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Wang G, Wang F, Meng Z, Wang N, Zhou C, Zhang J, Zhao L, Wang G, Shan B. Uncovering potential genes in colorectal cancer based on integrated and DNA methylation analysis in the gene expression omnibus database. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:138. [PMID: 35114976 PMCID: PMC8815138 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is major cancer-related death. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed and differentially methylated genes, contributing to explore the molecular mechanism of CRC. Methods Firstly, the data of gene transcriptome and genome-wide DNA methylation expression were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Secondly, functional analysis of differentially expressed and differentially methylated genes was performed, followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. Thirdly, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset and in vitro experiment was used to validate the expression of selected differentially expressed and differentially methylated genes. Finally, diagnosis and prognosis analysis of selected differentially expressed and differentially methylated genes was performed. Results Up to 1958 differentially expressed (1025 up-regulated and 993 down-regulated) genes and 858 differentially methylated (800 hypermethylated and 58 hypomethylated) genes were identified. Interestingly, some genes, such as GFRA2 and MDFI, were differentially expressed-methylated genes. Purine metabolism (involved IMPDH1), cell adhesion molecules and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway were significantly enriched signaling pathways. GFRA2, FOXQ1, CDH3, CLDN1, SCGN, BEST4, CXCL12, CA7, SHMT2, TRIP13, MDFI and IMPDH1 had a diagnostic value for CRC. In addition, BEST4, SHMT2 and TRIP13 were significantly associated with patients’ survival. Conclusions The identified altered genes may be involved in tumorigenesis of CRC. In addition, BEST4, SHMT2 and TRIP13 may be considered as diagnosis and prognostic biomarkers for CRC patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09185-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Wang
- The Second Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- The Second Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zesong Meng
- The Second Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Na Wang
- Institute of Tumor, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chaoxi Zhou
- The Second Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- The Second Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lianmei Zhao
- Scientific Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12, Jiankang Road, Chang'an District, Shijiazhuang, 050010, Hebei Province, China
| | - Guiying Wang
- The Second Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of General Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Baoen Shan
- Scientific Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12, Jiankang Road, Chang'an District, Shijiazhuang, 050010, Hebei Province, China.
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2
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Bertling E, Blaesse P, Seja P, Kremneva E, Gateva G, Virtanen MA, Summanen M, Spoljaric I, Uvarov P, Blaesse M, Paavilainen VO, Vutskits L, Kaila K, Hotulainen P, Ruusuvuori E. Carbonic anhydrase seven bundles filamentous actin and regulates dendritic spine morphology and density. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50145. [PMID: 33719157 PMCID: PMC8025036 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pH is a potent modulator of neuronal functions. By catalyzing (de)hydration of CO2 , intracellular carbonic anhydrase (CAi ) isoforms CA2 and CA7 contribute to neuronal pH buffering and dynamics. The presence of two highly active isoforms in neurons suggests that they may serve isozyme-specific functions unrelated to CO2 -(de)hydration. Here, we show that CA7, unlike CA2, binds to filamentous actin, and its overexpression induces formation of thick actin bundles and membrane protrusions in fibroblasts. In CA7-overexpressing neurons, CA7 is enriched in dendritic spines, which leads to aberrant spine morphology. We identified amino acids unique to CA7 that are required for direct actin interactions, promoting actin filament bundling and spine targeting. Disruption of CA7 expression in neocortical neurons leads to higher spine density due to increased proportion of small spines. Thus, our work demonstrates highly distinct subcellular expression patterns of CA7 and CA2, and a novel, structural role of CA7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enni Bertling
- Neuroscience CenterHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Minerva Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum Helsinki 2UHelsinkiFinland
| | - Peter Blaesse
- Institute of Physiology IWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterMünsterGermany
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesMolecular and Integrative Biosciences, and HiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Patricia Seja
- Neuroscience CenterHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesMolecular and Integrative Biosciences, and HiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | | | - Mari A Virtanen
- Neuroscience CenterHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesMolecular and Integrative Biosciences, and HiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Anesthesiology, PharmacologyIntensive Care and Emergency MedicineUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Milla Summanen
- Neuroscience CenterHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesMolecular and Integrative Biosciences, and HiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Inkeri Spoljaric
