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Redox Status in Women with Rheumathoid Arthritis. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2018-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess oxidative status and to set baseline characteristics for female population with established rheumatoid arthritis. Total of 42 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 48 age- and sex-matched controls were included in the study. Clinical examination was performed and assessed disease activity. Peripheral blood samples were used for all the assays. The markers of oxidative stress were assessed, including plasma levels of index of lipid peroxidation – thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical, nitrites and activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione levels as anti-oxidant parameters. In the patients group, levels of hydrogen peroxide and index of lipid peroxidation were higher than in controls. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had decreased su-peroxide dismutase and catalase activity compared to healthy subjects. Interestingly, controls had higher levels of nitrites compared to patients. Patients showed a marked increase in reactive oxygen species formation and lipid peroxidation as well as decrease in the activity of antioxidant defense system leading to oxidative stress which may contribute to tissue and cartilage damage and hence to the chronicity of the disease.
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Jaimes-Mogollón AL, Welearegay TG, Salumets A, Ionescu R. Review on Volatolomic Studies as a Frontier Approach in Animal Research. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000397. [PMID: 33844886 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the research studies in volatolomics performed on animals so far. At first, the procedures proposed for the collection, preconcentration, and storing of the volatile organic compounds emitted by various biological samples of different animals are presented and discussed. Next, the results obtained in the analysis of the collected volatile samples with analytical equipment are shown. The possible volatile biomarkers identified for various diseases are highlighted for different types of diseases, animal species, and biological samples analyzed. The chemical classes of these compounds, as well as the biomarkers found in a higher number of animal diseases, are indicated, and their possible origin is analyzed. The studies that dealt with the diagnosis of various diseases from sample measurement with electronic nose systems are also presented and discussed. The paper ends with a final remark regarding the necessity of optimization and standardization of sample collection and analysis procedures for obtaining meaningful results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tesfalem G Welearegay
- The Ångström Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75103, Sweden
| | - Andres Salumets
- COMBIVET ERA Chair, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51006, Estonia.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51014, Estonia.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Radu Ionescu
- COMBIVET ERA Chair, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
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3
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Zhang KY, Zhang YH, Wang Y, Xing YH, Sun LX. Synthesis, crystal structure and efficient SOD activity of transition compounds constructed with 5-aminoisophthalic acid ligand. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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4
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Fontana J, Zima M, Vetvicka V. Biological Markers of Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: After so Many Studies, What do We Know? Immunol Invest 2018; 47:823-843. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1523925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Fontana
- Center for Research on Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Zima
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
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5
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Revisiting nicotine’s role in the ageing brain and cognitive impairment. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:767-781. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBrain ageing is a complex process which in its pathologic form is associated with learning and memory dysfunction or cognitive impairment. During ageing, changes in cholinergic innervations and reduced acetylcholinergic tonus may trigger a series of molecular pathways participating in oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, amyloid-β toxicity, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and perturb neurotrophic factors in the brain. Nicotine is an exogenous agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and acts as a pharmacological chaperone in the regulation of nAChR expression, potentially intervening in age-related changes in diverse molecular pathways leading to pathology. Although nicotine has therapeutic potential, paradoxical effects have been reported, possibly due to its inverted U-shape dose-response effects or pharmacokinetic factors. Additionally, nicotine administration should result in optimum therapeutic effects without imparting abuse potential or toxicity. Overall, this review aims to compile the previous and most recent data on nicotine and its effects on cognition-related mechanisms and age-related cognitive impairment.
