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6-Gingerol exerts a protective effect against hypoxic injury through the p38/Nrf2/HO-1 and p38/NF-κB pathway in H9c2 cells. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 104:108975. [PMID: 35245652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ginger, one of the most widely consumed condiment for various foods and beverages, has many pharmacological effects. 6-gingerol, a naturally occurring phenol, is one of the major pungent constituents of ginger. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effect of 6-gingerol on the p38/Nrf2/HO-1 and p38/NF-κB signaling pathway, as a possible means of combating hypoxia-related oxidative stress. H9c2 cells were chemically induced with CoCl2 to mimic hypoxia-associated cellular damage. Cardiomyocyte injury was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase. Reactive oxygen species production was assessed by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. The antioxidative property of 6-gingerol was measured by estimating the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and glutathione disulfide. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry after Annexin V-FITC-propidium iodide double staining. Western blotting was used to evaluate levels of p-p38, p38, cytoplasm p65, nuclear p65, total p65, nuclear Nrf2, total Nrf2, Keap1, HIF-1α, and HO-1. 6-gingerol was able to counter hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury as evidenced by inhibiting the levels of oxidative stress indexes and increasing the percentage of apoptosis. Furthermore, 6-gingerol was able to down-regulate p-p38/p38, nuclear p65, total p65 and Keap1 expression induced by CoCl2 stimulation and increased cytoplasm p65, nuclear Nrf2, total Nrf2, HO-1, and HIF-1α expression. However, treatment with specific Nrf2 inhibitor blunted the activation of Nrf2 signaling and removed the protective effects of 6-gingerol. These experiments provide evidence that 6-gingerol exerts cytoprotective effects, which may be associated with the regulation of oxidative stress and apoptosis, potentially through activating the Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting the p38/NF-κB pathways.
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2
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Gu M, Pan S, Deng W, Li Q, Qi Z, Chen C, Bai N. Effects of glutamine on the IKK/IκB/NF-кB system in the enterocytes of turbot Scophthalmus maximus L. stimulated with soya-saponins. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:373-378. [PMID: 34688862 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soya-saponins represent key anti-nutritional factors that contribute to soybean meal-induced enteritis, and glutamine is an effective fish intestine protectant that combats the negative effects of soya-saponins. Nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-кB) systems are involved in the interactions between soya-saponins and glutamine, and the goal of the present work was to clarify the related molecular mechanisms used by the NF-кB kinase (IKK)/inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB)/NF-кB system. Primary cultured turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) intestinal epithelial cells were concurrently administrated with 1 mg/mL of soya-saponins and several levels of glutamine (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) for 12 h and then subjected to real-time PCR and Western blot assays. Compared with cells treated with soya-saponins alone, glutamine significantly decreased the expression of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin 8 and tumor necrosis factor α genes, significantly reduced nuclear and cytosolic NF-κB p65 abundance levels in a dose-dependent manner, increased the IκBα protein level but decreased its phosphorylation, and down-regulated the IKKα/β and phosphorylated IKKα/β levels. In conclusion, this in vitro work confirmed that glutamine attenuated soya-saponin-induced inflammatory responses in turbot intestines. Moreover, it identified molecular pathways in which glutamine first decreased the p65 level and then prevented its nuclear translocation. In addition, glutamine reduced IκBα phosphorylation and maintained its level. Finally, glutamine decreased IKK expression and phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Shihui Pan
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Wanzhen Deng
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Qing Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Zezheng Qi
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Chuwen Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Nan Bai
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China.
