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Demeyer A, Fonteneau L, Liennard M, Foyer C, Weigel P, Laurent A, Lebreton J, Fleury F, Mathé-Allainmat M. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of DIDS Analogues as Efficient Inhibitors of RAD51 Involved in Homologous Recombination. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 87:129261. [PMID: 36990245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
RAD51 is a pivotal protein of the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway, and is overexpressed in some cancer cells, disrupting then the efficiency of cancer-treatments. The development of RAD51 inhibitors appears as a promising solution to restore these cancer cells sensitization to radio- or chemotherapy. From a small molecule identified as a modulator of RAD51, the 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), two series of analogues with small or bulky substituents on the aromatic parts of the stilbene moiety were prepared for a structure-activity relationship study. Three compounds, the cyano analogue (12), and benzamide (23) or phenylcarbamate (29) analogues of DIDS were characterized as novel potent RAD51 inhibitors with HR inhibition in the micromolar range.
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2
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Inhibiting homologous recombination by targeting RAD51 protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188597. [PMID: 34332021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is involved in repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), the most harmful for the cell. Regulating HR is essential for maintaining genomic stability. In many forms of cancer, overactivation of HR increases tumor resistance to DNA-damaging treatments. RAD51, HR's core protein, is very often over-expressed in these cancers and plays a critical role in cancer cell development and survival. Targeting RAD51 directly to reduce its activity and its expression is therefore one strategy to sensitize and overcome resistance cancer cells to existing DNA-damaging therapies which remains the limiting factor for the success of targeted therapy. This review describes the structure and biological roles of RAD51, summarizes the different targeted sites of RAD51 and its inhibitory compounds discovered and described in the last decade.
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Myers S, Ortega JA, Cavalli A. Synthetic Lethality through the Lens of Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14151-14183. [PMID: 33135887 PMCID: PMC8015234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine and therapies represent the goal of modern medicine, as drug discovery strives to move away from one-cure-for-all and makes use of the various targets and biomarkers within differing disease areas. This approach, especially in oncology, is often undermined when the cells make use of alternative survival pathways. As such, acquired resistance is unfortunately common. In order to combat this phenomenon, synthetic lethality is being investigated, making use of existing genetic fragilities within the cancer cell. This Perspective highlights exciting targets within synthetic lethality, (PARP, ATR, ATM, DNA-PKcs, WEE1, CDK12, RAD51, RAD52, and PD-1) and discusses the medicinal chemistry programs being used to interrogate them, the challenges these programs face, and what the future holds for this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel
H. Myers
- Computational
& Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Jose Antonio Ortega
- Computational
& Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Computational
& Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University
of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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4
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Lee JO, Kang MJ, Byun WS, Kim SA, Seo IH, Han JA, Moon JW, Kim JH, Kim SJ, Lee EJ, In Park S, Park SH, Kim HS. Metformin overcomes resistance to cisplatin in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells by targeting RAD51. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:115. [PMID: 31640742 PMCID: PMC6805313 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy is a standard therapeutic regimen to treat triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC); however, chemotherapy alone does not result in significant improvement and often leads to drug resistance in patients. In contrast, combination therapy has proven to be an effective strategy for TNBC treatment. Whether metformin enhances the anticancer effects of cisplatin and prevents cisplatin resistance in TNBC cells has not been reported. METHODS Cell viability, wounding healing, and invasion assays were performed on Hs 578T and MDA-MB-231 human TNBC cell lines to demonstrate the anticancer effects of combined cisplatin and metformin treatment compared to treatment with cisplatin alone. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to determine the expression of RAD51 and gamma-H2AX. In an in vivo 4T1 murine breast cancer model, a synergistic anticancer effect of metformin and cisplatin was observed. RESULTS Cisplatin combined with metformin decreased cell viability and metastatic effect more than cisplatin alone. Metformin suppressed cisplatin-mediated RAD51 upregulation by decreasing RAD51 protein stability and increasing its ubiquitination. In contrast, cisplatin increased RAD51 expression in an ERK-dependent manner. In addition, metformin also increased cisplatin-induced phosphorylation of γ-H2AX. Overexpression of RAD51 blocked the metformin-induced inhibition of cell migration and invasion, while RAD51 knockdown enhanced cisplatin activity. Moreover, the combination of metformin and cisplatin exhibited a synergistic anticancer effect in an orthotopic murine model of 4T1 breast cancer in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Metformin enhances anticancer effect of cisplatin by downregulating RAD51 expression, which represents a novel therapeutic target in TNBC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ok Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Seok Byun
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Ae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Hyeok Seo
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Han
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Wook Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Serk In Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sun Hwa Park
