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Liton PB, Boesze-Battaglia K, Boulton ME, Boya P, Ferguson TA, Ganley IG, Kauppinnen A, Laurie GW, Mizushima N, Morishita H, Russo R, Sadda J, Shyam R, Sinha D, Thompson DA, Zacks DN. AUTOPHAGY IN THE EYE: FROM PHYSIOLOGY TO PATHOPHYSOLOGY. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2178996. [PMID: 37034386 PMCID: PMC10078619 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2023.2178996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic self-degradative pathway that promotes the degradation and recycling of intracellular material through the lysosomal compartment. Although first believed to function in conditions of nutritional stress, autophagy is emerging as a critical cellular pathway, involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Autophagy dysregulation is associated with an increasing number of diseases, including ocular diseases. On one hand, mutations in autophagy-related genes have been linked to cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal dystrophy; on the other hand, alterations in autophagy and lysosomal pathways are a common finding in essentially all diseases of the eye. Moreover, LC3-associated phagocytosis, a form of non-canonical autophagy, is critical in promoting visual cycle function. This review collects the latest understanding of autophagy in the context of the eye. We will review and discuss the respective roles of autophagy in the physiology and/or pathophysiology of each of the ocular tissues, its diurnal/circadian variation, as well as its involvement in diseases of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma B. Liton
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Pathology, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael E. Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science. Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Ferguson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ian G. Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Anu Kauppinnen
- Faculty of Health and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gordon W. Laurie
- Departments of Cell Biology, Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideaki Morishita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Rossella Russo
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Glaucoma Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Jaya Sadda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cell Biology, and Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Debra A. Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David N. Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Posner M, Murray KL, Andrew B, Brdicka S, Roberts A, Franklin K, Hussen A, Kaye T, Kepp E, McDonald MS, Snodgrass T, Zientek K, David LL. Impact of α-crystallin protein loss on zebrafish lens development. Exp Eye Res 2023; 227:109358. [PMID: 36572168 PMCID: PMC9918708 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The α-crystallin small heat shock proteins contribute to the transparency and refractive properties of the vertebrate eye lens and prevent the protein aggregation that would otherwise produce lens cataracts, the leading cause of human blindness. There are conflicting data in the literature as to what role the α-crystallins may play in early lens development. In this study, we used CRISPR gene editing to produce zebrafish lines with mutations in each of the three α-crystallin genes (cryaa, cryaba and cryabb) to prevent protein production. The absence of each α-crystallin protein was analyzed by mass spectrometry, and lens phenotypes were assessed with differential interference contrast microscopy and histology. Loss of αA-crystallin produced a variety of lens defects with varying severity in larvae at 3 and 4 dpf but little substantial change in normal fiber cell denucleation. Loss of αBa-crystallin produced no substantial lens defects. Our cryabb mutant produced a truncated αBb-crystallin protein and showed no substantial change in lens development. Mutation of each α-crystallin gene did not alter the mRNA levels of the remaining two, suggesting a lack of genetic compensation. These data suggest that αA-crystallin plays some role in lens development, but the range of phenotype severity in null mutants indicates its loss simply increases the chance for defects and that the protein is not essential. Our finding that cryaba and cryabb mutants lack noticeable lens defects is congruent with insubstantial transcript levels for these genes in lens epithelial and fiber cells through five days of development. Future experiments can explore the molecular mechanisms leading to lens defects in cryaa null mutants and the impact of αA-crystallin loss during zebrafish lens aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason Posner
- Department of Biology and Toxicology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA.