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3
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Kracht M, Müller-Ladner U, Schmitz ML. Mutual regulation of metabolic processes and proinflammatory NF-κB signaling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:694-705. [PMID: 32771559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling system, a key regulator of immunologic processes, also affects a plethora of metabolic changes associated with inflammation and the immune response. NF-κB-regulating signaling cascades, in concert with NF-κB-mediated transcriptional events, control the metabolism at several levels. NF-κB modulates apical components of metabolic processes including metabolic hormones such as insulin and glucagon, the cellular master switches 5' AMP-activated protein kinase and mTOR, and also numerous metabolic enzymes and their respective regulators. Vice versa, metabolic enzymes and their products also exert multilevel control of NF-κB activity, thereby creating a highly connected regulatory network. These insights have resulted in the identification of the noncanonical IκB kinase kinases IκB kinase ɛ and TBK1, which are upregulated by overnutrition, and may therefore be suitable potential therapeutic targets for metabolic syndromes. An inhibitor interfering with the activity of both kinases reduces obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions in mouse models and the encouraging results from a recent clinical trial indicate that targeting these NF-κB pathway components improves glucose homeostasis in a subset of patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kracht
- Rudolf Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulf Müller-Ladner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Justus-Liebig-University, Campus Kerckhoff, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Beyond Heat Stress: Intestinal Integrity Disruption and Mechanism-Based Intervention Strategies. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030734. [PMID: 32168808 PMCID: PMC7146479 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current climate changes have increased the prevalence and intensity of heat stress (HS) conditions. One of the initial consequences of HS is the impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity due to hyperthermia and hypoxia following blood repartition, which often results in a leaky gut followed by penetration and transfer of luminal antigens, endotoxins, and pathogenic bacteria. Under extreme conditions, HS may culminate in the onset of “heat stroke”, a potential lethal condition if remaining untreated. HS-induced alterations of the gastrointestinal epithelium, which is associated with a leaky gut, are due to cellular oxidative stress, disruption of intestinal integrity, and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review summarizes the possible resilience mechanisms based on in vitro and in vivo data and the potential interventions with a group of nutritional supplements, which may increase the resilience to HS-induced intestinal integrity disruption and maintain intestinal homeostasis.
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5
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Petrus P, Lecoutre S, Dollet L, Wiel C, Sulen A, Gao H, Tavira B, Laurencikiene J, Rooyackers O, Checa A, Douagi I, Wheelock CE, Arner P, McCarthy M, Bergo MO, Edgar L, Choudhury RP, Aouadi M, Krook A, Rydén M. Glutamine Links Obesity to Inflammation in Human White Adipose Tissue. Cell Metab 2020; 31:375-390.e11. [PMID: 31866443 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While obesity and associated metabolic complications are linked to inflammation of white adipose tissue (WAT), the causal factors remain unclear. We hypothesized that the local metabolic environment could be an important determinant. To this end, we compared metabolites released from WAT of 81 obese and non-obese women. This identified glutamine to be downregulated in obesity and inversely associated with a pernicious WAT phenotype. Glutamine administration in vitro and in vivo attenuated both pro-inflammatory gene and protein levels in adipocytes and WAT and macrophage infiltration in WAT. Metabolomic and bioenergetic analyses in human adipocytes suggested that glutamine attenuated glycolysis and reduced uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) levels. UDP-GlcNAc is the substrate for the post-translational modification O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) mediated by the enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase. Functional studies in human adipocytes established a mechanistic link between reduced glutamine, O-GlcNAcylation of nuclear proteins, and a pro-inflammatory transcriptional response. Altogether, glutamine metabolism is linked to WAT inflammation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Petrus
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Simon Lecoutre
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Lucile Dollet
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clotilde Wiel
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (BioNut), H2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - André Sulen
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Beatriz Tavira
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Jurga Laurencikiene
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Olav Rooyackers
- Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, B31, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Checa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iyadh Douagi
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Mark McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Martin O Bergo
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (BioNut), H2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Laurienne Edgar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robin P Choudhury
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Myriam Aouadi
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden.