- Neuroscience CenterHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesMolecular and Integrative Biosciences, and HiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pavel Uvarov
- Neuroscience CenterHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesMolecular and Integrative Biosciences, and HiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | | | - Laszlo Vutskits
- Department of Anesthesiology, PharmacologyIntensive Care and Emergency MedicineUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Kai Kaila
- Neuroscience CenterHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesMolecular and Integrative Biosciences, and HiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pirta Hotulainen
- Neuroscience CenterHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Minerva Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum Helsinki 2UHelsinkiFinland
| | - Eva Ruusuvuori
- Neuroscience CenterHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesMolecular and Integrative Biosciences, and HiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Kumar S, Rulhania S, Jaswal S, Monga V. Recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 209:112923. [PMID: 33121862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) is an enzyme and a very omnipresent zinc metalloenzyme which catalyzed the reversible hydration and dehydration of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate; a reaction which plays a crucial role in many physiological and pathological processes. Carbonic anhydrase is present in human (h) with sixteen different isoforms ranging from hCA I-hCA XV. All these isoforms are widely distributed in different tissues/organs and are associated with a range of pivotal physiological activities. Due to their involvement in various physiological roles, inhibitors of different human isoforms of carbonic anhydrase have found clinical applications for the treatment of various diseases including glaucoma, retinopathy, hemolytic anemia, epilepsy, obesity, and cancer. However, clinically used inhibitors of CA (acetazolamide, brinzolamide, dorzolamide, etc.) are not selective causing the undesirable side effects. One of the major hurdles in the design and development of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors is the lack of balanced isoform selectivity which thrived to new chemotypes. In this review, we have compiled the recent strategies of various researchers related to the development of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors belonging to different structural classes like pyrimidine, pyrazoline, selenourea, isatin, indole, etc. This review also summarizes the structure-activity relationships, analysis of isoform selectivity including mechanistic and in silico studies to afford ideas and to provide focused direction for the design and development of novel isoform-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sandeep Rulhania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Shalini Jaswal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
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Insights into Potential Targets for Therapeutic Intervention in Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228573. [PMID: 33202963 PMCID: PMC7697405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease that affects approximately 65 million people worldwide. However, despite the continuous development of antiepileptic drugs, over 30% patients with epilepsy progress to drug-resistant epilepsy. For this reason, it is a high priority objective in preclinical research to find novel therapeutic targets and to develop effective drugs that prevent or reverse the molecular mechanisms underlying epilepsy progression. Among these potential therapeutic targets, we highlight currently available information involving signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and zinc signaling), enzymes (carbonic anhydrase), proteins (erythropoietin, copine 6 and complement system), channels (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 (TRPV1) channel) and receptors (galanin and melatonin receptors). All of them have demonstrated a certain degree of efficacy not only in controlling seizures but also in displaying neuroprotective activity and in modifying the progression of epilepsy. Although some research with these specific targets has been done in relation with epilepsy, they have not been fully explored as potential therapeutic targets that could help address the unsolved issue of drug-resistant epilepsy and develop new antiseizure therapies for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Sulfonamide Inhibition Studies of a New β-Carbonic Anhydrase from the Pathogenic Protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123946. [PMID: 30544802 PMCID: PMC6321117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly described β-carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) from the pathogenic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, EhiCA, was recently shown to possess a significant catalytic activity for the physiologic CO2 hydration reaction (kcat of 6.7 × 105 s−1 and a kcat/Km of 8.9 × 107 M−1 s−1). A panel of sulfonamides and one sulfamate, some of which are clinically used drugs, were investigated for their inhibitory properties against EhiCA. The best inhibitors detected in the study were 4-hydroxymethyl/ethyl-benzenesulfonamide (KIs of 36–89 nM), whereas some sulfanilyl-sulfonamides showed activities in the range of 285–331 nM. Acetazolamide, methazolamide, ethoxzolamide, and dichlorophenamide were less effective inhibitors (KIs of 509–845 nM) compared to other sulfonamides investigated here. As β-CAs are not present in vertebrates, the present study may be useful for detecting lead compounds for the design of more effective inhibitors with potential to develop anti-infectives with alternative mechanisms of action.