| | - Kelly L Murray
- Department of Biology and Toxicology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA
| | - Brandon Andrew
- Department of Biology and Toxicology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA
| | - Stuart Brdicka
- Department of Biology and Toxicology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA
| | - Alexis Roberts
- Department of Biology and Toxicology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA
| | - Kirstan Franklin
- Department of Biology and Toxicology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA
| | - Adil Hussen
- Department of Biology and Toxicology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA
| | - Taylor Kaye
- Department of Biology and Toxicology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA
| | - Emmaline Kepp
- Department of Biology and Toxicology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA
| | - Mathew S McDonald
- Department of Biology and Toxicology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA
| | - Tyler Snodgrass
- Department of Biology and Toxicology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA
| | - Keith Zientek
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, USA
| | - Larry L David
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, USA
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Luo X, Xu JG, Wang Z, Wang X, Zhu Q, Zhao J, Bian L. Bioinformatics Identification of Key Genes for the Development and Prognosis of Lung Adenocarcinoma. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2022; 59:469580221096259. [PMID: 35635202 PMCID: PMC9158403 DOI: 10.1177/00469580221096259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a common malignant tumor with a poor prognosis. The present study aimed to screen the key genes involved in LUAD development and prognosis. Methods: The transcriptome data for 515 LUAD and 347 normal samples were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype Tissue Expression databases. The weighted gene co-expression network and differentially expressed genes were used to identify the central regulatory genes for the development of LUAD. Univariate Cox, LASSO, and multivariate Cox regression analyses were utilized to identify prognosis-related genes. Results: The top 10 central regulatory genes of LUAD included IL6, PECAM1, CDH5, VWF, THBS1, CAV1, TEK, HGF, SPP1, and ENG. Genes that have an impact on survival included PECAM1, HGF, SPP1, and ENG. The favorable prognosis genes included KDF1, ZNF691, DNASE2B, and ELAPOR1, while unfavorable prognosis genes included RPL22, ENO1, PCSK9, SNX7, and LCE5A. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the risk score model in the training and testing datasets were .78 and .758, respectively. Conclusion: Bioinformatics methods were used to identify genes involved in the development and prognosis of LUAD, which will provide a basis for further research on the treatment and prognosis of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Luo
- 36657The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jian Guo Xu
- Department of Dental Research, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - ZhiYuan Wang
- 36657The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - XiaoFang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - QianYing Zhu
- 36657The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- 36657The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Li Bian
- 36657The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Mechanisms of organelle elimination for lens development and differentiation. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108682. [PMID: 34214522 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark feature of lens development and differentiation is the complete elimination of organelles from the center of the eye lens. A long unanswered question in lens biology is what are the mechanisms that control the elimination of organelles during the terminal remodeling program to form mature lens fiber cells? Recent advances have expanded our understanding of these mechanisms including newly discovered signaling pathways, proteasomal regulators, autophagy proteins, transcription factors and the hypoxic environment of the lens itself. These recent discoveries suggest that distinct mechanisms coordinate the elimination of the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus during lens fiber cell differentiation. Since regulation of organelle number and distribution is also a feature of the terminal remodeling programs of more complex cell-types and tissues, these advances are likely to impact a wide-variety of fields.
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Organelle degradation in the lens by PLAAT phospholipases. Nature 2021; 592:634-638. [PMID: 33854238 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03439-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The eye lens of vertebrates is composed of fibre cells in which all membrane-bound organelles undergo degradation during terminal differentiation to form an organelle-free zone1. The mechanism that underlies this large-scale organelle degradation remains largely unknown, although it has previously been shown to be independent of macroautophagy2,3. Here we report that phospholipases in the PLAAT (phospholipase A/acyltransferase, also known as HRASLS) family-Plaat1 (also known as Hrasls) in zebrafish and PLAAT3 (also known as HRASLS3, PLA2G16, H-rev107 or AdPLA) in mice4-6-are essential for the degradation of lens organelles such as mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes. Plaat1 and PLAAT3 translocate from the cytosol to various organelles immediately before organelle degradation, in a process that requires their C-terminal transmembrane domain. The translocation of Plaat1 to organelles depends on the differentiation of fibre cells and damage to organelle membranes, both of which are mediated by Hsf4. After the translocation of Plaat1 or PLAAT3 to membranes, the phospholipase induces extensive organelle rupture that is followed by complete degradation. Organelle degradation by PLAAT-family phospholipases is essential for achieving an optimal transparency and refractive function of the lens. These findings expand our understanding of intracellular organelle degradation and provide insights into the mechanism by which vertebrates acquired transparent lenses.