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6
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Stern RA, Mozdziak PE. Glutamine synthetase in avian muscle contributes to a positive myogenic response to ammonia compared with mammalian muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R214-R221. [PMID: 31067078 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00232.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian models of cirrhosis, plasma ammonia concentration increases, having numerous adverse effects, including sarcopenia. The objective of this study was to identify differences between avian and mammalian myogenic response to applied ammonia and glutamine. Primary chicken breast and thigh, primary rat, and C2C12 myotubes were treated with ammonium acetate (AA, 10 mM) or glutamine (10 mM) for 24 h and compared with sodium acetate (10 mM) and untreated controls. Myostatin mRNA was significantly higher in C2C12 and rat myotubes treated with AA compared with glutamine and controls (P < 0.01), whereas myostatin was unchanged in chicken myotubes. AA-treated C2C12 myotubes had significantly higher glutamine synthetase (GS) mRNA expression compared with controls, but GS protein expression was unchanged. In contrast, GS mRNA expression was unchanged in thigh myotubes, but GS protein expression was significantly higher in AA-treated thigh myotubes (P < 0.05). In both breast and thigh myotubes, intracellular glutamine concentration was significantly increased in AA- and glutamine-treated myotubes compared with controls but was only increased in glutamine-treated C2C12 and rat myotubes (P < 0.05). Glutamine concentration was significantly higher in all treatment media collected from avian myotube cultures compared with both C2C12 and rat media (P < 0.01). Myotube diameter was significantly larger in avian myotubes after treatment with both AA and glutamine (P < 0.05). C2C12 and rat myotubes had a significantly smaller myotube diameter after AA treatment (P < 0.001). Altogether, these data support species differences in skeletal muscle ammonia metabolism and suggest that glutamine synthesis is a mechanism of ammonia utilization in avian muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Allysa Stern
- Physiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Paul E Mozdziak
- Physiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
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7
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Palmieri EM, Menga A, Lebrun A, Hooper DC, Butterfield DA, Mazzone M, Castegna A. Blockade of Glutamine Synthetase Enhances Inflammatory Response in Microglial Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:351-363. [PMID: 27758118 PMCID: PMC5346956 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Microglial cells are brain-resident macrophages engaged in surveillance and maintained in a constant state of relative inactivity. However, their involvement in autoimmune diseases indicates that in pathological conditions microglia gain an inflammatory phenotype. The mechanisms underlying this change in the microglial phenotype are still unclear. Since metabolism is an important modulator of immune cell function, we focused our attention on glutamine synthetase (GS), a modulator of the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation in other cell types, which is expressed by microglia. RESULTS GS inhibition enhances release of inflammatory mediators of LPS-activated microglia in vitro, leading to perturbation of the redox balance and decreased viability of cocultured neurons. GS inhibition also decreases insulin-mediated glucose uptake in microglia. In vivo, microglia-specific GS ablation enhances expression of inflammatory markers upon LPS treatment. In the spinal cords from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), GS expression levels and glutamine/glutamate ratios are reduced. INNOVATION Recently, metabolism has been highlighted as mediator of immune cell function through the discovery of mechanisms that (behind these metabolic changes) modulate the inflammatory response. The present study shows for the first time a metabolic mechanism mediating microglial response to a proinflammatory stimulus, pointing to GS activity as a master modulator of immune cell function and thus unraveling a potential therapeutic target. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights a new role of GS in modulating immune response in microglia, providing insights into the pathogenic mechanisms associated with inflammation and new strategies of therapeutic intervention. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 351-363.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Palmieri
- 1 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Alessio Menga
- 2 National Cancer Research Center, Istituto Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II,' Bari, Italy
| | - Aurore Lebrun
- 3 Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas C Hooper
- 3 Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- 5 Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky.,6 Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- 7 Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven , Leuven, Belgium .,8 Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Castegna
- 1 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari, Italy .,2 National Cancer Research Center, Istituto Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II,' Bari, Italy
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8