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Velic D, Charlier C, Popova M, Jaunet-Lahary T, Bouchouireb Z, Henry S, Weigel P, Masson JY, Laurent A, Nabiev I, Fleury F. Interactions of the Rad51 inhibitor DIDS with human and bovine serum albumins: Optical spectroscopy and isothermal calorimetry approaches. Biochimie 2019; 167:187-197. [PMID: 31562898 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rad51 is a key protein in DNA repair by homologous recombination and an important target for development of drugs in cancer therapy. 4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) has been used in clinic during the past 30 years as an inhibitor of anion transporters and channels. Recently DIDS has been demonstrated to affect Rad51-mediated homologous pairing and strand exchange, key processes in homologous recombination. Consequently, DIDS has been considered as a potential revertant of radio- and chemo-resistance of cancer cells, the major causes of therapy failure. Here, we have investigated the behavior of DIDS towards serum albumins. The effects of environmental factors, primarily, solvent polarity, on DIDS stability were evaluated, and the mechanisms of interaction of DIDS with human or bovine serum albumin were analyzed using isothermal calorimetry, circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopies. DIDS interaction with both serum albumins have been demonstrated, and the interaction characteristics have been determined. By comparing these characteristics for several DIDS derivatives, we have identified the DIDS moiety essential for the interaction. Furthermore, site competition data indicate that human albumin has two DIDS-binding sites: a high-affinity site in the IIIA subdomain and a low-affinity one in the IB subdomain. Molecular docking has revealed the key molecular moieties of DIDS responsible for its interactions in each site and shown that the IB site can bind two ligands. These findings show that binding of DIDS to serum albumin may change the balance between the free and bound DIDS forms, thereby affecting its bioavailability and efficacy against Rad51.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Velic
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair and IMPACT Platform, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286, University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France; Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, Laboratoire de Stabilité du Génome, 9, rue McMahon, G1R 3S3, Québec, Canada
| | - Cathy Charlier
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair and IMPACT Platform, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286, University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Milena Popova
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair and IMPACT Platform, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286, University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Titouan Jaunet-Lahary
- Laboratoire CEISAM - UMR CNR 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Zakaria Bouchouireb
- Laboratoire CEISAM - UMR CNR 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Sébastien Henry
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair and IMPACT Platform, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286, University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Weigel
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair and IMPACT Platform, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286, University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, Laboratoire de Stabilité du Génome, 9, rue McMahon, G1R 3S3, Québec, Canada
| | - Adèle Laurent
- Laboratoire CEISAM - UMR CNR 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Igor Nabiev
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences EA4682-LRB, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100, Reims, France; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115522, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119992, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Fabrice Fleury
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair and IMPACT Platform, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286, University of Nantes, 44322, Nantes, France.
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6
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Chabot T, Defontaine A, Marquis D, Renodon-Corniere A, Courtois E, Fleury F, Cheraud Y. New Phosphorylation Sites of Rad51 by c-Met Modulates Presynaptic Filament Stability. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030413. [PMID: 30909596 PMCID: PMC6468871 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability through deregulation of DNA repair pathways can initiate cancer and subsequently result in resistance to chemo and radiotherapy. Understanding these biological mechanisms is therefore essential to overcome cancer. RAD51 is the central protein of the Homologous Recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway, which leads to faithful DNA repair of DSBs. The recombinase activity of RAD51 requires nucleofilament formation and is regulated by post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation. In the last decade, studies have suggested the existence of a relationship between receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and Homologous Recombination DNA repair. Among these RTK the c-MET receptor is often overexpressed or constitutively activated in many cancer types and its inhibition induces the decrease of HR. In this study, we show for the first time that c-MET is able to phosphorylate the RAD51 protein. We demonstrate in vitro that c-MET phosphorylates four tyrosine residues localized mainly in the subunit-subunit interface of RAD51. Whereas these post-translational modifications do not affect the presynaptic filament formation, they strengthen its stability against the inhibitor effect of the BRC peptide obtained from BRCA2. Taken together, these results confirm the role of these modifications in the regulation of the BRCA2-RAD51 interaction and underline the importance of c-MET in DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Chabot
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286/University of Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France.
| | - Alain Defontaine
- Group of Molecular Engineering and Glycobiology, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286/University of Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France.
| | - Damien Marquis
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286/University of Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France.
| | | | - Emmanuelle Courtois
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286/University of Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France.
| | - Fabrice Fleury
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286/University of Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France.
| | - Yvonnick Cheraud
- Group of Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair, UFIP UMR CNRS 6286/University of Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France.