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Cloning, Characterization and Anion Inhibition Studies of a β-Carbonic Anhydrase from the Pathogenic Protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123112. [PMID: 30486513 PMCID: PMC6321543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the cloning and catalytic activity of a β-carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1), isolated from the pathogenic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, EhiCA. This enzyme has a high catalytic activity for the physiologic CO2 hydration reaction, with a kcat of 6.7 × 105 s−1 and a kcat/Km of 8.9 × 107 M−1 × s−1. An anion inhibition study of EhiCA with inorganic/organic anions and small molecules revealed that fluoride, chloride, cyanide, azide, pyrodiphosphate, perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate and sulfamic acid did not inhibit the enzyme activity, whereas pseudohalides (cyanate and thiocyanate), bicarbonate, nitrate, nitrite, diethyldithiocarbamate, and many complex inorganic anions showed inhibition in the millimolar range (KIs of 0.51–8.4 mM). The best EhiCA inhibitors were fluorosulfonate, sulfamide, phenylboronic acid and phenylarsonic acid (KIs in the range of 28–86 μM). Since β-CAs are not present in vertebrates, the present study may be useful for detecting lead compounds for the design of effective enzyme inhibitors, with potential to develop anti-infectives with alternative mechanisms of action.
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Protective Role of Carbonic Anhydrases III and VII in Cellular Defense Mechanisms upon Redox Unbalance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2018306. [PMID: 30154947 PMCID: PMC6098850 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2018306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Under oxidative stress conditions, several constitutive cellular defense systems are activated, which involve both enzymatic systems and molecules with antioxidant properties such as glutathione and vitamins. In addition, proteins containing reactive sulfhydryl groups may eventually undergo reversible redox modifications whose products act as protective shields able to avoid further permanent molecular oxidative damage either in stressful conditions or under pathological circumstances. After the recovery of normal redox conditions, the reduced state of protein sulfhydryl groups is restored. In this context, carbonic anhydrases (CAs) III and VII, which are human metalloenzymes catalyzing the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and proton, have been identified to play an antioxidant role in cells where oxidative damage occurs. Both proteins are mainly localized in tissues characterized by a high rate of oxygen consumption, and contain on their molecular surface two reactive cysteine residues eventually undergoing S-glutathionylation. Here, we will provide an overview on the molecular and functional features of these proteins highlighting their implications into molecular processes occurring during oxidative stress conditions.
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8
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Buonanno M, Di Fiore A, Langella E, D'Ambrosio K, Supuran CT, Monti SM, De Simone G. The Crystal Structure of a hCA VII Variant Provides Insights into the Molecular Determinants Responsible for Its Catalytic Behavior. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061571. [PMID: 29795045 PMCID: PMC6032174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although important progress has been achieved in understanding the catalytic mechanism of Carbonic Anhydrases, a detailed picture of all factors influencing the catalytic efficiency of the various human isoforms is still missing. In this paper we report a detailed structural study and theoretical pKa calculations on a hCA VII variant. The obtained data were compared with those already known for another thoroughly investigated cytosolic isoform, hCA II. Our structural studies show that in hCA VII the network of ordered water molecules, which connects the zinc bound solvent molecule to the proton shuttle His64, is altered compared to hCA II, causing a reduction of the catalytic efficiency. Theoretical calculations suggest that changes in solvent network are related to the difference in pKa of the proton shuttle in the two enzymes. The residue that plays a major role in determining the diverse pKa values of the proton shuttle is the one in position four, namely His for hCA II and Gly for hCA VII. This residue is located on the protein surface, outside of the active site cavity. These findings are in agreement with our previous studies that highlighted the importance of histidines on the protein surface of hCA II (among which His4) as crucial residues for the high catalytic efficiency of this isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Buonanno
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Anna Di Fiore
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Emma Langella
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Katia D'Ambrosio
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Florence, Italy.
| | - Simona Maria Monti
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina De Simone
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy.