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Alhagamhmad MH, Day AS, Lemberg DA, Leach ST. Exploring and Enhancing the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Polymeric Formula. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 41:436-445. [PMID: 26826259 DOI: 10.1177/0148607115625627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) therapy using a polymeric formula (PF) can substantially attenuate intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease (CD) patients. However, the mechanism(s) by which EEN suppresses inflammation are not yet fully understood. The aims were to examine cellular mechanism(s) through which EEN may suppress inflammation and investigate potential pathways to enhance anti-inflammatory properties of EEN. METHODS Glutamine, arginine, vitamin D3, and α linolenic acid (ALA), present in PF, along with curcumin, were identified as immunoactive nutrient therapies. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-exposed HT-29 colonic epithelial cells were used to investigate the immunosuppressive activity of the nutrients by assessing their effect on cell viability, cell activity, chemokine response (interleukin-8 [IL-8]), nuclear factor (NF)-κB, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, IκB kinase (Iκκ), and nitric oxide (NO). RESULTS Cellular viability and activity were maintained with all nutrient treatments. Glutamine, arginine, and vitamin D3, but not ALA, significantly attenuated IL-8 production. Glutamine and arginine led to phosphorylation blockade of the signaling components in NF-κB and P38 pathways, reduction in kinase activity, and enhancement in NO production. Combining glutamine, arginine, and curcumin at optimal concentrations completely abolished the IL-8 response. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that glutamine, arginine, and vitamin D3 can suppress inflammation at concentrations equivalent to those used in PF. The mechanisms of this action were mediated through influencing the NF-κB and P38 cascades. Glutamine and arginine-fortified PF with curcumin might be a promising option to enhance the effectiveness and expand the scope of EEN therapy in CD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moftah H Alhagamhmad
- 1 School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew S Day
- 1 School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 2 Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Daniel A Lemberg
- 1 School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 3 Department of Gastroenterology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven T Leach
- 1 School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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9
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Determination of the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of l-glutamine and l-alanine, or dipeptide, supplementation in rats submitted to resistance exercise. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:470-9. [PMID: 27215379 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516001999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of chronic oral supplementation with l-glutamine and l-alanine in their free form or as the dipeptide l-alanyl-l-glutamine (DIP) on muscle damage, inflammation and cytoprotection, in rats submitted to progressive resistance exercise (RE). Wistar rats (n 8/group) were submitted to 8-week RE, which consisted of climbing a ladder with progressive loads. In the final 21 d before euthanasia, supplements were delivered in a 4 % solution in drinking water. Glutamine, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), TNF-α, specific IL (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels were evaluated in plasma. The concentrations of glutamine, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10, as well as NF-κB activation, were determined in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) skeletal muscle. HSP70 level was assayed in EDL and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). RE reduced glutamine concentration in plasma and EDL (P<0·05 v. sedentary group). However, l-glutamine supplements (l-alanine plus l-glutamine (GLN+ALA) and DIP groups) restored glutamine levels in plasma (by 40 and 58 %, respectively) and muscle (by 93 and 105 %, respectively). GLN+ALA and DIP groups also exhibited increased level of HSP70 in EDL and PBMC, consistent with the reduction of NF-κB p65 activation and cytokines in EDL. Muscle protection was also indicated by attenuation in plasma levels of CK, LDH, TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as an increase in IL-6, IL-10 and MCP-1. Our study demonstrates that chronic oral l-glutamine treatment (given with l-alanine or as dipeptide) following progressive RE induces cyprotective effects mediated by HSP70-associated responses to muscle damage and inflammation.
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10
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Bertrand J, Marion-Letellier R, Azhar S, Chan P, Legrand R, Goichon A, Ghouzali I, Aziz M, Vaudry D, Savoye G, Déchelotte P, Coëffier M. Glutamine enema regulates colonic ubiquitinated proteins but not proteasome activities during TNBS-induced colitis leading to increased mitochondrial activity. Proteomics 2015; 15:2198-210. [PMID: 25689466 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin proteasome system contributes to the regulation of intestinal inflammatory response as its inhibition is associated with tissue damage improvement. We aimed to evaluate whether glutamine is able to limit inflammation by targeting ubiquitin proteasome system in experimental colitis. Colitis was induced in male rats by intrarectal instillation of 2-4-6-trinitrobenzen sulfonic acid (TNBS) at day 1. From day 2 to day 6, rats daily received either an intrarectal instillation of PBS (TNBS/PBS group) or glutamine (TNBS/Gln). Rats were euthanized at day 7 and colonic samples were taken to evaluate ubiqutinated proteins by proteomic approach combining 2D electrophoresis and immunoblots directed against ubiquitin. Results were then confirmed by evaluating total expression of proteins and mRNA levels. Survival rate, TNFα, and IL-1β mRNA were improved in TNBS/Gln compared with TNBS/PBS (p < 0.05). Proteasome activities were affected by TNBS but not by glutamine. We identified eight proteins that were less ubiquitinated in TNBS/PBS compared with controls with no effect of glutamine. Four proteins were more ubiquitinated in TNBS/PBS group and restored in TNBS/Gln group. Finally, 12 ubiquitinated proteins were only affected by glutamine. Among proteins affected by glutamine, eight proteins (GFPT1, Gapdh, Pkm2, LDH, Bcat2, ATP5a1, Vdac1, and Vdac2) were involved in metabolic pathways. In conclusion, glutamine may regulate ubiquitination process during intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bertrand