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Haddadi M, Jahromi SR, Nongthomba U, Shivanandappa T, Ramesh SR. 4-Hydroxyisophthalic acid from Decalepis hamiltonii rescues the neurobehavioral deficit in transgenic Drosophila model of taupathies. Neurochem Int 2016; 100:78-90. [PMID: 27615061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the major etiological factors implicated in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Since neurons are more sensitive to oxidative damage there is an increasing interest in developing novel antioxidant therapies, especially herbal preparations due to their safety profile and high efficiency. In this regard, the neuroprotective potential of a novel antioxidant compound, 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid (4-HIPA) isolated from aqueous extract of Decalepis hamiltonii roots was examined using transgenic Drosophila model of taupathy expressing wild-type and mutant forms of 2N4R isoform of human microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT). Taupathy model flies showed cognitive deficits in olfactory memory and deteriorated circadian rhythm of locomotory activities. Administration of 0.1 mg/ml 4-HIPA, markedly enhanced their olfactory memory performance and restored circadian rhythmicity of the transgenic flies locomotory behavior to the normal range. The mechanism of action that underlies 4-HIPA neuroprotection involves enhancement in efficiency of cellular antioxidant defense system by means of elevation in antioxidant enzyme activities and attenuation of oxidative stress. The molecule could positively affect the activity of neurotransmitter enzymes, which in turn enhances neuronal function and ameliorates the Tau-induced neurobehavioral deficits. Our findings showed that 4-HIPA can be considered as a suitable therapeutic candidate for drug development towards treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Haddadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | | | - Upendra Nongthomba
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - T Shivanandappa
- Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - S R Ramesh
- Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
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7
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Evaluating the influence of the diamine unit (ethylenediamine, piperazine and homopiperazine) on the molecular structure, physical chemical properties and superoxide dismutase activity of copper complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Malaspina P, Roullet JB, Pearl PL, Ainslie GR, Vogel KR, Gibson KM. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD): Pathophysiological complexity and multifactorial trait associations in a rare monogenic disorder of GABA metabolism. Neurochem Int 2016; 99:72-84. [PMID: 27311541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Discovered some 35 years ago, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD) represents a rare, autosomal recessively-inherited defect in the second step of the GABA degradative pathway. Some 200 patients have been reported, with broad phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity. SSADHD represents an unusual neurometabolic disorder in which two neuromodulatory agents, GABA (and the GABA analogue, 4-hydroxybutyrate), accumulate to supraphysiological levels. The unexpected occurrence of epilepsy in several patients is counterintuitive in view of the hyperGABAergic state, in which sedation might be expected. However, the epileptic status of some patients is most likely represented by broader imbalances of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Cumulative research encompassing decades of basic and clinical study of SSADHD reveal a monogenic disease with broad pathophysiological and clinical phenotypes. Numerous metabolic perturbations unmasked in SSADHD include alterations in oxidative stress parameters, dysregulation of autophagy and mitophagy, dysregulation of both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters and gene expression, and unique subsets of SNP alterations of the SSADH gene (so-called ALDH5A1, or aldehyde dehydrogenase 5A1 gene) on the 6p22 chromosomal arm. While seemingly difficult to collate and interpret, these anomalies have continued to open novel pathways for pharmacotherapeutic considerations. Here, we present an update on selected aspects of SSADHD, the ALDH5A1 gene, and future avenues for research on this rare disorder of GABA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Malaspina
- Department of Biology, University "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - J-B Roullet
- Division of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - P L Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G R Ainslie
- Division of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - K R Vogel
- Division of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - K M Gibson
- Division of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.
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Ribeiro TP, Fernandes C, Melo KV, Ferreira SS, Lessa JA, Franco RWA, Schenk G, Pereira MD, Horn A. Iron, copper, and manganese complexes with in vitro superoxide dismutase and/or catalase activities that keep Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells alive under severe oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 80:67-76. [PMID: 25511255 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Due to their aerobic lifestyle, eukaryotic organisms have evolved different strategies to overcome oxidative stress. The recruitment of some specific metalloenzymes such as superoxide dismutases (SODs) and catalases (CATs) is of great importance for eliminating harmful reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion). Using the ligand HPClNOL {1-[bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino]-3-chloropropan-2-ol}, we have synthesized three coordination compounds containing iron(III), copper(II), and manganese(II) ions, which are also present in the active site of the above-noted metalloenzymes. These compounds were evaluated as SOD and CAT mimetics. The manganese and iron compounds showed both SOD and CAT activities, while copper showed only SOD activity. The copper and manganese in vitro SOD activities are very similar (IC50~0.4 μmol dm(-3)) and about 70-fold higher than those of iron. The manganese compound showed CAT activity higher than that of the iron species. Analyzing their capacity to protect Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells against oxidative stress (H2O2 and the O2(•-) radical), we observed that all compounds act as antioxidants, increasing the resistance of yeast cells mainly due to a reduction of lipid oxidation. Especially for the iron compound, the data indicate complete protection when wild-type cells were exposed to H2O2 or O2(•-) species. Interestingly, these compounds also compensate for both superoxide dismutase and catalase deficiencies; their antioxidant activity is metal ion dependent, in the order iron(III)>copper(II)>manganese(II). The protection mechanism employed by the complexes proved to be independent of the activation of transcription factors (such as Yap1, Hsf1, Msn2/Msn4) and protein synthesis. There is no direct relation between the in vitro and the in vivo antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales P Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Citotoxicidade e Genotoxicidade, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christiane Fernandes
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karen V Melo
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sarah S Ferreira
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Josane A Lessa
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto W A Franco
- Laboratório de Ciência Físicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Marcos D Pereira
- Laboratório de Citotoxicidade e Genotoxicidade, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Adolfo Horn
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil.