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7
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Chen Q, Cai D, Li M, Wu X. The homologous recombination protein RAD51 is a promising therapeutic target for cervical carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627709 PMCID: PMC5561999 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
RAD51 is one of the pivotal enzymes for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by the homologous recombination (HR) pathway, which implies it as a promising and novel target for cancer therapy. Recent findings have indicated RAD51 protein is overexpressed in a variety of tumors. The high-expression of RAD51 is related to poor prognosis. RAD51 is involved in the repair of DNA damage and the generation of genetic diversity by an evolutionarily conserved mechanism. However, the exact mechanism of Rad51 in the progression of cervical cancer remains unclear. RI-1 is a small molecule that inhibits the central recombination protein RAD51. In this study, we found that RAD51 was highly expressed in invasive squamous cervical cancer (SCC). The administration of RI-1 inhibited cell growth in vitro and reduced growth of tumor xenografts in vivo with cervical cancer cells (HeLa and SiHa). Further investigation suggested that RAD51 protein significantly promoted the cell cycle transition from the G0/G1 to S phase. In addition, the inhibition of RAD51 reduced the level of the cell cycle related protein cyclin D1, but increased the levels of p21 mRNA and protein. As a DNA DSB repair enzyme, the expression of RAD51 in tumor cells possibly affects their sensitivity to anti-cancer agents. Additionally, in experiments using cisplatin and ionizing radiation, RI-1 treated cervical cancer cells, HeLa and SiHa, were sensitized to a greater extent than the untreated control. Thus, HR inhibition of RAD51 may provide yet another mechanism of therapeutic target for the chemosensitization and radiosensitization of cervical cancer with RI-1. Collectively, our data demonstrated for the first time that inhibition of RAD51 suppressed the cervical cancer cell proliferation and the growth of cervical cancer xenografts by attenuating cell cycle transition, which could be a functional link between RAD51 and cyclin D1 and p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Dongge Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Mu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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8
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Thierry S, Benleulmi MS, Sinzelle L, Thierry E, Calmels C, Chaignepain S, Waffo-Teguo P, Merillon JM, Budke B, Pasquet JM, Litvak S, Ciuffi A, Sung P, Connell P, Hauber I, Hauber J, Andreola ML, Delelis O, Parissi V. Dual and Opposite Effects of hRAD51 Chemical Modulation on HIV-1 Integration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:712-23. [PMID: 26051216 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cellular DNA repair hRAD51 protein has been shown to restrict HIV-1 integration both in vitro and in vivo. To investigate its regulatory functions, we performed a pharmacological analysis of the retroviral integration modulation by hRAD51. We found that, in vitro, chemical activation of hRAD51 stimulates its integration inhibitory properties, whereas inhibition of hRAD51 decreases the integration restriction, indicating that the modulation of HIV-1 integration depends on the hRAD51 recombinase activity. Cellular analyses demonstrated that cells exhibiting high hRAD51 levels prior to de novo infection are more resistant to integration. On the other hand, when hRAD51 was activated during integration, cells were more permissive. Altogether, these data establish the functional link between hRAD51 activity and HIV-1 integration. Our results highlight the multiple and opposite effects of the recombinase during integration and provide new insights into the cellular regulation of HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ludivine Sinzelle
- MFP, UMR5234, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, SFR Transbiomed, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Christina Calmels
- MFP, UMR5234, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, SFR Transbiomed, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Pierre Waffo-Teguo
- GESVAB, EA 3675 - UFR Pharmacie, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Michel Merillon
- GESVAB, EA 3675 - UFR Pharmacie, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Brian Budke
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jean-Max Pasquet
- Laboratoire Biothérapies des Maladies Génétiques et Cancers, INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Simon Litvak
- MFP, UMR5234, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, SFR Transbiomed, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Angela Ciuffi
- Institute of Microbiology (IMUL), Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06320-8024, USA
| | - Philip Connell
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ilona Hauber
- HPI, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- HPI, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Line Andreola
- MFP, UMR5234, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, SFR Transbiomed, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Vincent Parissi
- MFP, UMR5234, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, SFR Transbiomed, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
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9