- INSERM Unit 1073, Nutrition Inflammation and Gut Brain Axis, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Rachel Marion-Letellier
- INSERM Unit 1073, Nutrition Inflammation and Gut Brain Axis, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Saïda Azhar
- INSERM Unit 1073, Nutrition Inflammation and Gut Brain Axis, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Chan
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France.,Plateform of Proteomics PISSARO, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Romain Legrand
- INSERM Unit 1073, Nutrition Inflammation and Gut Brain Axis, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Alexis Goichon
- INSERM Unit 1073, Nutrition Inflammation and Gut Brain Axis, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Ibtissem Ghouzali
- INSERM Unit 1073, Nutrition Inflammation and Gut Brain Axis, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Moutaz Aziz
- Laboratory of Anatomo-Pathology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - David Vaudry
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France.,Plateform of Proteomics PISSARO, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,INSERM Unit 982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Guillaume Savoye
- INSERM Unit 1073, Nutrition Inflammation and Gut Brain Axis, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- INSERM Unit 1073, Nutrition Inflammation and Gut Brain Axis, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France.,Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Moïse Coëffier
- INSERM Unit 1073, Nutrition Inflammation and Gut Brain Axis, Rouen, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France.,Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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11
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Palmieri EM, Spera I, Menga A, Infantino V, Iacobazzi V, Castegna A. Glutamine synthetase desensitizes differentiated adipocytes to proinflammatory stimuli by raising intracellular glutamine levels. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4807-14. [PMID: 25451225 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The role of glutamine synthetase (GS) during adipocyte differentiation is unclear. Here, we assess the impact of GS on the adipocytic response to a proinflammatory challenge at different differentiation stages. GS expression at the late stages of differentiation desensitized mature adipocytes to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by increasing intracellular glutamine levels. Furthermore, LPS-activated mature adipocytes were unable to produce inflammatory mediators; LPS sensitivity was rescued following GS inhibition and the associated drop in intracellular glutamine levels. The ability of adipocytes to differentially respond to LPS during differentiation negatively correlates to GS expression and intracellular glutamine levels. Hence, modulation of intracellular glutamine levels by GS expression represents an endogenous mechanism through which mature adipocytes control the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Mariana Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Iolanda Spera
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessio Menga
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Vito Iacobazzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Castegna
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Beaufrère AM, Neveux N, Patureau Mirand P, Buffière C, Marceau G, Sapin V, Cynober L, Meydinal-Denis D. Long-term intermittent glutamine supplementation repairs intestinal damage (structure and functional mass) with advanced age: assessment with plasma citrulline in a rodent model. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18:814-9. [PMID: 25389959 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-014-0554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glutamine is the preferred fuel for the rat small intestine and promotes the growth of intestinal mucosa, especially in the event of gut injury. Quantitatively, glutamine is one important precursor for intestinal citrulline release. The aim of this study was to determine whether the effect of glutamine on the increase in intestinal villus height is correlated with an increase in both gut mass and citrulline plasma level in very old rats. METHODS We intermittently supplemented very old (27-mo) female rats with oral glutamine (20% of diet protein). Intestinal histomorphometric analysis of the small bowel was performed. Amino acids, in particular citrulline, were measured in the plasma, liver and jejunum. Markers of renal (creatinine, urea) and liver (alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) functions were measured to evaluate renal and liver functions in relation to aging and to glutamine supplementation. Liver glutathione was also determined to evaluate cellular redox state. RESULTS Glutamine supplementation maintains the body weight of very old rats, not by limiting sarcopenia but rather by increasing the organ mass of the splanchnic area. Total intestine mass was significantly higher in glutamine-supplemented rats than in controls (15%). Measurement of villus height and crypt depth demonstrated that the difference between villus and crypt was significantly improved in glutamine pre-treated rats compared to controls (~ 11%). Plasma citrulline also increased by 15% in glutamine-supplemented rats compared to controls. CONCLUSION Citrulline appears as a biomarker of enterocyte mass in villous atrophy associated with advanced age. Non-invasive measurement of this metabolite may be useful in following the state of the gastrointestinal tract in very old people, whose numbers are increasing worldwide and the care of whom is a major public health issue. The gut may contribute to the malnutrition caused by malabsorption frequently observed in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Beaufrère