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Zhang J, Cui WW, Du C, Huang Y, Pi X, Guo W, Wang J, Huang W, Chen D, Li J, Li H, Zhang J, Ma Y, Mu H, Zhang S, Liu M, Cui X, Hu Y. Knockout of DNase1l1l abrogates lens denucleation process and causes cataract in zebrafish. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165724. [PMID: 32061775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Removal of nuclei in lens fiber cells is required for organelle-free zone (OFZ) formation during lens development. Defect in degradation of nuclear DNA leads to cataract formation. DNase2β degrades nuclear DNA of lens fiber cells during lens differentiation in mouse. Hsf4 is the principal heat shock transcription factor in lens and facilitates the lens differentiation. Knockout of Hsf4 in mouse and zebrafish resulted in lens developmental defect that was characterized by retaining of nuclei in lens fiber cells. In previous in vitro studies, we found that Hsf4 promoted DNase2β expression in human and mouse lens epithelial cells. In this study, it was found that, instead of DNase2β, DNase1l1l is uniquely expressed in zebrafish lens and was absent in Hsf4-/- zebrafish lens. Using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, a DNase1l1l knockout zebrafish line was constructed, which developed cataract. Deletion of DNase1l1l totally abrogated lens primary and secondary fiber cell denucleation process, whereas had little effect on the clearance of other organelles. The transcriptional regulation of DNase1l1l was dramatically impaired in Hsf4-/- zebrafish lens. Rescue of DNase1l1l mRNA into Hsf4-/- zebrafish embryos alleviated its defect in lens fiber cell denucleation. Our results in vivo demonstrated that DNase1l1l is the primary DNase responsible for nuclear DNA degradation in lens fiber cells, and Hsf4 can transcriptionally activate DNase1l1l expression in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wen-Wen Cui
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chunxiao Du
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuwen Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xiahui Pi
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenya Guo
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jungai Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Weikang Huang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Danling Chen
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jing Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hui Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuanfang Ma
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hongmei Mu
- Kaifeng Key Lab of Myopia and Cataract, Institute of Eye Disease, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuman Zhang
- Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mugen Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xiukun Cui
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China.
| | - Yanzhong Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China; Kaifeng Key Lab of Myopia and Cataract, Institute of Eye Disease, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China.
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Keyel PA. Dnases in health and disease. Dev Biol 2017; 429:1-11. [PMID: 28666955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA degradation is critical to healthy organism development and survival. Two nuclease families that play key roles in development and in disease are the Dnase1 and Dnase2 families. While these two families were initially characterized by biochemical function, it is now clear that multiple enzymes in each family perform similar, non-redundant roles in many different tissues. Most Dnase1 and Dnase2 family members are poorly characterized, yet their elimination can lead to a wide range of diseases, including lethal anemia, parakeratosis, cataracts and systemic lupus erythematosus. Therefore, understanding these enzyme families represents a critical field of emerging research. This review explores what is currently known about Dnase1 and Dnase2 family members, highlighting important questions about the structure and function of family members, and how their absence translates to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Keyel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States.
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Morishita H, Mizushima N. Autophagy in the lens. Exp Eye Res 2015; 144:22-8. [PMID: 26302409 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The lens of the eye is a transparent tissue composed of lens fiber cells that differentiate from lens epithelial cells and degrade all cytoplasmic organelles during terminal differentiation. Autophagy is a major intracellular degradation system in which cytoplasmic proteins and organelles are degraded in the lysosome. Although autophagy is constitutively activated in the lens and has been proposed to be involved in lens organelle degradation, its precise role is not well understood. Recent genetic studies in mice have demonstrated that autophagy is critically important for intracellular quality control in the lens but can be dispensable for lens organelle degradation. Here, we review recent findings on the roles of autophagy and lysosomes in organelle degradation and intracellular quality control in the lens, and discuss their possible involvement in the development of human cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Morishita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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