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Monti DM, De Simone G, Langella E, Supuran CT, Di Fiore A, Monti SM. Insights into the role of reactive sulfhydryl groups of Carbonic Anhydrase III and VII during oxidative damage. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 32:5-12. [PMID: 27766895 PMCID: PMC6010095 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1225046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) III and VII are two cytosolic isoforms of the α-CA family which catalyze the physiological reaction of carbon dioxide hydration to bicarbonate and proton. Despite these two enzymes share a 49% sequence identity and present a very similar three-dimensional structure, they show profound differences when comparing the specific activity for CO2 hydration reaction, with CA VII being much more active than CA III. Recently, CA III and CA VII have been proposed to play a new role as scavenger enzymes in cells where oxidative damage occurs. Here, we will examine functional and structural features of these two isoforms giving insights into their newly proposed protective role against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria M Monti
- a Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | | | - Emma Langella
- b Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR , Naples , Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- c Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Florence , Italy
| | - Anna Di Fiore
- b Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR , Naples , Italy
| | - Simona M Monti
- b Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR , Naples , Italy
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Viikilä P, Kivelä AJ, Mustonen H, Koskensalo S, Waheed A, Sly WS, Pastorek J, Pastorekova S, Parkkila S, Haglund C. Carbonic anhydrase enzymes II, VII, IX and XII in colorectal carcinomas. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8168-8177. [PMID: 27688658 PMCID: PMC5037085 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i36.8168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate expression of four alpha-carbonic anhydrases (CAs) in colorectal carcinomas (CRC) and compare the results with patients’ survival.
METHODS Colorectal carcinoma samples from 539 CRC patients and control tissues were arranged as tissue microarrays and analyzed with antibodies against CA II, CA VII, CA IX, and CA XII. Intensity and extent of staining were both scored from 0 to 3 in each sample. These enzyme expression levels were then correlated to patients’ survival and clinicopathological parameters, which were tumor differentiation grade and stage, site of tumor, patients’ age, and gender. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression hazard ratio model were used to analyze survival data.
RESULTS CA II and CA XII staining intensities correlated with patients’ survival in that higher expression indicated poorer prognosis. In Cox regression analysis one unit increase in the CA II intensity increased the hazard ratio to 1.19 fold (CI: 1.04-1.37, P = 0.009). A significant correlation was also found when comparing CA XII staining intensity with survival of CRC patients (HR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.01-1.38, P = 0.036). The extent of CA XII immunostaining did not correlate to the patients’ survival (P = 0.242, Kaplan-Meier analysis). A significant interaction between age group and extent of the CA II staining was found. Increased extent of CA II had a significant hazard ratio among patients 65 years and older (1.42, 95%CI: 1.16-1.73, P = 0.0006). No correlations were found between CA VII (intensity P = 0.566, extent P = 0.495, Kaplan-Meier analysis), or CA IX (intensity P = 0.879, extent P = 0.315, Kaplan-Meier analysis) immunostaining results and survival, or the other parameters.
CONCLUSION The present findings indicate that CA II and CA XII could be useful in predicting survival in CRC.