- Dominique Meynial-Denis (PhD), Human Nutrition Unit, INRA and Human Nutrition Research Center, Theix 63122 - St Genes Champanelle, France. Phone: +33 (0)4 73 62 43 13; Fax: +33 (0)4 73 62 47 55; E-mail address:
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13
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Zhao H, Zhao Y, Jiang G, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Dong Q, Luan L, Papavassiliou P, Wang E, Wang E. Dishevelled-3 activates p65 to upregulate p120-catenin transcription via a p38-dependent pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54 Suppl 1:E112-21. [PMID: 25156800 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dishevelled-3 (Dvl-3) and p120-catenin (p120ctn) have abnormal expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is associated with poor prognosis. Dvl-3 upregulates p120ctn transcription in NSCLC cells, but the mechanism is unknown. Here we transiently transfected Dvl-3 cDNA to NSCLC cells. Dvl-3 transfection is sufficient for induction of p38 signaling. In turn, Dvl-3 induces p38-mediated activation of the p65 so as to facilitate its nuclear translocation. Treatment with SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) or BAY 11-7082 (IκB-α phosphorylation inhibitor) suppresses Dvl-3 induced activation of p65. The results further show that active p65 interacts with PAX2 promoter to increase the expression of PAX2 and then PAX2 binds to p120ctn promoter so as to upregulate p120ctn gene transcription. Moreover, Dvl-3 transfection enhanced the binding of active p65 to Sp1 so as to decrease the binding of Sp1 to p120ctn promoter. The above-mentioned effects are linked to biological behavior of non-small cell lung cancer cells. These findings confirm that p38 and PAX2 are important for the Dvl-3 induced upregulation of p120ctn. Dvl-3 activates a p38 → p65 → PAX2 → p120ctn pathway to affect biological behavior of NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, China
| | - Guiyang Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, China
| | - Xiupeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, China
| | - Yijun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, China
| | - Qianze Dong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, China
| | - Lan Luan
- Department of Pathology, Fengtian Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, China
| | | | - Endi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Enhua Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, China
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Wang B, Wu G, Zhou Z, Dai Z, Sun Y, Ji Y, Li W, Wang W, Liu C, Han F, Wu Z. Glutamine and intestinal barrier function. Amino Acids 2014; 47:2143-54. [PMID: 24965526 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1773-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier integrity is essential for the absorption of nutrients and health in humans and animals. Dysfunction of the mucosal barrier is associated with increased gut permeability and development of multiple gastrointestinal diseases. Recent studies highlighted a critical role for glutamine, which had been traditionally considered as a nutritionally non-essential amino acid, in activating the mammalian target of rapamycin cell signaling in enterocytes. In addition, glutamine has been reported to enhance intestinal and whole-body growth, to promote enterocyte proliferation and survival, and to regulate intestinal barrier function in injury, infection, weaning stress, and other catabolic conditions. Mechanistically, these effects were mediated by maintaining the intracellular redox status and regulating expression of genes associated with various signaling pathways. Furthermore, glutamine stimulates growth of the small intestinal mucosa in young animals and also enhances ion transport by the gut in neonates and adults. Growing evidence supports the notion that glutamine is a nutritionally essential amino acid for neonates and a conditionally essential amino acid for adults. Thus, as a functional amino acid with multiple key physiological roles, glutamine holds great promise in protecting the gut from atrophy and injury under various stress conditions in mammals and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Enteral glutamine infusion modulates ubiquitination of heat shock proteins, Grp-75 and Apg-2, in the human duodenal mucosa. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1059-67. [PMID: 24449167 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in the human body, plays several important roles in the intestine. Previous studies showed that glutamine may affect protein expression by regulating ubiquitin-proteasome system. We thus aimed to evaluate the effects of glutamine on ubiquitinated proteins in human duodenal mucosa. Five healthy male volunteers were included and received during 5 h, on two occasions and in a random order, either an enteral infusion of maltodextrins alone (0.25 g kg(-1) h(-1), control), mimicking carbohydrate-fed state, or maltodextrins with glutamine (0.117 g kg(-1) h(-1), glutamine). Endoscopic duodenal biopsies were then taken. Total cellular protein extracts were separated by 2D gel electrophoresis and analyzed by an immunodetection using anti-ubiquitin antibody. Differentially ubiquitinated proteins were then identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization MS/MS. Five proteins were differentially ubiquitinated between control and glutamine conditions. Among these proteins, we identified two chaperone proteins, Grp75 and hsp74. Grp75 was less ubiquitinated after glutamine infusion compared with control. In contrast, hsp74, also called Apg-2, was more ubiquitinated after glutamine. In conclusion, we provide evidence that glutamine may regulate ubiquitination processes of specific proteins, i.e., Grp75 and Apg-2. Grp75 has protective and anti-inflammatory properties, while Apg-2 indirectly regulates stress-induced cell survival and proliferation through interaction with ZO-1. Further studies should confirm these results in stress conditions.