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Ward A, Khanna KK, Wiegmans AP. Targeting homologous recombination, new pre-clinical and clinical therapeutic combinations inhibiting RAD51. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 41:35-45. [PMID: 25467108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is essential for maintaining genomic stability and cell survival. However, when tumour cells with deficiencies in HR are faced with radio- and chemotherapies they are forced to rely on error-prone, alternative repair pathways or aberrant HR for survival; threatening genome integrity and driving further mutation. Accurate therapeutic targeting of the key drivers of DNA repair can circumvent survival pathways and avoid aggressive therapy resistant mutants. Several studies have identified that stabilization of the cancer genome in HR deficient cells can be achieved by overexpression of the recombinase RAD51. Radio- and chemotherapeutic resistance is associated with overactive HR repair mechanisms. However no clinical trials have directly targeted RAD51, despite RAD51 displaying synergy in several drug screens against multiple cancer types. Currently synthetic lethality targeting the DDR pathways and HR deficiency has had clinical success with BRCA1 functional loss and PARP inhibition. In this review we suggest that clinical outcomes could be improved by additionally targeting RAD51. We examine the latest developments in directly and indirectly targeting RAD51. We scrutinize the potential treatment efficacy and future clinical applications of RAD51 inhibitors as single agents and in combination with other therapies and consider the best therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambber Ward
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Adrian P Wiegmans
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
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10
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Normand A, Rivière E, Renodon-Cornière A. Identification and characterization of human Rad51 inhibitors by screening of an existing drug library. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:293-300. [PMID: 25124703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Homologous Recombination (HR) plays an essential role in cellular proliferation and in maintaining genomic stability by repairing DNA double-stranded breaks that appear during replication. Rad51, a key protein of HR in eukaryotes, can have an elevated expression level in tumor cells, which correlates with their resistance to anticancer therapies. Therefore, targeted inhibition of Rad51 through inhibitor may improve the tumor response to these therapies. In order to identify small molecules that inhibit Rad51 activity, we screened the Prestwick Library (1120 molecules) for their effect on the strand exchange reaction catalyzed by Rad51. We found that Chicago Sky Blue (CSB) is a potent inhibitor of Rad51, showing IC₅₀ values in the low nanomolar range (400 nM). Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the inhibitory mechanism probably occurs by disrupting the Rad51 association with the single-stranded DNA, which prevents the nucleoprotein filament formation, the first step of the protein activity. Structure Activity Relationship analysis with a number of compounds that shared structure homology with CSB was also performed. The sensitivity of Rad51 inhibition to CSB modifications suggests specific interactions between the molecule and Rad51 nucleofilament. CSB and some of its analogs open up new perspectives in the search for agents capable of potentiating chemo- and radio-therapy treatments for cancer. Moreover, these compounds may be excellent tools to analyze Rad51 cellular functions. Our study also highlights how CSB and its analogs, which are frequently used in colorants, stains and markers, could be responsible of unwanted side effects by perturbing the DNA repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Normand
- Research Unit UFIP UMR 6286, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique & University of Nantes, F-44322 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Emmanuelle Rivière
- Research Unit UFIP UMR 6286, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique & University of Nantes, F-44322 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Axelle Renodon-Cornière
- Research Unit UFIP UMR 6286, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique & University of Nantes, F-44322 Nantes cedex 3, France.
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11
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Carvalho JFS, Kanaar R. Targeting homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:427-58. [PMID: 24491188 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.882900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA is the target of many traditional non-specific chemotherapeutic drugs. New drugs or therapeutic approaches with a more rational and targeted component are mandatory to improve the success of cancer therapy. The homologous recombination (HR) pathway is an attractive target for the development of inhibitors because cancer cells rely heavily on HR for repair of DNA double-strand breaks resulting from chemotherapeutic treatments. Additionally, the discovery that poly(ADP)ribose polymerase-1 inhibitors selectively kill cells with genetic defects in HR has spurned an even greater interest in inhibitors of HR. AREAS COVERED HR drives the repair of broken DNA via numerous protein-mediated sequential DNA manipulations. Due to extensive number of steps and proteins involved, the HR pathway provides a rich pool of potential drug targets. This review discusses the latest developments concerning the strategies being explored to inhibit HR. Particular attention is given to the identification of small molecule inhibitors of key HR proteins, including the BRCA proteins and RAD51. EXPERT OPINION Current HR inhibitors are providing the basis for pharmaceutical development of more potent and specific inhibitors to be applied in mono- or combinatorial therapy regimes, while novel targets will be uncovered by experiments aimed to gain a deeper mechanistic understanding of HR and its subpathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- João F S Carvalho