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Yang GZ, Hu L, Cai J, Chen HY, Zhang Y, Feng D, Qi CY, Zhai YX, Gong H, Fu H, Cai QP, Gao CF. Prognostic value of carbonic anhydrase VII expression in colorectal carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:209. [PMID: 25885898 PMCID: PMC4406128 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human cancers. Carbonic anhydrase VII (CA7), a member of the CA gene family, was recently demonstrated to be expressed in several human tissues including colon. Nevertheless, the expression and clinical relevance of CA7 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) has not been investigated. METHODS Real-time PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to determine CA7 expression in CRC clinical samples. The correlation of CA7 expression with clinicopathologic features was assessed in 228 patients from Luoyang, China (training cohort) and validated in 151 patients from Shanghai, China (validation cohort). Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional regression analyses were used to estimate the association between CA7 expression and patients' survival. RESULTS CA7 expression was frequently downregulated in CRC tissues at both the mRNA and protein levels. Reduced expression of CA7 was significantly correlated with poor differentiation, positive lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stage and unfavorable clinical outcome not only in the training cohort but also in the validation set. Survival analysis indicated that patients with lower CA7 expression had a significantly shorter disease-specific survival (DSS) than those with higher CA7 expression. Importantly, further stage-based analyses revealed that decreased CA7 expression significantly predicted poor DSS and was an independent adverse prognostic indicator for patients with early stage tumors in both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that decreased expression of CA7 correlates with disease progression and predicts poor prognosis in CRC, especially for patients with early stage tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhen Yang
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Liang Hu
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Jian Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Hai-Yang Chen
- Department of Oncology, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chen-Ye Qi
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Yan-Xia Zhai
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Hui Gong
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Hao Fu
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Qing-Ping Cai
- Department of Gastrointestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chun-Fang Gao
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
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Probing the surface of human carbonic anhydrase for clues towards the design of isoform specific inhibitors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:453543. [PMID: 25811028 PMCID: PMC4355338 DOI: 10.1155/2015/453543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The alpha carbonic anhydrases (α-CAs) are a group of structurally related zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2 to HCO3−. Humans have 15 different α-CAs with numerous physiological roles and expression patterns. Of these, 12 are catalytically active, and abnormal expression and activities are linked with various diseases, including glaucoma and cancer. Hence there is a need for CA isoform specific inhibitors to avoid off-target CA inhibition, but due to the high amino acid conservation of the active site and surrounding regions between each enzyme, this has proven difficult. However, residues towards the exit of the active site are variable and can be exploited to design isoform selective inhibitors. Here we discuss and characterize this region of “selective drug targetability” and how these observations can be utilized to develop isoform selective CA inhibitors.
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Pilipuitytė V, Matulis D. Intrinsic thermodynamics of trifluoromethanesulfonamide and ethoxzolamide binding to human carbonic anhydrase VII. J Mol Recognit 2015; 28:166-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Pilipuitytė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology; Vilnius University; Graičiūno 8 Vilnius LT-02241 Lithuania
| | - Daumantas Matulis
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology; Vilnius University; Graičiūno 8 Vilnius LT-02241 Lithuania
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Saada MC, Vullo D, Montero JL, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, Winum JY. Mono- and di-halogenated histamine, histidine and carnosine derivatives are potent carbonic anhydrase I, II, VII, XII and XIV activators. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4752-8. [PMID: 25082511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mono- and di-halogenated histamines, l-histidine methyl ester derivatives and carnosine derivatives incorporating chlorine, bromine and iodine were prepared and investigated as activators of five carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms, the cytosolic hCA I, II and VII, and the transmembrane hCA XII and XIV. All of them were activated in a diverse manner by the investigated compounds, with a distinct activation profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Chiheb Saada
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)), UMR 5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2 Bâtiment de Recherche Max Mousseron, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Chimica, Lab. Chimica Bioinorganica, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Jean-Louis Montero
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)), UMR 5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2 Bâtiment de Recherche Max Mousseron, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Andrea Scozzafava
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Chimica, Lab. Chimica Bioinorganica, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Chimica, Lab. Chimica Bioinorganica, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA Dept., Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)), UMR 5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2 Bâtiment de Recherche Max Mousseron, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex, France.