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Guo C, Hu Y, Li J, Liu Y, Li S, Yan K, Wang X, Liu J, Wang H. Identification of multiple peptides with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities from skin and its secretions of Hylarana taipehensis, Amolops lifanensis, and Amolops granulosus. Biochimie 2014; 105:192-201. [PMID: 25066917 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian skin and its secretions contain many kinds of peptides with different bioactivities. In this study, a large number of peptides including antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides were identified from three East Asian frog species Hylarana taipehensis, Amolops lifanensis, and Amolops granulosus. The majority of these peptides were antimicrobial peptides, while eight antioxidant peptides were identified, which included two novel peptides taipehensin-1TP1 (TLIWEFYHQILDEYNKENKG) and taipehensin-2TP1 (CLMARPNYRCKIFKQC). These antioxidant peptides exhibited the ability to scavenge ABTS and/or DPPH free radicals. Moreover, six out of eight antioxidant peptides temporin-TP1, brevinin-1TP1, brevinin-1TP2, brevinin-1TP3, brevinin-1LF1, and palustrin-2GN1 also showed antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Yuhong Hu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Sihan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Keqiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Jingze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China.
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Brain aging, memory impairment and oxidative stress: A study in Drosophila melanogaster. Behav Brain Res 2014; 259:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kovač J, Macedoni Lukšič M, Trebušak Podkrajšek K, Klančar G, Battelino T. Rare single nucleotide polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of the superoxide dismutase genes in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2013; 7:138-44. [PMID: 24155217 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is suspected to be one of the several contributing factors in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We analyzed genes of the superoxide dismutase family (SOD1, SOD2, and SOD3) that are part of a major antioxidative stress system in human in order to detect the genetic variants contributing to the development of ASD. Using the optimized high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis, we identified two rare single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the etiology of ASD. Both are located in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene and have a minor allele frequency in healthy population ~5%. The SNP c.239 + 34A>C (rs2234694) and SNP g.3341C>G (rs36233090) were detected with an odds ratio of 2.65 and P < 0.01. Both are located in the noncoding potentially regulatory regions of the SOD1 gene. This adds to the importance of rare SNPs in the etiology of complex diseases as well as to the importance of noncoding genetic variants analysis with a potential influence on the regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Kovač
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, UMC Ljubljana, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Nordihydroguaiaretic acid attenuates the oxidative stress-induced decrease of CD33 expression in human monocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:375893. [PMID: 23533689 PMCID: PMC3596923 DOI: 10.1155/2013/375893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a natural lignan with recognized antioxidant and beneficial properties that is isolated from Larrea tridentata. In this study, we evaluated the effect of NDGA on the downregulation of oxidant stress-induced CD33 in human monocytes (MNs). Oxidative stress was induced by iodoacetate (IAA) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and was evaluated using reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cell viability. NDGA attenuates toxicity, ROS production and the oxidative stress-induced decrease of CD33 expression secondary to IAA or H2O2 in human MNs. It was also shown that NDGA (20 μM) attenuates cell death in the THP-1 cell line that is caused by treatment with either IAA or H2O2. These results suggest that NDGA has a protective effect on CD33 expression, which is associated with its antioxidant activity in human MNs.
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Guven A, Ickin M, Uzun O, Bakar C, Gulec Balbay E, Balbay O. Erdosteine protects rat testis tissue from hypoxic injury by reducing apoptotic cell death. Andrologia 2012; 46:50-58. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Guven
- Department of Histology and Embryology; School of Medicine; Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University; Canakkale Turkey
| | - M. Ickin
- Department of Histology and Embryology; School of Medicine; Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University; Canakkale Turkey
| | - O. Uzun
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Abant Izzet Baysal; Bolu Turkey
| | - C. Bakar
- Department of Public Health; Faculty of Medicine; Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University; Canakkale Turkey
| | - E. Gulec Balbay
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; University of Duzce; Duzce Turkey
| | - O. Balbay
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Duzce; Duzce Turkey
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