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Genomics Netherlands , PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam , The Netherlands
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12
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Subramanyam S, Jones WT, Spies M, Spies MA. Contributions of the RAD51 N-terminal domain to BRCA2-RAD51 interaction. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:9020-32. [PMID: 23935068 PMCID: PMC3799448 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RAD51 DNA strand exchange protein catalyzes the central step in homologous recombination, a cellular process fundamentally important for accurate repair of damaged chromosomes, preservation of the genetic integrity, restart of collapsed replication forks and telomere maintenance. BRCA2 protein, a product of the breast cancer susceptibility gene, is a key recombination mediator that interacts with RAD51 and facilitates RAD51 nucleoprotein filament formation on single-stranded DNA generated at the sites of DNA damage. An accurate atomistic level description of this interaction, however, is limited to a partial crystal structure of the RAD51 core fused to BRC4 peptide. Here, by integrating homology modeling and molecular dynamics, we generated a structure of the full-length RAD51 in complex with BRC4 peptide. Our model predicted previously unknown hydrogen bonding patterns involving the N-terminal domain (NTD) of RAD51. These interactions guide positioning of the BRC4 peptide within a cavity between the core and the NTDs; the peptide binding separates the two domains and restricts internal dynamics of RAD51 protomers. The model’s depiction of the RAD51-BRC4 complex was validated by free energy calculations and in vitro functional analysis of rationally designed mutants. All generated mutants, RAD51E42A, RAD51E59A, RAD51E237A, RAD51E59A/E237A and RAD51E42A/E59A/E237A maintained basic biochemical activities of the wild-type RAD51, but displayed reduced affinities for the BRC4 peptide. Strong correlation between the calculated and experimental binding energies confirmed the predicted structure of the RAD51-BRC4 complex and highlighted the importance of RAD51 NTD in RAD51-BRCA2 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamal Subramanyam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA and Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Budke B, Logan HL, Kalin JH, Zelivianskaia AS, Cameron McGuire W, Miller LL, Stark JM, Kozikowski AP, Bishop DK, Connell PP. RI-1: a chemical inhibitor of RAD51 that disrupts homologous recombination in human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:7347-57. [PMID: 22573178 PMCID: PMC3424541 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination serves multiple roles in DNA repair that are essential for maintaining genomic stability. We here describe RI-1, a small molecule that inhibits the central recombination protein RAD51. RI-1 specifically reduces gene conversion in human cells while stimulating single strand annealing. RI-1 binds covalently to the surface of RAD51 protein at cysteine 319 that likely destabilizes an interface used by RAD51 monomers to oligomerize into filaments on DNA. Correspondingly, the molecule inhibits the formation of subnuclear RAD51 foci in cells following DNA damage, while leaving replication protein A focus formation unaffected. Finally, it potentiates the lethal effects of a DNA cross-linking drug in human cells. Given that this inhibitory activity is seen in multiple human tumor cell lines, RI-1 holds promise as an oncologic drug. Furthermore, RI-1 represents a unique tool to dissect the network of reaction pathways that contribute to DNA repair in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Budke
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Targeting RAD51 phosphotyrosine-315 to prevent unfaithful recombination repair in BCR-ABL1 leukemia. Blood 2011; 118:1062-8. [PMID: 21653319 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-307256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia chronic phase (CML-CP) CD34(+) cells contain numerous DNA double-strand breaks whose unfaithful repair may contribute to chromosomal instability and disease progression to blast phase (CML-BP). These phenomena are often associated with the appearance of imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL1 kinase mutants (eg, T315I) and overexpression of BCR-ABL1. Here we show that BCR-ABL1 (nonmutated and T315I mutant) promoted RAD51 recombinase-mediated unfaithful homeologous recombination repair (HomeoRR) in a dosage-dependent manner. BCR-ABL1 SH3 domain interacts with RAD51 proline-rich regions, resulting in direct phosphorylation of RAD51 on Y315 (pY315). RAD51(pY315) facilitates dissociation from the complex with BCR-ABL1 kinase, migrates to the nucleus, and enhances formation of the nuclear foci indicative of recombination sites. HomeoRR and RAD51 nuclear foci were strongly reduced by RAD51(Y315F) phosphorylation-less mutant. In addition, peptide aptamer mimicking RAD51(pY315) fragment, but not that with Y315F phosphorylation-less substitution, diminished RAD51 foci formation and inhibited HomeoRR in leukemia cells. In conclusion, we postulate that BCR-ABL1 kinase-mediated RAD51(pY315) promotes unfaithful HomeoRR in leukemia cells, which may contribute to accumulation of secondary chromosomal aberrations responsible for CML relapse and progression.
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