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15
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Del Giudice R, Monti DM, Truppo E, Arciello A, Supuran CT, De Simone G, Monti SM. Human carbonic anhydrase VII protects cells from oxidative damage. Biol Chem 2014; 394:1343-8. [PMID: 23851572 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) VII is a cytosolic enzyme with high carbon dioxide hydration activity. Recently, S-glutathionylation of two cysteine residues from the enzyme was revealed, suggesting a new role as oxygen radical scavenger. We analyzed the effect of native and tetramutated hCA VII (all cysteines mutated into serines) in a eukaryotic system by stressing cells with an oxidant agent. Results clearly show that native hCA VII can protect cells from oxidative damage by preventing the apoptosis cascade and that cysteines play a leading role in this process. Our findings definitively confirm hCA VII protective role toward oxidative insult.
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Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. These enzymes are of ancient origin as they are found in the deepest of branches of the evolutionary tree. Of the five different classes of carbonic anhydrases, the alpha class has perhaps received the most attention because of its role in human pathology. This review focuses on the physiological function of this class of carbonic anhydrases organized by their cellular location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,
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De Luca L, Ferro S, Damiano FM, Supuran CT, Vullo D, Chimirri A, Gitto R. Structure-based screening for the discovery of new carbonic anhydrase VII inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 71:105-11. [PMID: 24287559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Among the different mammalian isoforms of Carbonic Anhydrase, the hCA VII is mainly expressed in the brain where it is involved in several neurological diseases. Thereby hCA VII has been validated as an attractive target for the discovery of selective inhibitors for the treatment of epilepsy and neurological pain. To identify new chemical entities as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) targeting hCA VII, we used a structure-based approach. By means of LigandScout software we built pharmacophore models from crystal structures of two well-known CAIs in complex with hCA VII. A merged pharmacophore hypothesis has been obtained. Subsequently, a focused library of compounds was screened against pharmacophore model and the most interesting hits were docked into the crystal structure of hCA VII. As a result, we identified new compounds displaying significant CA inhibitory effects in the nanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Stefania Ferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca M Damiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Alba Chimirri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
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18
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Neuronal carbonic anhydrase VII provides GABAergic excitatory drive to exacerbate febrile seizures. EMBO J 2013; 32:2275-86. [PMID: 23881097 PMCID: PMC3746197 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are known to modulate neuronal signalling. Using a novel CA VII (Car7) knockout (KO) mouse as well as a CA II (Car2) KO and a CA II/VII double KO, we show that mature hippocampal pyramidal neurons are endowed with two cytosolic isoforms. CA VII is predominantly expressed by neurons starting around postnatal day 10 (P10). The ubiquitous isoform II is expressed in neurons at P20. Both isoforms enhance bicarbonate-driven GABAergic excitation during intense GABAA-receptor activation. P13-14 CA VII KO mice show behavioural manifestations atypical of experimental febrile seizures (eFS) and a complete absence of electrographic seizures. A low dose of diazepam promotes eFS in P13-P14 rat pups, whereas seizures are blocked at higher concentrations that suppress breathing. Thus, the respiratory alkalosis-dependent eFS are exacerbated by GABAergic excitation. We found that CA VII mRNA is expressed in the human cerebral cortex before the age when febrile seizures (FS) occur in children. Our data indicate that CA VII is a key molecule in age-dependent neuronal pH regulation with consequent effects on generation of FS.