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Javed S, Mejías-Luque R, Kalali B, Bolz C, Gerhard M. Helicobacter bilis gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase enhances inflammatory stress response via oxidative stress in colon epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73160. [PMID: 24009737 PMCID: PMC3751837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter bilis (H. bilis) infection is associated with cases of inflammatory bowel Disease, thyphlocolitis, hepatitis and cholecystitis. However, little is known about the bacterial virulence determinants or the molecular mechanisms involved. Recently, H. bilis γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (HBgGT) was shown to be a virulence factor decreasing host cell viability. Bacterial gGTs play a key role in synthesis and degradation of glutathione and enables the bacteria to utilize extracellular glutamine and glutathione as sources of glutamate. gGT-mediated loss of cell viability has so far been linked to DNA damage via oxidative stress, but the signaling cascades involved herein have not been described. In this study, we identified enhanced ROS production induced by HBgGT as a central factor involved in the activation of the oxidative stress response cascades, which finally activate CREB, AP-1 and NF-κB in H. bilis infected colon cancer cells. IL-8, an important pro-inflammatory chemokine that is a common downstream target of these transcription factors, was up-regulated upon H. bilis infection in an HBgGT dependent manner. Moreover, the induction of these signaling responses and inflammatory cytokine production in host cells could be linked to HBgGT-mediated glutamine deprivation. This study implicates for the first time HBgGT as an important regulator of signaling cascades regulating inflammation in H. bilis infected host epithelial cells that could be responsible for induction of inflammatory disorders by the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Javed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Mejías-Luque
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Behnam Kalali
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Bolz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ren WK, Yin J, Zhu XP, Liu G, Li NZ, Peng YY, Yin YY. Glutamine on Intestinal Inflammation: A Mechanistic Perspective. EUR J INFLAMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1301100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation is associated with various pathological diseases, such as gastritis from Helicobacter pylori infection, Crohn's and colitis in inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal cancer. Thus, treatment with anti-inflammatory substances in these inflammation-associated diseases is critical. Increasingly compelling evidence indicates that glutamine is an anti-inflammatory compound candidate because it can influence the long-term outcome of the inflammatory diseases with in a low-risk way. However, before recommending its use in clinical practice, it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which glutamine exerts its roles in modulating intestinal inflammation. In this study, we review the current knowledge on the detailed regulation pathway used by glutamine in its proinflammatory regulation, with a special emphasis on intestinal inflammation. These regulation pathways include nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3K)/PI3K-protein kinase B (Akt), activating protein-1 (AP-1), nitric oxide synthases (NOS)-nitric oxide (NO), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-Γ (PPARγ), heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1)- heat shock proteins (HSP) and glutathione (GSH) - reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although some regulatory pathways, such as PI3K/PI3K-Akt, GSH-ROS and AP-1, need to be further investigated, this review provides useful information to utilize glutamine as an immunonutritional or pharmaconutritional drug, not only for inflammation-associated diseases in the intestine, but also possibly for other inflammatory-associated diseases, i.e. arthritis, asthma, type 2 diabetes, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-K. Ren
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J. Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - X-P. Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - G. Liu
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - N-Z. Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y-Y. Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y-Y. Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
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Cardaci S, Rizza S, Filomeni G, Bernardini R, Bertocchi F, Mattei M, Paci M, Rotilio G, Ciriolo MR. Glutamine deprivation enhances antitumor activity of 3-bromopyruvate through the stabilization of monocarboxylate transporter-1. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4526-36. [PMID: 22773663 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer drug efficacy might be leveraged by strategies to target certain biochemical adaptations of tumors. Here we show how depriving cancer cells of glutamine can enhance the anticancer properties of 3-bromopyruvate, a halogenated analog of pyruvic acid. Glutamine deprival potentiated 3-bromopyruvate chemotherapy by increasing the stability of the monocarboxylate transporter-1, an effect that sensitized cells to metabolic oxidative stress and autophagic cell death. We further elucidated mechanisms through which resistance to chemopotentiation by glutamine deprival could be circumvented. Overall, our findings offer a preclinical proof-of-concept for how to employ 3-bromopyruvate or other monocarboxylic-based drugs to sensitize tumors to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cardaci
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy
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