiency on the mechanisms that regulate free arachidonic acid (AA) availability. The results presented here demonstrate that macrophages from caveolin-1-deficient mice exhibit elevated fatty acid incorporation and remodeling and a constitutively increased CoA-independent transacylase activity. Mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analyses reveal stable alterations in the profile of AA distribution among phospholipids, manifested by reduced levels of AA in choline glycerophospholipids but elevated levels in ethanolamine glycerophospholipids and phosphatidylinositol. Furthermore, macrophages from caveolin-1 null mice show decreased AA mobilization and prostaglandin E(2) and LTB(4) production upon cell stimulation. Collectively, these results provide insight into the role of caveolin-1 in AA homeostasis and suggest an important role for this protein in the eicosanoid biosynthetic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma M Astudillo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
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