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Kivelä AJ, Knuuttila A, Räsänen J, Sihvo E, Salmenkivi K, Saarnio J, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J, Waheed A, Sly WS, Salo JA, Parkkila S. Carbonic anhydrase IX in malignant pleural mesotheliomas: A potential target for anti-cancer therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1483-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Imtaiyaz Hassan M, Shajee B, Waheed A, Ahmad F, Sly WS. Structure, function and applications of carbonic anhydrase isozymes. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 21:1570-82. [PMID: 22607884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The carbonic anhydrases enzymes (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are zinc containing metalloproteins, which efficiently catalyse the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and release proton. These enzymes are essentially important for biological system and play several important physiological and patho-physiological functions. There are 16 different alpha-carbonic anhydrase isoforms studied, differing widely in their cellular localization and biophysical properties. The catalytic domains of all CAs possess a conserved tertiary structure fold, with predominately β-strands. We performed an extensive analysis of all 16 mammalian CAs for its structure and function in order to establish a structure-function relationship. CAs have been a potential therapeutic target for many diseases. Sulfonamides are considered as a strong and specific inhibitor of CA, and are being used as diuretics, anti-glaucoma, anti-epileptic, anti-ulcer agents. Currently CA inhibitors are widely used as a drug for the treatment of neurological disorders, anti-glaucoma drugs, anti-cancer, or anti-obesity agents. Here we tried to emphasize how CAs can be used for drug discovery, design and screening. Furthermore, we discussed the role of CA in carbon capture, carbon sensor and metabolon. We hope this review provide many useful information on structure, function, mechanism, and applications of CAs in various discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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21
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Truppo E, Supuran CT, Sandomenico A, Vullo D, Innocenti A, Di Fiore A, Alterio V, De Simone G, Monti SM. Carbonic anhydrase VII is S-glutathionylated without loss of catalytic activity and affinity for sulfonamide inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1560-4. [PMID: 22277279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) VII is a cytosolic enzyme with high carbon dioxide hydration activity. Here we report an unexpected S-glutathionylation of hCA VII which has also been observed earlier in vivo for hCA III, another cytosolic isoform. Cys183 and Cys217 were found to be the residues involved in reaction with glutathione for hCA VII. The two reactive cysteines were then mutated and the corresponding variant (C183S/C217S) expressed. The native enzyme, the variant and the S-glutathionylated adduct (sgCA VII) as well as hCA III were fully characterized for their CO(2) hydration, esterase/phosphatase activities, and inhibition with sulfonamides. Our findings suggest that hCA VII could use the in vivo S-glutathionylation to function as an oxygen radical scavenger for protecting cells from oxidative damage, as the activity and affinity for inhibitors of the modified enzyme are similar to those of the wild type.
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22
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Bootorabi F, Jänis J, Hytönen VP, Valjakka J, Kuuslahti M, Vullo D, Niemelä O, Supuran CT, Parkkila S. Acetaldehyde-derived modifications on cytosolic human carbonic anhydrases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 26:862-70. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.588227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bootorabi
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Janne Jänis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jarkko Valjakka
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marianne Kuuslahti
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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23
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Pertovaara M, Bootorabi F, Kuuslahti M, Pasternack A, Parkkila S. Novel carbonic anhydrase autoantibodies and renal manifestations in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50:1453-7. [PMID: 21427176 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anti-carbonic anhydrase II (anti-CA II) antibodies have been related to renal manifestations of primary SS (pSS), and animal studies have even suggested a pathogenic role for them. However, not all pSS patients with renal tubular acidosis (RTA) present with anti-CA II antibodies. Recently, several novel CA isoenzymes have been recognized and we aimed to investigate whether antibodies to these are associated with renal manifestations of pSS. METHODS We examined anti-CA II antibodies as well as anti-CA I, VI, VII and XIII antibodies by ELISA tests in 74 pSS patients on whom detailed nephrological examinations had been performed and, as controls, in 56 subjects with sicca symptoms, but no pSS. RESULTS The levels of anti-CA I, II, VI and VII antibodies were significantly higher in patients with pSS compared with subjects with sicca symptoms but no pSS. None of the anti-CA antibodies was associated with the presence of complete or incomplete RTA or proteinuria or urinary α₁m excretion in patients with pSS. However, levels of anti-CA II, VI and XIII antibodies correlated significantly with urinary pH, and inversely with serum sodium concentrations. The degree of 24-h urinary protein excretion correlated weakly with levels of anti-CA VII antibodies. CONCLUSION Not only antibodies to CA II, but also anti-CA VI and XIII antibodies seem to be associated with renal acidification capacity in patients with pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Pertovaara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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